Chromosomal localization of selected SCARs converted from new RAPD, ISSR and R-ISSR markers linked to rye (Secale cereale L. ) tolerance to nutrient deprivation stress identified using bulk segregant analysis

Background: An adaptive mechanism in plant roots is initiated in the event of nitrogen and potassium deficiency, and it facilitates the active uptake of these elements in order to ensure plant growth and survival in stress conditions. Signaling and transduction of signals in response to changing nitrogen and potassium concentrations is a complex process, affected by interactions between various gene expression products, and often subjected to modifications. Results: In order to identify genotypic differences between phenotypes of two populations of recombinant inbred rye lines (153/79-1 x Ot1-3 and Ot0-6 x Ot1-3) in response to nutrition stress caused by nitrogen and potassium deficiency at the seedling stage, bulk segregant analysis was utilized. Identification of genotypic differences between and within pooled DNA samples involved 424 RAPD, 120 ISSR primers and 50 combinations of R-ISSR. Identified markers were sequenced and converted to SCAR, attributing to them unique ESTs annotations, and chromosomal ones to selected localizations. Significant relationships with the examined trait were described for nine and eight RAPD markers, four and five ISSR, one and three R-ISSR markers for population 153/79-1 x Ot1-3 and Ot0-6 x Ot1-3, respectively. Sequences identified for the rye genome were characterized by a uniqueness and a similarity to the sequence of aquaporin PIP1, a gene encoding protein related to the function of the transcription factor in plant response to iron deficiency and the putative ethylene-responsive transcription factor, cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, HvHKT1 transporter, as well as HCBT proteins. Conclusion: Identified molecular markers differentiating rye genotypes of extreme response of root system on nitrogen and potassium deficiency play a significant role in systemic plant response to stress, including stress caused by nitrogen and potassium deficiency. They may constitute a system facilitating selection, and together with the material they are described in, they may be a starting point for research on mechanisms of sensing and transduction of signal across the plant.

Discrimination of population of recombinant inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L. ) for different responses to nitrogen-potassium stress assessed at the seedling stage under in vitro conditions

Background: Plants differ in the methods used to acquire nutrients from environments with low nutrient availability, and may change the morphology of their ‘root architecture’ to be able to take up nutrients. Results: In the present study rye response to stress caused by high and low nitrogen-potassium treatments in mature embryos cultures was described within a population consisting of one hundred and thirty eight recombinant inbred lines of rye. Characterization of the response of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) to nutrient stress was presented as the results of analyses of morphological traits, and physiological and biochemical parameters of the seedlings grown in both treatments. A wide range of variability of individual RILs to induced stress was observed in the population of recombinant inbred lines, and was presented as the difference between the means of each of the analysed traits described at high- and low-nitrogen-potassium levels. Lines were grouped using Ward's agglomerative method on the basis of differences in coleoptyle length, with the longest root length and root number used as variables. Conclusions: Recombinant inbred lines at low nitrogen-potassium treatment developed: longer, shorter, or roots of similar length in comparison with the high nitrogen-potassium treatment. Discriminant function analysis showed that the discriminant variable able to clearly differentiate recombinant inbred lines in terms of their response to nutrient stress was the trait of the longest root length.

Glycemic Index Lowering Effects of Breads Supplemented with Resistant Starch, Whole Rye Grain and Fructooligosaccharide / 대한지역사회영양학회지

Low glycemic index (GI) foods have been reported to be very important in the control of blood glucose levels in diseases such as diabetes mellitus and obesity, which are becoming more prevalent in Korea. Bread consumption at breakfast and as a snack is also on the rise. To provide low GI alternatives, breads supplemented with dietary fibersfructooligosaccharide (FOS), ground whole rye, and 2 types of resistance starch (RS2 and RS4)-were developed. The GIs for these breads were evaluated with 13 healthy college students (M6, F7) and sensory tests were done. Four kinds of breads were made through the modification of a basic recipe for white bread (the control, B) as follows: for Bf, the entire amount of sugar was replaced with FOS. For Ryef, 50% of the white wheat flower was replaced with roughly ground wholerye (20 mesh: 12-20 mesh = 1 : 3) in addition to replacing sugar with FOS. For RS2f and RS4f, 20% of the white wheat flower was replaced with RS2 or RS4, in addition to replacing sugar with FOS. The overall preference score of Bf was similar to that of B, while those of Ryef, RS2f and RS4f were lower than that of B, but showed the acceptable degree of the overall preference. The glycemic indices of Ryef and RS2f were 46.1 and 45.9 respectively, which were significantly lower than the GI of B, 67.8. The GIs of Bf and RS4f were, however, 66.7 and 80.5 respectively, showing no significant difference compared to B. The glycemic loads for a 30 g serving were 9.5, 5.9, 6.2, 11.0 and 9.0 for B, Bf, Ryef, RS2f and RS4f, respectively. In conclusion, addition of RS2 or roughly ground whole rye to the dough formula significantly lowered the GI. Since the preferences shown for those two breads were acceptable, they may be recommended as a substitute for white bread for persons who need blood glucose management. More studies on the bread making process are required to improve preference and acceptance. Although GI lowering effects for F and RS4 were not found in this study, further studies are needed to verify their effects.

Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions / 의사학

In this study, the career and official ranks of the authors of the Sejong text(1443-1445), Sejo text(1451-1464), and Seongjong text(1475-1477) of {Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions} were investigated. In the completion of Sejong text, Kim Rye-mong(1406-1469), Ryu Seong-won(?-1456), and Min Bo-hua(?) collected and arranged all medical books inside and outside of Choseon; Kim Moon(?-1448), Shin Seok-jo(1407-1459), Lee Ye(1419-1480), Kim Soo-on(1410-1481), Jeon Soon-eui(?), Choi Yun(?), and Kim Yu-ji(?-1469) took part in the edition; Lee Yong(1418-1453), Lee Sa-cheol(1405-1456), Lee Sa-soon(?-1455), and Rho Joong-rye(?-1452) participated in the editorial supervision. Ryang Seong-ji(1415-1482), Son So(1433-1484), Ryu Yo(?), Han Chi-ryang(?), An Geuk-sang(?), Han Kye-mi(1421-1471), Choi Young-rin(?) took part in the completion of Sejo text. Han Kye-heui(1423-1482), Rym Won-joon(1423-1500), Kueon Chan(1430-1487), Ryu Seo(?), and Baek Soo-heui(?) participated in the completion of Seongjong text. All 96 persons participated in the completion of draft text, revision text, and first-publication text of {Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions}. 14 persons (14.58 %) participated in the completion of draft text. 77 persons (80.21%) participated in revision text, and 5 persons (5.21%) participated in first-publication text. Even though {Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions} is a medical book, civil officials participated in its completion together with medical officials. The scholars of Jiphyeonjeon(The Jade Hall of Scholars) who led the academy at those days and famous medical officials were ordered to complete it by Sejong(1419-1450), Sejo(1455-1468), and Seongjong(1470-1494) who showed special interest in thier own heath and the health of common people.