ABSTRACT
Abstract The Brazilian Power Sector is preparing the introduction of battery energy storage in its distribution lines for energy quality control. The technical and financial viability of this new technology depends on several factors: battery technologies, geographical locations, environmental restrictions and the local regulation. One of the objectives of the present project was to create a methodology for helping technicians to choose the best battery technology for each particular application. The Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP algorithm was selected to take into account all the above-mentioned factors. This methodology was applied to a case study considering four different commercially available battery energy storage systems (BESS) and the methodology was able to recommend the best choice by taking into account all the criteria and subcriteria considered. The second objective of the present project is to evaluate a real hybrid BESS operation composed of two different battery technologies. Up to the moment when this paper was submitted the BESS has not been installed yet. The installation place has already been selected, a feeder-line with 1,360 kW peak power, and monitored for energy quality. The BESS has been sized, a 250 kW/1 MWh flow battery together with a 250 kW/500 kWh lithium-ion battery and the purchase process has been initiated. Both battery technologies will work in separate and joint operations for power quality in on-grid and island cases.
Subject(s)
Tensile Strength , Electricity , Batteries , AlgorithmsABSTRACT
False eggs (SAGs) facilitate social post-hatching emergence behaviour in Leatherback turtles Dermochelys coriacea (Testudines: Dermochelyidae) nests. Hatchling emergence to the beach surface from deep sand nests occurs without parental care. Social behaviour among siblings is crucial to overcome this first challenge in sea turtles life. This study, carried out at the Caribbean coast of Colombia, describes the emergence social behaviour of hatchlings from eight nests, and assess the nests translocation effects on temporal patterns of emergence. For the first time, we propose that space released by dehydration of shelled albumen globes (SAGs) at the top of the clutch, might be a reproductive advantage, while facilitating neonates to group together in a very limited space, and favouring the synchrony of emergence. The mean time of groups emergence was of 3.3 days, varying between 1 and 6 days. We found that relocation of the nests did not significantly affect the temporal pattern of emergence, which was mainly nocturnal (77.7% of natural nests and 81.7% of translocated ones). The maximum number of emergences to the surface occurred at the lowest air temperatures (22:00h-06:00h). The selective advantage of this pattern is probably related to the greater rate of predation and mortality by hyperthermia observed during the day. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (3): 943-954. Epub 2010 September 01.
La emergencia de las crías de tortuga laúd eclosionadas en los nidos profundos desde la arena hasta la superficie de la playa ocurre sin ayuda parental y es el primer gran desafío de supervivencia en su ciclo de vida. Este estudio, desarrollado en la costa Caribe colombiana, describe el comportamiento social de emergencia de neonatos y evalúa el efecto de la traslocación de los nidos en los patrones temporales de emergencia. Se propone por primera vez que el espacio liberado por la deshidratación de falsos huevos (SAGs) en la nidada, representa una ventaja reproductiva al facilitar el agrupamiento de los neonatos en un espacio muy limitado y favorecer la sincronía de la emergencia. El tiempo medio registrado para la emergencia en grupo fue de 3.3 días, variando entre uno y seis días. La traslocación de los nidos no afectó el patrón temporal de emergencia que fue predominantemente nocturno (77.77% en nidos naturales y 81.65% en trasladados). Los picos máximos de emergencias a la superficie coincidieron con los periodos de menor temperatura ambiental exterior (22:00h-06:00h). La ventaja selectiva de este patrón temporal y de la emergencia sincrónica está probablemente relacionada con las mayores tasas de depredación y mortalidad por hipertermia observadas durante el día.