Study of total antioxidant capacity of red raspberry (Rubus idaeous L. ) shoots. / Estudio de la capacidad antioxidante total de brotes de frambuesa roja (Rubus idaeous L. ).

Background: Today, cardiovascular, oncological, and neurodegenerative diseases are the main causes of death in the world, according to official World Health Organization (WHO) statistics. Antioxidants are used to treat and prevent these diseases. In order to develop optimal technology for obtaining drugs based on plant extracts with antioxidant action, it is necessary to determine the total antioxidant capacity of raspberry shoots. Objectives: The study aimed to determine the total antioxidant capacity of red raspberry shoots, study the content of biologically active substances (BAS), and the antioxidant activity of red raspberry shoot extracts obtained during subsequent exhaustive extraction. Methods: The number of phenolic compounds, catechins, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids was determined by a spectrophotometric analysis method, whereas organic acids were determined by the alkalimetric method in red raspberry shoot extracts; the antioxidant activity of obtained extracts was evaluated by potentiometric method. Results: The total antioxidant capacity of red raspberry shoots was 164.12 mmol-equiv./m dry weight, the sum of the total content of phenolic compounds was 24.40 mg gallic acid (GA)/mL, catechins ­ 21.36 mg epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG)/mL, flavonoids ­ 0.77 mg rutin (R)/mL, hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives ­ 2.56 mg chlorogenic acid (ChA)/mL and organic acids ­ 1.88 mg citric acid (CA)/mL in red raspberry shoot extracts obtained during subsequent exhaustive extraction. The analysis showed that there is a very high positive correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds, catechin, flavonoid, hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives, and organic acids content in red raspberry shoot extracts. Conclusions: Total red raspberry shoots' antioxidant capacity has been determined. The study results can be used to develop optimal technology for obtaining drugs based on the extract of red raspberry shoots, which has an antioxidant effect

Contexto: Hoy en día, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, oncológicas y neurodegenerativas son las principales causas de muerte en el mundo según estadísticas oficiales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS. Los antioxidantes se utilizan para tratar y prevenir estas enfermedades. Para desarrollar una tecnología óptima para la obtención de fármacos a base de extractos de plantas con acción antioxidante, es necesario determinar la capacidad antioxidante total de los brotes de frambuesa.Objetivos: El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la capacidad antioxidante total de los brotes de frambuesa roja, estudiar el contenido de sustancias biológicamente activas (SBA) y la actividad antioxidante de los extractos de brotes de frambuesa roja obtenidos mediante extracción exhaustiva. Métodos: La cantidad de compuestos fenólicos, catequinas, flavonoides y ácidos hidroxicinámicos se determinó por método de análisis espectrofotométrico, mientras que los ácidos orgánicos por método alcalimétrico en extractos de brotes de frambuesa roja; La actividad antioxidante de los extractos obtenidos se evaluó por método potenciométrico. Resultados: La capacidad antioxidante total de los brotes de frambuesa roja fue de 164.12 mmol-equiv./m de peso seco, la suma del contenido total de compuestos fenólicos fue de 24.40 mg gálico ácido (GA)/mL, catequinas ­ 21.36 mg epigalocatequina-3-O-galato (EGCG)/mL, flavonoides ­ 0.77 mg rutina (R)/mL, derivados de ácidos hidroxicinámicos ­ 2.56 mg clorogénico ácido (ChA)/mL y ácidos orgánicos ­ 1.88 mg cítrico ácido (CA)/mL en extractos de brotes de frambuesa roja obtenidos durante extracción exhaustiva. La correlación analizada mostró que existe una correlación positiva entre la actividad antioxidante y el contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales, catequinas, flavonoides, derivados de ácidos hidroxicinámicos y ácidos orgánicos en extractos de brotes de frambuesa roja. Conclusiones: Gracias a nuestros resultados se ha determinado la capacidad antioxidante total de los brotes de frambuesa roja. Los resultados del estudio se pueden utilizar para desarrollar una tecnología óptima para la obtención de fármacos basados en el extracto de brotes de frambuesa roja, que tiene un efecto antioxidante

Two new 2,3-seco triterpenoids from Rubus pirifolius Smith / 药学学报

Eight compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the 80% aqueous ethanol extract of the roots and stems of Rubus pirifolius Smith by AB-8 macroporous resin, silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified by spectral analysis such as 1D/2D NMR, MS, UV, IR and by comparison with literature information as rubussecotriterpene A (1), rubussecotriterpene B (2), cecropiacic acid (3), cecropiacic acid 3-methyl ester (4), alphitolic acid (5), betulinic acid (6), betulin (7), and obtusalin (8). Compounds 1 and 2 are new compounds, and compounds 3-8 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genome of a new type of fruit Rubus rosaefolius / 生物工程学报

The genomic DNA of Rubus rosaefolius was extracted and sequenced by Illumina NovaSeq platform to obtain the complete chloroplast genome sequence, and the sequence characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genes were carried out. The results showed that the complete chloroplast genome of the R. rosaefolius was 155 650 bp in length and had a typical tetrad structure, including two reverse repeats (25 748 bp each), a large copy region (85 443 bp) and a small copy region (18 711 bp). A total of 131 genes were identified in the whole genome of R. rosaefolius chloroplast, including 86 protein coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. The GC content of the whole genome was 36.9%. The genome of R. rosaefolius chloroplast contains 47 scattered repeats and 72 simple sequence repeating (SSR) loci. The codon preference is leucine codon, and the codon at the end of A/U is preferred. Phylogenetic analysis showed that R. rosaefolius had the closest relationship with R. taiwanicola, followed by R. rubraangustifolius and R. glandulosopunctatus. The chloroplast genome characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of R. rosaefolius provide a theoretical basis for its genetic diversity research and chloroplast development and utilization.

Avaliação das respostas de biomineralização pelo Rubus coreanus frente à deficiência de estrógeno: um estudo translacional / Evaluation of biomineralization responses by Rubus coreanus to estrogen deficiency: a translational study

Caracterização da ação local do Rubus coreanus através da funcionalização da superfície dos implantes a serem instalados. Realizado em 2 etapas. Na primeira etapa, foi realizada a caracterização da superfície de implantes funcionalizadas pelos fármacos, a partir de teste físico químico e testes biológicos em culturas de células. Para a cultura de células foram utilizadas células mesenquimais indiferenciadas, isoladas de fêmures de ratas. Foram avaliadas a atividade e a diferenciação celular. Posteriormente, foi realizada a segunda etapa onde foram executados os experimentos in vivo. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 80 ratas Wistar adultas jovens, fêmeas, sendo 32 ratas para o primeiro período de eutanásia (14 dias), e 48 ratas para o segundo período de eutanásia (28 dias). Os grupos experimentais são: SHAM CONV, SHAM DMSO, SHAM RC 200, SHAM RC 400, OVX CONV, OVX DMSO, OVX RC 200 e OVX RC 400, sendo que os animais OVX foram submetidos a ovariectomia bilateral, enquanto que os animais SHAM foram submetidos à cirurgia fictícia de ovariectomia bilateral. Passados 30 dias, todos animais foram submetidos à cirurgia de instalação dos implantes nas metáfises tibiais. Os implantes tiveram as superfícies tratadas com DMSO ou RC 200 ou RC 400, e houve o controle negativo realizado através dos implantes convencionais. A eutanásia dos animais do primeiro período de eutanásia aconteceu aos 14 dias após a instalação dos implantes e as tíbias foram destinadas para a análise biomecânica (contra-torque). Para os animais do segundo período de eutanásia, aos 28 dias após a instalação dos implantes foi realizada a eutanásia dos animais, e as tíbias foram destinadas para as seguintes análises: biomecânica (contra-torque), enquanto do lado contralateral foi realizada a microtomografia computadorizada para avaliação morfométrica do osso formado ao redor dos implantes instalados. Os dados quantitativos foram submetidos ao teste de homocedasticidade para a seleção do teste estatístico apropriado (paramétrico ou não paramétrico), com nível de significância de 5%. Através das análises biomecânica e microtomográfica foi possível verificar resultados semelhantes entre os grupos experimentais. Contudo, o rubus coreanus não foi capaz de atuar de forma positiva no processo de reparo ósseo perimplantar(AU)

Characterization of the local action of Rubus coreanus through the functionalization of the surface of the implants to be installed. Carried out in 2 steps. In the first stage, the characterization of the surface of implants functionalized by drugs was carried out, based on physical-chemical tests and biological tests on cell cultures. For cell culture, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, isolated from femurs of rats, were used. Cell activity and differentiation were evaluated. Subsequently, the second stage was carried out, where the in vivo experiments were performed. For that, 80 young adult female Wistar rats were used, 32 rats for the first period of euthanasia (14 days), and 48 rats for the second period of euthanasia (28 days). The experimental groups are: SHAM CONV, SHAM DMSO, SHAM RC 200, SHAM RC 400, OVX CONV, OVX DMSO, OVX RC 200 and OVX RC 400, with the OVX animals undergoing bilateral ovariectomy, while the SHAM animals underwent submitted to sham surgery of bilateral ovariectomy. After 30 days, all animals underwent surgery to install the implants in the tibial metaphysis. The implants had their surfaces treated with DMSO or RC 200 or RC 400, and there was a negative control performed using conventional implants. The animals from the first period of euthanasia were euthanized 14 days after implant placement and the tibiae were destined for biomechanical analysis (counter-torque). For animals in the second period of euthanasia, 28 days after implant placement, the animals were euthanized, and the tibiae were destined for the following analyses: biomechanics (counter-torque), while on the contralateral side, computerized microtomography was performed for morphometric evaluation of the bone formed around the installed implants. Quantitative data were submitted to the homoscedasticity test to select the appropriate statistical test (parametric or non-parametric), with a significance level of 5%. Through biomechanical and microtomographic analyzes it was possible to verify similar results between the experimental groups. However, rubus coreanus was not able to act positively in the peri-implant bone repair process(AU)

Protective effects of proanthocyanidins from Rubus amabilis Focke on pancreatic tissues of diabetic mice / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the protective effect of proanthocyanidins extracted from Rubus amabilis Focke (RPC) on the pancreatic tissues of diabetic mice and the underlying mechanism. Methods C57BL/6 male mice were given a high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with an intraperitoneal injection of STZ to establish the diabetic model. The mice whose FBG were higher than 16. 7 mmol · L

Color characterization and its correlation with quality index during ripening of Rubus chingii / 中国中药杂志

The color of Rubus chingii was characterized by digital method, and the content of water extract, alcohol extract, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total polyphenols, ellagic acid, linden glycoside, kaophenol-3-O-rutin were determined. Correlation regression was used to analyze the correlation between color and composition. The results showed that L~* was positively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin and tilide, and moderately positively correlated with total flavones, ellagic acid and aqueous extracts. The a~* value was negatively correlated with total polyphenols, kaophenol-3-O-rutin, and linden glycosides, while was moderately correlated with total flavones, aqueous extracts, and ellagic acid. The b~* value was negatively correlated with the water extract, and moderately correlated with the content of total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, alcohol extract and kaophenol-3-O-rutin, which showed that R. chingii mature color had a significant correlation with material composition in the process of dynamic change. According to the law of dynamic change in the color and quality indexes, it is determined that the appropriate harvest time is in late April to May 1, while the fruit is not turn yellow. The agronomic traits related to fruit was(12.49±0.56) mm in diameter,(14.25±1.19)mm in height,(1.20±0.14) g in weight, the chroma L~* value was 52.87±3.14,a~* value was 2.01±1.58, b~* values was 28.31±3.88. The results lay a foundation for establishing an objective quantitative evaluation model of R. chingii color from experience.

Effective medicinal ingredients and screening of excellent germplasm in Rubus chingii / 中国中药杂志

In order to provide rationale for selection of good germplasm in Rubus chingii, main effective medicinal ingredients of green fruit such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, kaempferol-3-rutinoside, astragalin and tiliroside were measured using UPLC for the samples collected from Chun'an county of Zhejiang province, and such parameters as soluble solid contents of ripe fruit of some samples were also measured to study variation among individuals and correlation. It has been found that there were differences among individuals in the contents of gallic acid, ellagic acid, kaempferol-3-rutinoside, astragalin and tiliroside, which ranged from 0.010 2%-0.027 4%, 0.089 5%-0.291 1%, 0.010 5%-0.114 8%, 0.005 8%-0.041 2% and 0.010 9%-0.086 3%, respectively, with a CV of 18.60%, 27.02%, 44.23%, 44.17% and 47.29%, respectively. Gallic acid was positively correlated with ellagic acid, but negatively with kaempferol-3-rutinoside and astragalin significantly. Significantly positive correlation existed between kaempferol-3-rutinoside, astragalin and linden glycoside as well as between ellagic acid and fruit shape index of ripe fruit and between linden glycoside and the content of soluble solids. 51.35% of the individuals had a content of soluble solids more than 15%. Therefore, abundant variations have been found among individuals in effective medicinal ingredients in R. chingii, which shows great potential for selection, but only do 7.61% of the individuals meet the requirement of Chinese pharmacopoeia in terms of the contents of effective medicinal ingredients. Therefore, selection could be first performed in terms of fruit shape index of ripe red fruit, followed by the contents of ellagic acid and kaempferol-3-rutinoside measured. The individuals, in which the contents of effective medicinal ingredients don't meet the requirement of Chinese pharmacopoeia, could be considered for the selection in terms of edible fresh fruit.

Rubus chingii Hu: an overview of botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology / 中国天然药物

Rubus chingii Hu, a member of the rosaceae family, is extensively distributed in China and Japan. Its unripe fruits (Fupenzi in Chinese) have a long history of use as an herbal tonic in traditional Chinese medicine for treating various diseases commonly associated with kidney deficiency, and they are still in use today. Phytochemical investigations on the fruits and leaves of R. chingii indicate the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics, and organic acids. Extracts or active substances from this plant are reported to have various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antifungal, antithrombotic, antiosteoporotic, hypoglycemic, and central nervous system-regulating effects. This review provides up-to-date information on the botanical characterizations, traditional usages, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, toxicity, and quality control of R. chingii. Possible directions for future research are also briefly proposed. This review aims to supply fundamental data for the further study of R. chingii and contribute to the development of its clinical use.

Diagrammatic scale for measuring severity of gray mould in thornless Castilla blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth) / Escala diagramática para medir a severidade do mofo cinzento em amora de Castilla (Rubus glaucus Benth) sem espinhos

ABSTRACT: Gray mould, caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers., is a disease that largely affects the crops of Rubus glaucus Benth. (Castilla blackberry) in Colombia. In spite of the economic losses that it causes in the production of Castilla blackberry at national level, a standardized method to quantify the disease severity caused by this fungus in the fruits has not yet been reported. In the present work, a diagrammatic scale was prepared to assess gray mould severity in thornless fruits of R. glaucus. The proposed scale showed the levels of 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%. Photographic images were obtained for each of these levels, which were processed using the ImageJ software. The scale was validated by 13 evaluators who assessed affected fruits with and without the scale. The precision and accuracy of each evaluator was determined by simple linear regression between actual and estimated severity. The evaluators showed better precision, accuracy, and reproducibility in the assessments performed with the scale. The proposed scale is appropriate to estimate the severity of gray mould in R. glaucus fruits.

RESUMO: O mofo cinzento, causado pelo fungo Botrytis cinerea Pers., é uma doença que afeta amplamente as culturas de Rubus glaucus Benth. (Amora preta) na Colômbia. Apesar das perdas econômicas causadas na produção de amora preta em nível nacional, ainda não foi relatado um método padronizado para quantificar a severidade da doença causada por esse fungo nos frutos. No presente trabalho, uma escala diagramática foi preparada para avaliar a severidade do mofo cinza em frutos sem espinho de R. glaucus. A escala proposta apresentou os níveis de 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100%. Imagens fotográficas foram obtidas para cada um desses níveis, processadas com o software ImageJ. A escala foi validada por 13 avaliadores que analisaram os frutos afetados com e sem a escala. A precisão e exatidão de cada avaliador foram determinadas por regressão linear simples entre a severidade real e a estimada. Os avaliadores mostraram melhor precisão, exatidão e reprodutibilidade nas avaliações realizadas com a escala. A escala proposta é apropriada para estimar a severidade do mofo cinza em frutos de R. glaucus.

Síntomas musculoesqueléticos en las actividades de cosecha de mora de castilla de piedecuesta, colombia / Musculoskeletal symptoms in the harvest activities of andean raspberry (rubus glaucus benth) in piedecuesta, colombia / Síntomas musculo-esqueléticos nas atividades de coleita de amora de castilla de piedecuesta, colômbia

Resumen Objetivo: realizar un diagnóstico de las consecuencias de la actividad de recolección de Mora de Castilla, a partir del reporte de síntomas musculoesqueléticos percibidos por los cultivadores en el municipio de Piedecuesta, Santander. Materiales y Métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, realizado entre abril y diciembre de 2016. Se aplicó el Cuestionario Nórdico Estandarizado a 72 trabajadores; se realizaron análisis estadísticos descriptivos y de correlación de variables con el estadístico Chi-cuadrado; se incluyeron hombres y mujeres que llevasen un año o más dedicados a la labor de recolección por más de una hora al día. Se excluyeron trabajadores con enfermedades del sistema musculoesquelético de origen común u ocupacional. Resultados: el estudio encontró que el 81,9% de los agricultores tienen síntomas musculoesqueléticos en cualquier parte del cuerpo en el último año. Asimismo, un hallazgo importante de este estudio está relacionado con la prevalencia de más del 60% de dolor lumbar en el 93,5% de la población participante y corresponde a edades comprendidas entre 15 y 59. Conclusión: este hallazgo sugiere que todas las personas que participan en la cosecha de Mora de Castilla están trabajando en condiciones de dolor y toda la población estudiada está expuesta a síntomas musculoesqueléticos.

Abstract Objective: To make a diagnosis of the consequences of the collection activity of Andean Raspberry based on the report of musculoskeletal symptoms perceived by growers in the municipality of Piedecuesta, Santander. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study carried out between April and December 2016. The Standardized Nordic Questionnaire was applied to 72 workers and descriptive statistical analysis and correlation of variables were performed with the Chi-square statistic test. Men and women who had been engaged in harvesting for a year or more for more than one hour daily were included. Workers with diseases of the musculoskeletal system of common or occupational origin were excluded. Results: the study found that 81.9% of the farmers had experienced musculoskeletal symptoms in any part of the body in the last year. Also, an important finding of this study is related to the prevalence of more than 60% of low back pain in 93.5% of the participating population and corresponds to ages between 15 and 59 years. Conclusion: this finding suggests that all people participating in the harvest of Andean Raspberry are working in pain conditions and the entire population studied is exposed to musculoskeletal symptoms.

Resumo Objetivo: realizar um diagnóstico das consequências da atividade de colheita de Amora de Castilla, a partir do relatório de sintomas musculoesqueléticos percebidos pelos cultivadores no município de Piedecuesta, Santander. Materiais e Métodos: estudo descritivo de corte transversal, realizado entre abril e dezembro de 2016. Aplicouse o Questionário Nórdico Estandardizado a 72 trabalhadores; realizaram-se analise estatísticos descritivos e de correlação de variáveis com o estatístico Chi-quadrado; incluíram-se homens e mulheres que levassem um ano o mais dedicados à labor de colheita por mais de uma hora ao dia. Excluíram-se trabalhadores com doenças do sistema musculoesquelético de origem comum ou ocupacional. Resultados: o estudo achou que o 81,9% dos agricultores têm sintomas musculo esqueléticos em qualquer parte do corpo no último ano. Mesmo assim, uma nova descoberta importante deste estudo está relacionado com a prevalência de mais do 60% da dor lombar no 93,5% da população participante e corresponde a idades compreendidas entre 15 e 59. Conclusão: esta descoberta sugere que todas as pessoas que participam na colheita de Mora de Castilla estão trabalhando em condições da dor e toda a população estudada está exposta a sintomas musculoesqueléticos.

Chemical and morpho-functional aspects of the interaction between a Neotropical resin bug and a sticky plant

Rubus adenotrichos is an Andean blackberry plant bearing glandular trichomes which secrete an adhesive exudate. The resin bug Heniartes stali is frequently found on this plant and collects this exudate using the forelegs to enhance its preying capacity. Here, we describe the morphology of the plant's glandular trichomes with the aid of light and scanning electron microscopy, as well as the chemical components of the exudate by histochemical and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. We have also combined behavioral observations with the analysis of the insect leg morphology to identify possible morpho-functional adaptations evolved by H. stali for collecting the sticky secretions. Glandular trichomes exhibited a multicellular long stalk and a calyx-shaped head with radially aligned cells. The composition of the resinous fluid was mainly terpenes and phenolics, which may contribute to its sticky properties. Brush-like structures on the tibia of forelegs in H. stali suggests an adaptive trait for collecting the trichomes exudate. A profusely hair-covered area on metatibiae operated as a resin storage structure. Abundant pore-like openings were observed in the cuticle of this area through which substances could be conceivably secreted to prevent resin hardening. These findings combine morphological and chemical features of a fascinating insect-plant interaction in the Neotropics.

Rubus adenotrichos es una planta de mora andina que contiene tricomas glandulares los cuales secretan un exudado pegajoso. El chinche de las resinas Heniartes stali se encuentra con frecuencia en esta planta recogiendo el exudado con sus patas delanteras para mejorar su capacidad en la captura de las presas. En este trabajo empleamos microscopía de luz y microscopía electrónica de barrido para describir la morfología de los tricomas. Los constituyentes químicos del exudado fueron estudiados mediante técnicas histoquímicas, de cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas. También combinamos observaciones del comportamiento del insecto en la recolección y almacenamiento del exudado con el análisis de la morfología de sus patas, empleando microscopía de luz y microscopía electrónica de barrido para identificar las posibles adaptaciones morfo-funcionales desarrolladas para la manipulación de estas secreciones adhesivas. Los tricomas glandulares exhibieron un tallo largo multicelular y una cabeza glandular en forma de cáliz con células alineadas radialmente. El fluido resinoso estaba compuesto principalmente por terpenos y compuestos fenólicos, los cuales parecen contribuir con sus propiedades adhesivas. La presencia de estructuras tipo pincel en las puntas de las tibias de las patas delanteras sugieren un carácter adaptativo para recoger el exudado de los tricomas. También describimos un área en las patas traseras profusamente cubierta de pelos, que funcionaban como estructuras de almacenamiento de la resina. En la cutícula de éstas observamos abundantes aberturas similares a poros y sugerimos que a través de ellos se secretan sustancias que impiden el endurecimiento de la resina almacenada. Estos hallazgos aportan información sobre características morfológicas y químicas de un novedoso modelo de interacción insecto-planta en el neotrópico.

Efecto del tratamiento y tiempo de almacenamiento sobre los compuestos funcionales de subproductos de mora y fresa / Effect of treatment and storage time on the functional compounds of blackberry and strawberry by-products

RESUMEN Cerca de un tercio de las partes comestibles de los alimentos para el consumo humano se pierden, siendo mermas asociadas a factores de toda la cadena de abastecimiento. Dentro de dichos alimentos, se destacan la fresa (Fragaria ananassa) y la mora (Rubus glaucus Benth), frutas que han demostrado alto poder antioxidante, siendo relacionado con la prevención o el tratamiento de enfermedades. Por consiguiente, con el propósito de evidenciar el potencial para la obtención de compuestos de interés en los subproductos del procesamiento de dichas frutas, el presente estudio, se enfocó en la caracterización de los parámetros fisicoquímicos, color, poder antioxidante y vitamina C, en cuatro condiciones de conservación, durante cuatro semanas; estas fueron: coproducto fresco, refrigerado, secado convencional y liofilización, siendo caracterizadas también por su contenido de minerales. A partir de los resultados, se evidenció baja concentración de sólidos solubles, pH variable, entre 3,2 y 6,4, así como parámetros de color estables, durante el almacenamiento. Adicionalmente, los coproductos con mayor poder antioxidante fueron la semilla de mora liofilizada y el lodo de mora por secado convencional, superando al residuo de fresa en cualquier condición, según los ensayos FRAP y DPPH, respectivamente; no obstante, todas las muestras presentaron bajos contenidos en vitamina C, mientras que se caracterizaron por su alto contenido en potasio y hierro. Por consiguiente, lo anterior, muestra el interés por la obtención de compuestos, como minerales y antioxidantes, a partir de los desechos de mora y de fresa, así como su uso en productos con alto valor agregado.

ABSTRACT Near of one third of the edible food that human being cultivate are loses, which are due to factors from the supply chain. Within these was highlighted strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) and blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth), fruits that have demonstrated high antioxidant potential to which is related with prevention of some diseases. Therefore, with the aim to show the processing by-products' potential in the obtaining of interesting compounds, this study was focused on the characterization of their physicochemical parameters, color, antioxidant power and vitamin C in four preservation conditions for four weeks; these were: fresh by-product, refrigerated, conventional drying and lyophilization; also, mineral description was made for each sample. According to the results, it was proved that the samples had a lower solid soluble concentration, pH between 3.2 and 6.4, and stable color parameters during the storage. In addition, by-products with greater antioxidant power were lyophilizate blackberry seed and conventional drying blackberry sludge, which surpassed the strawberry's results in all the conditions conforming to FRAP and DPPH essays. However, all the samples presented low content of vitamin C, while they exhibited high content of potassium and iron. To sum up, above mentioned woke the interest on the minerals or antioxidant obtention from blackberry and strawberry by-products to which can be used in products with high value added.

Influencia de un recubrimiento comestible adicionado con calcio sobre la calidad de la mora de Castilla / Influence of edible coating added with calcium on andean blackberry quality

RESUMEN La creciente necesidad de los consumidores por alimentos saludables ha suscitado, en la industria, la búsqueda de tecnologías efectivas, que ofrezcan alimentos seguros y aceptables, sensorialmente, por el consumidor moderno. Los recubrimientos comestibles adicionados con componentes activos aplicados en estructuras vegetales, además de proteger la estructura y conferir mayor conservación, pueden aportar valor nutricional. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la influencia de un recubrimiento comestible a base de alginato de sodio y calcio sobre los atributos de calidad de la mora de Castilla. Se aplicó la metodología de superficie de respuesta, con un diseño central compuesto cara centrado (21 experimentos), considerando las variables independientes: alginato de sodio (2,0-3,0%), cera de abeja (0,5-1,0%), sucroéster (0,15-0,25%), alginato/glicerol (2,0-3,0). La mejor formulación fue: alginato de sodio (2,85%), cera de abeja (1,00%), alginato de sodio/glicerol (2,0) y sucroéste (0,18%), siendo los atributos de calidad de la mora con el recubrimiento comestible: humedad (83,7±1,7%), actividad de agua (0,964±0,010), pH (2,7±0,0), acidez (2,6±0,0%), °Brix (8,1±0,2%), firmeza (12,3±0,7 N), fenoles totales (105,3±4,5mg AG/100g), actividad antioxidante (ABTS: 962,7±15,1mg Trolox/100g y DPPH: 319,3±9,4mg Trolox/100g), luminosidad (22,5±0,7); cromaticidad a* (8,47±0,88); cromaticidad b* (2,12±0,37) y calcio = 144,6±2,7 mg /200g. Los recubrimientos comestibles adicionados con calcio aplicados en la mora de Castilla representan una alternativa efectiva contra los daños mecánicos del fruto y para conservar su calidad, lo cual, podrá mejorar la vida útil durante el almacenamiento.

ABSTRACT The growing need of consumers for healthy food has led to the search for effective technologies in food industry that offer safe and sensorially acceptable options to the modern consumer. Edible coatings added with active components applied to vegetable structures, besides protecting the structure and conferring greater conservation, can provide nutritional value. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of an edible coating based on sodium alginate and calcium on the attributes of quality of Andean blackberry of Castilla. The response surface methodology was applied with a composite central design (21 experiments), considering the independent variables: sodium alginate (2.0-3.0%), beeswax (0.5-1.0%), sucroester (0.15-0.25%), sodium alginate/glycerol (2.0-3.0). The best formulation was: sodium alginate (2.85%), beeswax (1.00%), sodium alginate/glycerol (2.0%) and sucroester (0.162%), being the quality attributes of the of the blackberry with the edible coating: moisture (83.7±1.7%), water activity (0.964±0.010), pH (2.7±0.0), acidity (2.6±0.0%), °Brix (8.1±0.2%), firmness (12.3±0.7 N); total phenols (105.3±4.5 mg GA/100 g), antioxidant activity (ABTS: 962.7±15.1 mg Trolox/100 g) and DPPH: 319.3±9.4 mg Trolox/100 g), lightness (22,5±0,7); chromaticity a* (8,47±0,88); chromaticity b* (2,12±0,37) and calcium=144,6±2,7 mg/200g. Edible coatings added with calcium applied to Andean blackberry of Castilla represent an effective alternative against mechanical damages of the fruit and to conserve its quality, which will improve shelf life.

Processamento e caracterização físico-química de refresco de amora-preta adoçado com mel / Physical-chemical processing and characterization of blackberry refreshment sweetened with honey

Objetivou-se com a presente pesquisa elaborar e caracterizar a composição físico-química de refresco de amora-preta adoçado com mel. Para a elaboração dos refrescos foram utilizados polpa de amora-preta extraída de frutos in natura e mel de abelha Apis Mellifera L., sendo processados em liquidificador industrial e acondicionados em garrafas plásticas de polietileno sob refrigeração. Os refrescos, a polpa e o mel utilizados foram submetidos às análises físico-químicas de acidez total titulável, sólidos solúveis totais, pH, Ratio, atividade de água, cinzas e umidade. Constatou-se que a polpa e mel utilizados na elaboração das bebidas encontravam-se conforme a legislação e foi possível elaborar refrescos de amora-preta com adição de mel, agregando valor as matérias-primas.

Diversity of mites in blackberry genotypes in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Diversidade de ácaros em genótipos de amoreira-preta em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul

ABSTRACT: Blackberry is part of the small-fruit group and the blackberry cultivation area is expanding as an important option for small farmers using the agroecological production system. Mites are prominent among the world's major crop pests, as they can affect plants from growth to fruiting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of phytophagous and predatory mites in different blackberry genotypes in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. This study was carried out in the period Nov. 2015 - Oct. 2016, totaling 14 samples. A total of 11,158 mites were collected [phytophagous (5940) and predatory (323) mites, and those with varied feeding habits (4895)], which were distributed in 8 families. The species Neotetranychus asper (Feres & Flechtmann, 2000), Diptacus rubuscolum (Trinidad, Duarte & Navia, 2018), and Acalitus orthomerus (Keifer, 1951) had highest occurrence. According to the faunistic classification, the N. asper phytophagous species is predominant in genotypes 128 and 178; whereas, D. rubuscolum is predominant in genotype 132. Monitoring of these genotypes is recommended to detect possible damage to the crop.

RESUMO: A amoreira-preta faz parte do grupo das pequenas frutas e sua área de cultivo está em plena expansão, sendo uma opção importante para os pequenos agricultores que usam o sistema de produção agroecológico. Os ácaros destacam-se dentre as principais pragas da cultura em nível mundial, pois eles podem comprometer desde o crescimento das plantas até sua frutificação. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a ocorrência de ácaros fitófagos e predadores em diferentes genótipos de amoreira preta no município de Pelotas, RS, Brasil. Este estudo foi realizado no período novembro de 2015 a outubro de 2016, totalizando 14 amostragens. Um total de 11.158 ácaros coletou-se (5.940 ácaros fitófagos, 323 ácaros predadores, e 4.895 ácaros de alimentação variada), que estavam distribuídos em oito famílias. As espécies Neotetranychus asper (Feres & Flechtmann, 2000), Diptacus rubuscolum (Trinidad, Duarte & Navia, 2018), e Acalitus orthomerus (Keifer, 1951) tiveram maior ocorrência. De acordo com a classificação faunística, a espécie fitófaga N. asper é predominante nos genótipos 128 e 178, enquanto a espécie D. rubuscolum é predominante no genótipo 132. Monitorar esses genótipos é recomendado para detectar possíveis danos à cultura.

A diagramatic scale to quantify severity of antracnose in Rubus glaucus Benth / Uma escala diagramática para quantificar a severidade da antracnose em Rubus glaucus Benth

ABSTRACT: Rubus glaucus Benth, commonly referred to as mora de Castilla, is affected by Colletotrichum acutatum, as it induces anthracnose in many of the plant organs. Generally, it affects the fruits during the post-harvest phase and damages them, causing economic losses due to the poor crop quality. At present, no standardized methods are available for this pathosystem that can be used to characterize quantitatively the epidemic and to permit the prediction and comparison of the disease management techniques. In this research, we proposed a logarithmic diagrammatic scale of the severity of anthracnose induced by C. acutatum in the fruits of the thornless variety of R. glaucus Benth. This scale is constructed on the adjustment of the Weber-Fechner law and includes six classes, viz., 0%, 1-6%, 7-25%, 26-50%, 51-75%, 76-100%. The scale was validated using 14 evaluators, which entailed measuring the affected fruits with and without utilizing the scale; this improved the precision, accuracy and reproducibility of the calculations whenever the scale was used. We concluded that the scale proposed can be used to assess the severity of anthracnose induced by the fungus in the R. glaucus Benth fruits.

RESUMO: Mora de Castilla (Rubus glaucus Benth) é afetado por Colletotrichum acutatum, causando antracnose em órgãos diferentes da planta. Nos frutos geralmente é em pós-colheita, causando danos que geram perdas econômicas relacionadas com a qualidade das culturas. Ainda não existem para esse patossistema métodos padronizados para caracterizar quantitativamente a epidemia e que pode prever e comparar os métodos de manejo da doença. Por esta razão, neste trabalho foi criada uma escala logarítmica diagramática da severidade da antracnose causada pelo fungo C. acutatum em frutos de R. glaucus Benth com base na lei de Weber-Fechnere composto por 6 niveis: 0%, 1-6%, 7-25%, 26-50%, 51-75% e 76-100%. A escala foi validada por 14 evaluadores, fazendo medições de frutos afetados com e sem o uso da escala, que mostrou melhor precisão, exatitude e reproducibilidade nas avaliações em que o uso da escala foi feito. Isto permite concluir que a escala proposta pode ser usada na estimação da severidade da antracnose causada em frutos de R. glaucus Benth.

Estrogenic Activity of Sanguiin H-6 through Activation of Estrogen Receptor α Coactivator-binding Site

A popular approach for the study of estrogen receptor α inhibition is to investigate the protein-protein interaction between the estrogen receptor (ER) and the coactivator surface. In our study, we investigated phytochemicals from Rubus coreanus that were able to disrupt ERα and coactivator interaction with an ERα antagonist. The E-screen assay and molecular docking analysis were performed to evaluate the effects of the estrogenic activity of R. coreanus extract and its constituents on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. At 100 µg/mL, R. coreanus extract significantly stimulated cell proliferation (574.57 ± 8.56%). Sanguiin H6, which was isolated from R. coreanus, demonstrated the strongest affinity for the ERα coactivator-binding site in molecular docking analysis, with a binding energy of

Separation, purification and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from Rubus sachalinensis / 中草药

Objective: To extract, separate and purify homogeneous polysaccharides from Rubus sachalinensis and study on monosaccharide component and immunomodulatory activity. Methods: The crude polysaccharides of Rubus sachalinensis (RSP) were extracted by hot water. The Cellulose DE-52 and Sephadex G-100 columns were used to separate and purify homogeneous polysaccharides. The relative molecular mass was analyzed by high-performance gel permeation chromatography, and the monosaccharide composition and structure were preliminarily identified by GC, IR and NMR. The effects on proliferation function of mice spleen lymphocyte proliferation were determined by CCK-8, and the effects on the release capacity of IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α were determined by the ELISA kit. Results: Two homogeneous polysaccharides, RSP1-1 and RSP1-2, were separated and purified, with molecular weights of 13 227 and 9 343 determined by HPGPC. They mainly contained arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose, with the mole ratios at 9.5:7.0:10.3:18.6 and 5.7:11.1:10.3:14.2, respectively. The structure of RSP1-1and RSP1-2 was analyzed by IR and NMR, and RSP1-1 might mainly contain α-1,3-Ara, β-1,4Gal, β-1,6-Glc, β-1,3-Man, and RSP1-2 might mainly contain β-1,4-Gal, β-1,6-Glc, β-1,3-Man. At 5-200 μg/mL, RSP1-1and RSP1-2 stimulated proliferation of spleen lymphocytes (P < 0.05) and promoted lymphocytes to secrete IFN-γ and TNF-α. At 5 μg/mL, RSP1-1and RSP1-2 promoted lymphocytes to secrete IL-2. Conclusion: RSP1-1and RSP1-2 are natural homogeneous polysaccharides that are obtained from this plants for the first time. Its purity and structure were further characterized by IR and NMR. These two homogeneous polysaccharides promoted the proliferation of splenic lymphocyte in different degrees and promoted lymphocytes to secrete IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α that all possessing immunomodulating activity.

Content Determination of 6 Kinds of Triterpene Acid in Tibetan Medicine Rubus biflorus by Pre-column Derivatization HPLC/ FLD-APCI/MS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To establish the method for content determination of 6 kinds of triterpene acids such as haw acid， corosolic acid， betula acid， betulonic acid， oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in Tibetan medicine Rubus biflorus. METHODS： Pre-column devrivatization HPLC-FLD-APCI/MS method was adopted. 2-（7H-dibenzo[a，g]carbazol-7-yl） ethyl-4-methylbenzene- sulfonate was used as the pre-column derivatization reagent．Hypersil C18 column was used with the mobile phase consisted of 5％ acetonitrile water solution-acetonitrile （gradient elution） at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The excitation wavelength of fluorescence was 300 nm and the emission wavelength was 395 nm. The column temperature was 35 ℃， and sample size was 10 μL. Under atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization （APCI） source in positive-ion mode， pressure was 60 psi， the drying gas flow rate was 9 L/min， the dry gas temperature was 350 ℃， the gasification temperature was 450 ℃， and the capillary voltage was 3 500 V. RESULTS： The linear range of haw acid，corosolic acid，betula acid，betulonic acid，oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were 0.025-6.4 μg/mL（r≥0.999 6）. The quantitative limits were 5.11， 4.78， 4.42， 4.22， 4.29， 4.51 ng/mL； and detection limits were 1.42， 1.27， 1.30， 1.28， 1.16， 1.22 ng/mL， respectively. RSD of precision test was less than 5％， stability and repeatability tests were all less than 2％（no betulonic acid detected）. The recovery rates were 97.90％-100.55％（RSD＝1.00％，n＝6）， 97.95％-102.95％（RSD＝1.74％，n＝6）， 96.00％-101.20％（RSD＝2.00％，n＝6）， 93.25％-104.20％（RSD＝4.25％，n＝6）， 92.20％-103.30％（RSD＝3.58％，n＝6）， 97.80％-103.50％（RSD＝2.03％，n＝6）， respectively. CONCLUSIONS： The method is accurate， reliable and exclusive， and can be used for simultaneous determination of 6 kinds of triterpene acids in Tibetan medicine R. biflorus.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory activities of ursane-type triterpenes from Chinese raspberry, fruits of Rubus chingii / 中国天然药物

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has led to an intense interest in developing its inhibitors as anti-diabetes, anti-obesity and anti-cancer agents. The fruits of Rubus chingii (Chinese raspberry) were used as a kind of dietary traditional Chinese medicine. The methanolic extract of R. chingii fruits exhibited significant PTP1B inhibitory activity. Further bioactivity-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of three PTP1B inhibitory ursane-type triterpenes: ursolic acid (1), 2-oxopomolic acid (2), and 2α, 19α-dihydroxy-3-oxo-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (3). Kinetics analyses revealed that 1 was a non-competitive PTP1B inhibitor, and 2 and 3 were mixed type PTP1B inhibitors. Compounds 1-3 and structurally related triterpenes (4-8) were further analyzed the structure-activity relationship, and were evaluated the inhibitory selectivity against four homologous protein tyrosine phosphatases (TCPTP, VHR, SHP-1 and SHP-2). Molecular docking simulations were also carried out, and the result indicated that 1, 3-acetoxy-urs-12-ene-28-oic acid (5), and pomolic acid-3β-acetate (6) bound at the allosteric site including α3, α6, and α7 helix of PTP1B.