Development Of Halosulphate Based Phosphors And It's Applications

Synthesis and characterization of halosulphate-based phosphors is important for thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD), radiophotoluminescence dosimetry (RPL) and scintillator materials. The enhancement of luminescence output in halosulphate-based phosphors and it may be useful for lamp, solid-state lamp and radiation. Dosimetry by activator as well as sensitizer are well known properties. The combustion technique is not applicable for the synthesis of TLD phosphors due to very fine particles, which show less TL intensity, while sol-gel, solid-state diffusion, melt method and precipitation methods are applicable for TLD phosphors. Two halosulphates namely Na21( SO4 ) 7 F6 Cl and 2K3Ca2(SO4)3F were prepared and doped with Dy and Tm for different concentration .Halosulphate , Na21( SO4 ) 7 F6 Cl was prepared by wet chemical method and Halosulphate , 2K3Ca2(SO4)3F was prepared by solid state diffusion method . The characterization was done by X - ray diffraction ( XRD ) , Thermo luminescence (TL) was also studied . For Dy doped Na21( SO4) 7 F6 Cl , The peak was observed at 1200 C and shoulder at 1750C for 0.2 % molar concentration of Dy. and for 2K3Ca2(SO4)3F doped with Tm the shoulder peak was observed at 240 0 C and at 150 0C for 0.7 % molar concentration of Tm.

Parsley Leaves (Petroselinum Sativum) as Corrosion Inhibitors of Steel DIN 2391 St 37-4 in Acid Medium 5% H2SO4

In this article, the corrosion inhibition of steel DIN 2391 St 37-4 in acidic medium 5% H2SO4 with and without the presence of eco inhibitors of leaf (Petroselinum Sativum) was examined. Inhibitory properties of parsley leaves (Petroselinum Sativum) on steel DIN 2391 St 37-4 were examined by potentiodynamic polarization - Tafel extrapolation, and FTIR method in order to categorize the oxide layer. The test was performed in static medium and with stirring at 600 rpm. By Tafel extrapolation based on changes in corrosion potential, the inhibitor behaves as mixed. Increasing the concentration of inhibitors increases the efficiency of inhibition. Corrosion processes are inhibited by adsorption of organic matter on the surface of steel DIN 2391 St 37-4, forming a film. The obtained results indicate that parsley leaf (Petroselinum Sativum) is an effective eco inhibitor for the tested steel in 5% sulfuric acid.

Craniofacial morphology in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: cephalometric evaluation / Morfologia craniofacial em pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono: avaliação cefalométrica

Abstract Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by a reduced airflow through the upper airways during sleep. Two forms of obstructive sleep apnea are described: the central form and the obstructive form. The obstructive form is related to many factors, such as the craniofacial morphology. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between the morphology of the cranial base, of the mandible and the maxilla, and obstructive sleep apnea severity. Methods: Eighty-four patients, mean age of 50.4 years old; 73 males and 11 females with obstructive sleep apnea were enrolled in the present study. Patients with high body mass index and comorbidities were excluded. Lateral cephalograms and polysomnography were collected for each patient to evaluate the correlation between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea severity. A Spearman's rho correlation test between cephalometric measurements and obstructive sleep apnea indexes was computed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Patients with a severe obstructive sleep apnea presented a reduction of sagittal growth of both effective mandibular length and cranio-basal length. The mandibular length was the only variable with a statistical correlation with apnea-hypopnea index. Vertical dimension showed a weak correlation with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. No correlation with maxillary sagittal dimension was shown. Conclusion: Obstructive sleep apnea severity may be correlated to mandibular and cranial base growth. Facial vertical dimension had no correlation with obstructive sleep apnea severity.

Resumo Introdução: A apneia obstrutiva do sono é caracterizada por um fluxo de ar reduzido nas vias aéreas superiores durante o sono. Duas formas de apneia são descritas: a forma central e a forma obstrutiva. A forma obstrutiva tem sido relacionada a vários fatores, como a morfologia craniofacial. Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre a morfologia da base do crânio, da mandíbula e da maxila e a gravidade da apneia obstrutiva do sono. Método: Foram incluídos no presente estudo 84 pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono, com média de 50,4 anos; 73 homens e 11 mulheres. Pacientes com alto índice de massa corpórea e comorbidades foram excluídos. Foram coletados cefalogramas laterais e polissonografia para cada paciente para avaliar a correlação entre a morfologia craniofacial e a gravidade da apneia. Foi computado o coeficiente de correlação de postos de Spearman (rho) entre medidas cefalométricas e índices de apneia obstrutiva do sono. A significância estatística foi estabelecida em p < 0,05. Resultados: Pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono grave apresentaram redução do crescimento sagital do comprimento mandibular efetivo e do comprimento crânio-basal. O comprimento mandibular foi a única variável que apresentou correlação estatística com o índice de apneia-hipopneia. A dimensão vertical mostrou uma fraca correlação com a gravidade da apneia. Não foi demonstrada correlação com a dimensão maxilar sagital. Conclusão: A gravidade da apneia obstrutiva do sono pode estar correlacionada ao crescimento da base mandibular e craniana. A dimensão facial vertical não apresentou correlação com a gravidade da apneia.

Integrated smart hyperspectral imaging and CARS-based characteristic band selection for rapid determination of SO_2 content in sulphur-fumigated Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix / 中国中药杂志

In order to realize the rapid and non-destructive detection of SO_2 content in sulphur-fumigated Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, this paper first prepared the sulphur-fumigated Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix samples with the usage amount of sulphur being 0, 2.5%, and 5% of the mass of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix pieces. The SO_2 content in different batches of sulphur-fumigated Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix was determined using the method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, followed by the acquisition of their hyperspectral data within both visible-near infrared(435-1 042 nm) and short-wave infrared(898-1 751 nm) regions by hyperspectral imaging. Meanwhile, the first derivative, AUTO, multiplicative scatter correction, Savitzky-Golay(SG) smoothing, and standard normal variable transformation algorithms were used to pre-process the original hyperspectral data, which were then subjected to characteristic band extraction based on competitive adaptive reweighted sampling(CARS) and the partial least square regression analysis for building a quantitative model of SO_2 content in sulphur-fumigated Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix. It was found that the accuracy of the quantitative model built depending on the visible-near infrared spectra was high, with the determination coefficient of prediction set(R■) reaching 0.900 1. The established quantitative model has enabled the rapid and non-destructive detection of SO_2 content in sulphur-fumigated Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, which can serve as an effective supplement to the method described in Chinese Pharmacopeia.

Comparative Analysis on Two Different Algorithms for Estimating Muscle Forces / 医用生物力学

Objective To explore the differences between the result of static optimization (SO) and computational muscle control (CMC) algorithms for estimating muscle forces, so as to provide references for researchers to choose the appropriate algorithm and make horizontal comparison of the results from different studies. Methods Targeting at a single gait cycle running at four different speeds, SO and CMC algorithms were used to calculate forces and activations of the major muscles in lower limbs, and the results were compared and analyzed. Results Among the 10 major muscles participating in running, except for anterior tibial and rectus femoris, muscle forces and muscle activations solved by the two algorithms had similar curves with correlation coefficients more than 0.91, and the peak value of muscle forces solved by SO was higher and the positions of peak muscle activation had a 10 ms delay. Conclusions In movement analysis, if the research focuses on the timing of muscle forces and the contribution ratios among different muscles, there is not too big difference and SO algorithm is recommended for its simplicity and efficiency. For horizontal comparison of muscle forces and muscle activations estimated by SO and CMC algorithms in different studies, the differences between the two algorithms should be considered.

Notas para uma contribuição à historiografia psicanalítica / Notes for a contribution to psychoanalytic historiography / Notes pour une contribution à l'historiographie psychanalytique / Notas para una contribución a una historiografía psicoanalítica

Resumo Este artigo propõe uma contribuição à historiografia psicanalítica. Para isso, retomamos o texto que consideramos fundador desse campo de debates, A história do movimento psicanalítico, publicado por Freud em 1914, para nele encontrarmos as primeiras pistas de como operar na interface entre psicanálise e história. A partir desse texto inaugural, dedicamo-nos aos estudos de alguns psicanalistas e historiadores que pensaram o enlace entre psicanálise e história, a fim de encontrarmos convergências e divergências sobre o fazer do psicanalista historiador. Por fim, propomos três eixos para uma historiografia psicanalítica, articulados em torno dos conceitos só depois, das Ding e verdade histórica. A partir dessa reflexão de cunho historiográfico, esperamos ser possível pensar de outros modos a história do movimento psicanalítico.

Abstract This article proposes a contribution to psychoanalytic historiography by revisiting Freud's founding texts, The history of the psychoanalytic movement, published in 1914, searching in it for the first clues on how to operate at the interface between psychoanalysis and history. From this inaugural text, the paper examines some psychoanalysts and historians who investigated the link between psychoanalysis and history, to find convergences and divergences on the practice of the psychoanalytic historian. Lastly, it proposes three axis for a psychoanalytic historiography, articulated around the concepts of afterwardsness, das Ding and historical truth. This historiographic reflection seeks to show different ways of thinking the history of the psychoanalytic movement.

Résumé Cet article propose une contribution à l'historiographie psychanalytique en revisitant le text fondateur de Freud, L'histoire du mouvement psychanalytique, publié en 1914, en y cherchant les premiers indices sur la manière de travailler dans l'interface entre psychanalyse et histoire. À partir de ce texte inaugural, l'article examine quelques psychanalystes et historiens qui ont investigué le lien entre psychanalyse et histoire, pour trouver des convergences et des divergences sur la pratique de l'historien psychanalyste. Enfin, il propose trois axes pour une historiographie psychanalytique, articulés autour des concepts d'après-coup, de das Ding et de vérité historique. Cette reflexión historiographique cherche à montrer différentes manières de penser l'histoire du mouvement psychanalytique.

Resumen Este artículo propone una contribución a una historiografía psicoanalítica. Para ello, consideramos como fundador de ese campo de debate el texto Contribución a la historia del movimiento psicoanalítico, de Freud publicado en 1914, y lo utilizamos para encontrar las primeras pistas de cómo operar la interfaz entre psicoanálisis e historia. A partir de ese texto inaugural, nos dedicamos a los estudios de algunos psicoanalistas e historiadores que pensaron el enlace entre psicoanálisis e historia para analizar las convergencias y divergencias sobre el hacer del psicoanalista historiador. Por último, proponemos tres ejes para una historiografía psicoanalítica articulados en torno a los conceptos efecto retardado, das Ding y verdad histórica. Con esta reflexión historiográfica, esperamos poder pensar la historia del movimiento psicoanalítico de otra forma.

Numerical Modeling Applied to Leachate Generation using Hydrus - Case Study: Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Modelagem numérica aplicada à geração de lixiviado usando Hydrus - Estudo de Caso: Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

ABSTRACT Improper design and management of the cover layer of a sanitary landfill has been proven to produce harmful environmental impacts on the environment. One alternative at hand is to develop scenarios based on simulation of physical and computational models to represent the expected field water balance of a landfill coverage layer. This paper investigates the design of a sanitary landfill final cover in the municipality of Seropédica, which is located at the state of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. More specifically, the compact soil coverage, which is widely used for landfill final cover of municipal solid waste, is evaluated in contrast to vegetation cover by grass, vegetation cover by brachiaria and capillary barrier. To accomplish such task, hydrometeorological forcing conditions, namely daily rainfall and temperature, were retrieved from the Anchieta weather station, which is situated nearby the study area. The Hydrus 1D and 2/3 D computational codes were employed to develop a set of scenarios to follow the contamination plume evolution within the landfill along the time frame of 20 years with some degree of reliability. It should be noted that the performed evaluation indicates the possibility to control the leachate release and consequently to avoid contaminating the environment, notably to prevent soil and water resources pollution. Vegetation cover by grass and brachiaria showed important control mechanisms with respect to the movement of the contaminant plume. In addition, it should be noticed that the best results for the landfill final cover were achieved for the capillary barrier, while poor performance results were obtained for the commonly employed compact soil.

RESUMO O projeto e a gestão inadequados da camada de cobertura de um aterro sanitário produzem impactos ambientais prejudiciais ao meio ambiente. Uma alternativa disponível é desenvolver cenários baseados na simulação de modelos físicos e computacionais para representar o balanço hídrico que se espera que ocorra em uma camada de cobertura do aterro por meio de um experimento de campo. O presente trabalho investiga o projeto de cobertura final de um aterro sanitário no município de Seropédica, localizado no estado do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil. Mais especificamente, a cobertura compacta do solo, que é amplamente utilizada para a cobertura final de aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos, é avaliada em contraste com a cobertura vegetal por gramíneas, cobertura vegetal por braquiária e barreira capilar. Para realização dessa tarefa, forçantes hidrometeorológicas, nomeadamente precipitação e temperatura na escala diária, foram obtidas da estação meteorológica de Anchieta, situada nas proximidades da área de estudo. Os códigos computacionais Hydrus 1D e 2/3 D foram empregados para desenvolver um conjunto de cenários para acompanhar a evolução da pluma de contaminação no interior do aterro ao longo do período de 20 anos com algum grau de confiabilidade. Ressalta-se que a avaliação realizada indica a possibilidade de controlar a liberação de chorume e, consequentemente, de evitar a contaminação do meio ambiente, notadamente para prevenir a poluição do solo e dos recursos hídricos. A cobertura vegetal por gramíneas e braquiárias apresentou importantes mecanismos de controle com relação ao movimento da pluma contaminante. Além disso, deve-se notar que os melhores resultados para a cobertura final do aterro foram alcançados para a barreira capilar, enquanto que os resultados de baixo desempenho foram obtidos para o solo compacto comumente empregado.

Reflexos da (in)capacidade de estar só em tempos de isolamento social na pandemia COVID-19 / Reflections of the (in)ability to be alone in times of social isolation in pandemia COVID-19

As medidas adotadas em diversos países, necessárias como tentativa de contenção da pandemia causada pelo novo coronavírus (COVID-19), desencadearam mudanças radicais no dia a dia dos indivíduos, ocasionando sentimentos de incerteza, angústia, ansiedade e depressão na população em geral. O aumento do sentimento de solidão levou muitos indivíduos a utilizarem recursos internos e pôs à prova a capacidade de estar só. Alguns conceitos psicanalíticos evidenciam que o indivíduo que atinge um ego integrado, através de cuidados maternos suficientemente bons nos momentos primitivos, como bebê, adquire a capacidade de estar só. Isso ressalta a importância das primeiras relações objetais para a construção de um mundo interno satisfatório. Em contrapartida, a interrupção desse amadurecimento emocional pode despertar no sujeito adulto a utilização de mecanismos de ordem externa, como diversos tipos de adições, exposição a comportamentos de risco e, provavelmente, no caso da pandemia, desrespeito às medidas de distanciamento social. Diante disso, observa-se quão importante é o desenvolvimento saudável das primeiras relações objetais para que o indivíduo seja capaz de lidar com a solidão, e adote estratégias saudáveis ao longo da vida, inclusive em situações críticas. Assim, esse artigo se propõe a revisar alguns aspectos da teoria psicanalítica sobre a capacidade de estar só dentro do desenvolvimento emocional e compreender as consequências psíquicas resultantes das falhas nessa etapa da vida psíquica dos indivíduos.(AU)

The measures adopted in several countries, necessary as an attempt to contain the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus (COVID 19), triggered radical changes in the daily lives of individuals, causing feelings of uncertainty, anguish, anxiety and depression in the general population. The increased feeling of loneliness has led many individuals to use internal resources and test their ability to be alone. Some psychoanalytic concepts show that the individual who reaches an integrated ego, through maternal care good enough in primitive moments, as a baby, acquires the ability to be alone. This underscores the importance of early object relations for building a satisfying inner world. On the other hand, the interruption of this emotional maturation can awaken in the adult the use of external mechanisms, such as various types of addictions, exposure to risky behaviors and probably, in the case of the pandemic, disrespect to the measures of social distancing. Therefore, it is observed how important the healthy development of the first object relations is for the individual to be able to deal with loneliness, and to adopt healthy strategies throughout life, including in critical situations. Thus, this article set out to review some aspects of psychoanalytic theory about the ability to be alone within emotional development and to understand the psychic consequences resulting from failures in this stage of the psychic life of individuals.(AU)

Las medidas adoptadas en varios países, necesarias como intento de contener la pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID 19), desencadenaron cambios radicales en la vida cotidiana de las personas, causando sentimientos de incertidumbre, angustia, ansiedad y depresión en la población en general. El aumento de la sensación de soledad ha llevado a muchas personas a utilizar recursos internos y ha puesto a prueba la capacidad de estar solos. Algunos conceptos psicoanalíticos muestran que el individuo que alcanza un ego integrado, a través del cuidado materno suficientemente bueno en momentos primitivos, como un bebé, adquiere la capacidad de estar solo. Esto resalta la importancia de las primeras relaciones de objeto para la construcción de un mundo interno satisfactorio. Por otro lado, la interrupción de esta maduración emocional puede despertar en el sujeto adulto el uso de mecanismos externos, como varios tipos de adicciones, la exposición a conductas de riesgo y probablemente, en el caso de la pandemia, la falta de respeto a las medidas de distanciamiento social. Por lo tanto, se observa cuán importante es el sano desarrollo de las primeras relaciones de objeto para que el individuo sea capaz de afrontar la soledad y adoptar estrategias saludables a lo largo de la vida, incluso en situaciones críticas. Así, este artículo se propuso revisar algunos aspectos de la teoría psicoanalítica sobre la capacidad de estar solo dentro del desarrollo emocional y comprender las consecuencias psíquicas derivadas de los fracasos en esta etapa de la vida psíquica de los individuos.(AU)

Effect of Gaseous Pollutant Concentration on the Number of Daily Outpatient Visits for Acne in Lanzhou / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To determine the relationship between air pollutants [SO

Só... Solidão...: Fronteiras entre a curva e a reta / Alone... Loneliness: borders between curve and straight / Solo... soledad...: fronteras entre curva y recta / Seul... solitude...: limites entre la courbe et la ligne

Com base no poema de Manoel de Barros "A reta é uma curva que não sonha", a autora descreve a capacidade de estar só, como uma série de curvas em espiral, e o sentimento de solidão, como uma reta sem curvas. Apoia-se em Winnicott, Bion e Klein. Ilustra com o caso de uma família haitiana atendida no setting da clínica transcultural e com o de um menino de 1 ano e 11 meses com indicadores de risco de desenvolvimento atendido no setting clássico de psicanálise com crianças. Assim, nas duas situações clínicas, apresenta como alternativa aos caminhos retilíneos, os caminhos sinuosos, pelos quais a construção de capacidade de estar só tem sido possível, sem que os elementos de angústia mais submersos e profundos sejam caçados ostensivamente, mas possam tomar corpo na sessão e, progressivamente, vir à tona, para serem transformados. Finaliza com uma história infantil que retrata o universo emocional da criança quando falha a relação de intimidade mãe-bebê. Nesta história a mãe reconhece suas falhas e repara os vínculos esgarçados, uma mamãe que tece as emoções promovendo um encontro emocional.

From "The line is a dream without curve", a Manoel de Barros' poem, the author describes the capacity to be alone as a series of spiral curves, and the feeling of loneliness as a straight line without curves. It relies on Winnicott, Bion and Klein. It illustrates with the attendance of a Haitian family attended in the setting of the transcultural clinic and the case of a boy (1 year and 11 months) with indicators of developmental risk attended in the psychoanalysis setting with children. Thus, in both clinical situations, it presents, as an alternative to the rectilinear paths, the winding paths, through which the building of being capacity has only been possible, without the most submerged and deep distress elements being hunted ostensibly, but can take shape and, progressively, have occasion to be transformed. It ends with a children's story that portrays the child's emotional universe when the mother-baby relationship fails. In this story the mother recognizes her flaws and repairs the broken bonds, a mother who weaves her emotions promoting an emotional encounter.

Del poema "La línea es una curva sin sueños", de Manoel de Barros, el autor describe la capacidad de estar solo como una serie de curvas en espiral, y el sentimento de soledad como una línea recta sin curvas. Se basa en Winnicott, Bion, Klein y Quinodoz. Ilustra con el cuidado de una familia haitiana atendida en el setting de la clínica transcultural y con el caso de un niño de 1 año y 11 meses con indicadores de riesgo de desarrollo atendido en el setting de psicoanálisis con niños. Por lo tanto, en ambas situaciones clínicas, presenta, como una alternativa a los caminos rectilíneos, los caminos sinuosos, a través de los cuales la construcción de la capacidad solo ha sido posible, sin que los elementos de busca más profundos y sumergidos sean cazados aparentemente, pero pueden tomar forma y, progressivamente, se destacan y tienen ocasión de transformarse. Termina con una historia infantil que retrata el universo emocional del niño cuando la relación madre-bebé falla. En esta historia, la madre reconoce sus defectos y repara los lazos rotos, una madre que teje sus emociones promoviendo un encuentro emocional.

À partir du poème de Manoel de Barros « La droite est une courbe qui ne rêve pas ¼, l'auteur décrit la capacité d'être seul, comme une série de courbes en spirale, et le sentiment de solitude, comme une droite sans courbes. Il s'appuie sur Winnicott, Bion et Klein. Il illustre avec la prise en charge d'une famille haïtienne servie dans le cadre de la clinique interculturelle et le cas d'un garçon de 1 an et 11 mois avec des indicateurs de risque de développement assisté dans le cadre de la psychanalyse avec enfants. Ainsi, dans les deux situations cliniques, il se présente comme une alternative aux chemins rectilignes, les chemins sinueux, à travers lesquels la construction de la capacité à être n'a été que possible, sans que les éléments d'angoisse les plus submergés et profonds soient ostensiblement chassés, mais ils peuvent prendre forme dans le session et progressivement surface, à transformer. Il se termine par une histoire pour enfants qui dépeint l'univers émotionnel de l'enfant lorsque la relation mère-bébé échoue. Dans cette histoire, la mère reconnaît ses défauts et répare les liens brisés, une mère qui tisse les émotions favorisant une rencontre émotionnelle.

A method for the synthesis of chalcones / 中国药科大学学报

@#In this paper,a new method for catalytic synthesis of chalcones from substituted acetophenone and substituted benzaldehyde in polyphosphoric acid/concentrated sulfuric acid system was proposed,and the reaction conditions were optimized. The results showed that the optimized reaction conditions were determined as polyphosphoric acid of 5 equiv. and concentrated sulfuric acid of 20 equiv.,with 1,4-dioxane as solvent at 90 °C for 2 h under nitrogen protection. Twelve chalcones were synthesized with good yield. All target compounds were characterized by IR,HRMS,1H NMR and 13C NMR.

Introducción. Situación mundial del Cáncer de Mama / Introduction. World situation of Breast Cancer

El cáncer de mama es el tumor de la mujer más diagnosticado en la gran mayoría de los países. Los factores no hereditarios son los principales impulsores de las diferencias internacionales e in­ter­étnicas observadas en la incidencia de este cáncer. Las tasas de incidencia del cáncer de ma­ma han aumentado en la mayoría de los países en transición en las últimas décadas, en tanto que en la mayoría de los países más avanzados, las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de mama han ido en descenso como resultado de la detección temprana de la enfermedad, los avances en el trata­ miento y mayor accesibilidad a los servicios de salud. Los principales factores de riesgo para el cáncer de mama no son fácilmente modificables porque se derivan de exposiciones hormonales endógenas prolongadas. La prevención a través de la promoción de la lactancia materna, parti­cularmente su mayor duración, pudiera ser beneficioso. La incidencia de cáncer de mama en Pa­namá se comporta de manera similar a los países con índice de desarrollo Humano en transición; ha ido en aumento en las últimas décadas como resultado del aumento en la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo conocidos y la mejoría en la recolección de datos.

Breast cancer is the most diagnosed woman's tumor in the vast majority of countries. The non­here­ ditary factors are the main drivers of the international and inter­ethnic differences observed in the incidence of this cancer. Breast cancer incidence rates have increased in most countries in transi­tion in recent decades, while in most of the more advanced countries, breast cancer death rates ha­ve been declining asa result of breast cancer. early detection of the disease, advances in treatment and greater accessibility to health services . The main risk factors for breast cancer are not easily modifiable because they are derived from prolonged endogenous hormonal exposures. Prevention through the promotion of breastfeeding, particularly its longer duration, could be beneficial. The inci­ dence of breast cancer in Panama behaves similarly to countries with a Human Development Index in transition; It has been increasing in recent decades as a result of the inc rease in the prevalence of k nown risk factors and the improvement in data collection.

Coal burning-derived SO and traffic-derived NO are associated with persistent cough and current wheezing symptoms among schoolchildren in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

BACKGROUND@#Children in Ulaanbaatar are exposed to air pollution, but few epidemiological studies have been conducted on the effects of environmental risk factors on children's health. Also, no studies have yet examined the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in children in suburban areas, where air quality-monitoring stations have not yet been installed. This cross-sectional study evaluated the associations between outdoor air pollution and respiratory symptoms among schoolchildren in urban and suburban districts of Ulaanbaatar.@*METHODS@#The ATS-DLD-78 C questionnaire was used to investigate the respiratory symptoms of schoolchildren aged 6-12 years (n = 1190) who lived in one of three urban districts or a suburban district of Ulaanbaatar. In each district, the outdoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SO) were measured at two sites (at ≤100 m and > 100 m from the nearest major road) in the 2-year period from 2015 to 2016. The associations between health outcomes and exposure to air pollutants were estimated using the multinomial logistic regression method.@*RESULTS@#The outdoor concentration of SO was significantly associated with persistent cough symptom (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.04-1.22). Furthermore, the outdoor concentration of NO was significantly associated with the current wheezing symptom (OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.01-1.75) among children in urban and suburban.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The prevalence of persistent cough symptom was markedly high among the schoolchildren in urban/suburban districts of Ulaanbaatar. Overall, the increases in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms among children might be associated with ambient air pollution in Ulaanbaatar.

Determinación social de la mortalidad por accidentes de tránsito en el distrito metropolitano de Quito, año 2013 / Social Determination of Road Traffic Mortality in the Metropolitan District of Quito, 2013 / Determinação social da mortalidade por acidentes de tráfego no distrito metropolitano de Quito, ano de 2013

Resumen Introducción: Los marcos conceptuales clásicos han logrado una explicación y acción parcialmente efectivas sobre la mortalidad por accidentes de tránsito (at). Se requieren nuevos marcos para su comprensión como fenómeno social y de su distribución socioespacial, que efectivicen el derecho a una movilidad equitativa, segura y sustentable. Objetivo: Establecer la distribución socioespacial de los fallecimientos por at en el distrito metropolitano de Quito (dmq) en el año 2013 y sus procesos determinantes. Metodología: Mediante un estudio exploratorio multietápico: revisión documental, análisis de bases de datos, enlace de archivos y encuesta a un familiar del fallecido, se analizó la mortalidad por at en el dmq con base en las categorías de la epidemiología crítica: "segregación socioespacial", "clase social" y "perfil epidemiológico". Resultados: Se encontraron importantes diferencias en la mortalidad por zona homogénea, tasas de 7,84 y 18,82 por cien mil habitantes para las zonas residencial suntuaria y popular deteriorada, respectivamente; por clase social, el 58 % de fallecimientos se dio en el grupo proletario; por género, murieron 81,5 % hombres, y por grupos de edad, la tasa de mortalidad fue de 19,08 por cien mil habitantes, en mayores de 65 años. Conclusiones: Los fallecimientos por at presentan una distribución relacionada con la segregación del espacio en Quito, con los modos de vida de los grupos sociales, sus formas de trabajo y de consumo (movilidad). Merecen atención formas de trabajo con uso de motocicleta; también la construcción social de género y la mediación de los patrones de consumo de alcohol. Se requieren acciones de prevención construidas participativamente, en función de zonas homogéneas, de grupos sociales y procesos culturales.

Abstract Introduction: The classic conceptual frameworks have achie ved a partially effective explanation and action on mortality due to traffic accidents (ta). New frameworks are needed for its understanding as a social phenomenon and its socio-spa tial distribution, and would make effective the right to equi table, safe and sustainable transport. Objective: To establish the socio-spatial distribution of ta deaths in the Metropolitan District of Quito (mdq) in 2013 and its determining processes. Methodology: Through a multi-stage exploratory study: do cumentary review, database analysis, file link and survey of a relative of the deceased, ta mortality was analyzed for the mdq based on the categories of critical epidemiology: "socio-spatial segregation", "social class" and "epidemiological profile". Re sults: Important differences were found in mortality by homo geneous zone, rates of 7.84 and 18.82 per hundred thousand inhabitants for the wealthy and deteriorated popular residential zones, respectively; by social class, 58% of deaths occurred in the poorer group; by gender, 81.5% of men died, and by age groups, the mortality rate was 19.08 per hundred thousand in habitants, over 65 years of age. Conclusions: The distribution of ta deaths is related to the segregation of space in Quito, the livelihoods of social groups, their forms of work and con sumption (mobility). It is worth paying attention to types of work that use motorcycles, as well as the social construction of gender and the mediation of alcohol consumption patterns. There is a need for participative construction of preventative measures based on homogeneous zones, social groups and cul tural processes.

Resumo Introdução: Os marcos conceptuais clássicos tem logrado uma explicação e ação parcialmente efetivas sobre a morta lidade por acidentes de tráfego (AT). Se requerem novos mar cos para a sua compreensão como fenómeno social e da sua distribuição sócio espacial, que efetivem o direito para uma mobilidade enxuta, segura e sustentável. Objetivo: Estabele cer a distribuição sócio espacial dos falecimentos por AT no distrito metropolitano de Quito (dmq) no ano 2013 e os sus processos determinantes. Metodologia: Mediante um estudo exploratório poli processo: revisão documentaria, análise de bases de dados, enlace de arquivos e enquete ao familiar do falecido, se analisou a mortalidade por at no dmq com base nas categorias da epidemiologia crítica: "segregação sócio espa cial", "classe social" e "perfil epidemiológico". Resultados: Se encontraram importantes diferencias na mortalidade por zona homogénea, taxas de 7,84 e 18,82 por cem mil habitantes para as zonas residencial suntuária e popular deteriorada, res pectivamente; por classe social, o 58 % de falecimentos se deu no grupo proletário; por género, morreram 81,5 % homens, y por grupos de idade, a taxa de mortalidade foi de 19,08 por cada cem mil habitantes, em mais velhos de 65 anos. Con clusões: Os falecimentos por at apresentam uma distribuição alusiva com a segregação do espaço em Quito, com os modos de vida dos grupos sociais, os seus jeitos de trabalho e de con sumo (mobilidade). Merecem atenção jeitos de trabalho com uso de motocicleta; também a construção social de género e a mediação dos padrões do consumo de álcool. Se requerem ações de prevenção construídas participativamente, na função de zonas homogéneas, de grupos sociais e processos culturais.

Cuidado peri-operatorio integral centrado en el paciente: un paso más hacia la ampliación de los horizontes de la anestesiología / Comprehensive patient-centered perioperative care: another step towards expanding horizons in anesthesiology

Abstract We must change the current perioperative care model and expand the horizons of our specialty, as the results are unsatisfactory, health systems are unviable, and an imminent crisis is predicted. Although the contributions made by anesthetists have improved the safety of care and have contributed to increase the life expectancy and the quality of life of the population, it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive, patient-centered care model. This involves adapting to new settings of clinical practice, extending anesthetist intervention times, and rethinking the professional competencies that must be demonstrated by those who will practice in the near future. Therefore, we must identify our training deficiencies and start working immediately on overcoming them. The objective of this article is to reflect on the problems of the current model, the solutions proposed by the new models and the successes, difficulties, and opportunities that have been observed during its implementation.

Resumen Debemos cambiar el modelo de atención perioperatoria actual y ampliar los horizontes de nuestra especialidad, porque los resultados son insatisfactorios, los sistemas sanitarios son inviables y se predice una crisis inminente. A pesar de que los aportes hechos por los anestesiólogos han mejorado la seguridad de la atención y han contribuido a incrementar la calidad y la duración de la vida de la población, se hace necesario adoptar un modelo integral, centrado en el paciente, que implica adaptarse a nuevos escenarios de práctica clínica, ampliar los tiempos de intervención del anestesiólogo y replantear las competencias profesionales que deben demostrar quienes ejercerán en un futuro próximo. Por ello, debemos identificar nuestras deficiencias formativas y empezar de inmediato a superarlas. El objetivo de este artículo es hacer una reflexión sobre los problemas del modelo actual, las soluciones propuestas por los nuevos modelos y los aciertos, dificultades y oportunidades que se han observado durante su implementación.

A capacidade de estar só na presença do casal / La capacidad de estar solo en presencia de la pareja / The capacity to be alone in the couple's presence / La capacité d'être seul en présence du couple

Ao se interrogar sobre o dispositivo das consultas familiares psicanalíticas e das consultas familiares por ocasião dos pedidos de atendimento para os filhos, o autor propõe que se considere que a problemática da capacidade de estar só na presença do casal é o organizador privilegiado dessa situação. Isso o leva a retomar a função do objeto-casal e de sua representação interna na organização pulsional da sexualidade infantil como uma saída para os impasses e paradoxos da crise edipiana. Assim, a fantasia da cena primária encontra uma de suas correspondências no quotidiano da vida familiar. Por fim, o autor situa a capacidade de estar só na presença do casal no interior de uma série de experiências intermediárias nas quais se pode pôr em ação a distinção percepção/representação, tão essencial ao funcionamento psíquico.

When wondering about psychoanalytic consultations with families, particularly about family consultations which involve requests for psychoanalytic treatment for children, the author suggests that the issue of the capacity to be alone in the couple's presence should be considered the privileged organizer of this situation. This thought leads the author to rethink the function of couple as object and its internal representation in the drive-oriented organization of infantile sexuality as a way of dealing with the impasses and paradoxes of Oedipal crisis. The fantasy of primal scene, therefore, finds one of its equivalents in the everyday family life. Finally, the author places the capacity to be alone in the couple's presence among a series of intermediary experiences in which the difference between perception and representation may be implemented. And, making this difference, the author continues, is vital to the psychic functioning.

En s'interrogeant sur le dispositif des consultations familiales psychanalytiques et des consultations familiales à l'occasion des demandes de soins pour les enfants, l'auteur propose de considérer que la problématique de la capacité d'être seul face au couple en est l'organisateur privilégié. Ceci l'amène à reprendre la fonction de l'objet-couple et de sa représentation interne dans l'organisation pulsionnelle de la sexualité infantile comme issue aux impasses et paradoxes de la crise oedipienne. Le fantasme de la scène primitive trouve ainsi l'une de ses correspondances dans le quotidien de la vie familiale. Enfin, l'auteur situe la capacité d'être seul en présence du couple au sein d'une série d'expériences intermédiaires dans lesquelles peut se mettre au travail la différenciation perception/représentation tellement essentielle au fonctionnement psychique.

Interrogándose sobre el dispositivo de las consultas familiares psicoanalíticas y de las consultas familiares en función de pedidos de tratamiento para niños, el autor plantea considerar la problemática de la capacidad de estar solo en presencia de la pareja como organizador privilegiado de esta situación. Esto lo lleva a retomar la función del objeto pareja y su representación interna en la organización pulsional de la sexualidad infantil como salida de impases y paradojas de la crisis edípica. La fantasía de la escena primitiva halla así uno de sus enlaces en la cotidianidad de la vida familiar. Finalmente, el autor ubica la capacidad de estar solo en presencia de la pareja en el centro de un conjunto de experiencias intermedias dentro de las cuales puede activarse la diferenciación percepción/representación, tan esencial para el funcionamiento psíquico.

Influência da razão DQO/[SO 4 2- ] e da concentração de Na + na remoção de matéria orgânica e sulfato em reator UASB / Influence of COD/[SO4 2-] ratio and Na+ concentration on organic matter and sulfate removal in UASB reactor

RESUMO O tratamento anaeróbio de efluentes industriais ricos em sulfato e sódio pode ser limitado por vários fatores, dentre os quais a relação DQO/sulfato, a concentração de SO4 2- e a concentração de sódio. Entre os fenômenos investigados estão a competição entre bactérias redutoras de sulfato e arquéias metanogênicas por substrato, a concentração de sulfeto gerado na sulfetogênese e a inibição por cátions. Este trabalho apresentou e discutiu os resultados da operação de um reator UASB, com volume útil de 10,5 L e vazão de 16,0 L.dia-1. Utilizou-se glicose, acetato e metanol (DQO≈2.000 mg.L-1), sob razão DQO/sulfato variando de 0,20 a 6,15, concentração de sulfato de 0,3 a 10,0 g.L-1 e concentração do cátion Na+ de 0,70 g.L-1 a 5,40 g.L-1. A eficiência de remoção de DQO foi mantida acima de 80%, e a concentração de sulfato removida ficou limitada a cerca de 800 mg.L-1 durante o período experimental. A atividade metanogênica específica do lodo (AME) foi de 0,630 gCH4-DQO.gSSV-1 até carga de sulfato de 0,300 gSO4 2-.L-1 e (razão DQO/sulfato de 6,15), declinando até atingir 0,168 gCH4-DQO.gSSV-1 (queda de 70%) na última fase com 10,000 gSO4 2-.L-1 (razão DQO/[SO4 2-] de 0,24) e concentração de Na+ de 5,41±0,10 g.L-1. O aumento crescente das concentrações de sódio e sulfato, mantendo-se a concentração de matéria orgânica constante, permitiu constatar a inibição da metanogênese por sódio e sulfeto, mesmo em concentrações abaixo das consideradas inibidoras individualmente. O efeito do sódio na estrutura do grânulo foi determinante na inibição da metanogênese observada.

ABSTRACT The anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewater presenting high concentrations of sulfate and sodium may be limited by several factors, including the ratio COD / [SO4 2-], the concentration of SO4 2- and the concentration of Na+. The competition between sulfate reducing bacteria and methanogenic archaea for substrate, the concentration of sulfide generated in sulfidogenesis, and the inhibition by cations are among the main phenomena that have been investigated. This paper presented and discussed the results of a UASB reactor with a volume of 10.5 L and flowrate of 16.0 L.day-1, subjected to increasing COD/sulfate ratio whereas influent COD was kept constant. Glucose, acetate and methanol (≈2,000 COD mg.L-1) were the carbon sources, and the COD/sulfate ratio ranged from 0.20 to 6.15 for sulfate concentrations of 0.3 to 10.0 g.L-1, Na + concentrations of 0.70 g.L-1 to 5.40 g.L-1. The COD removal efficiency was maintained above 80%, and the sulfate removal was limited to 800 mg.L-1 throughout the experimental period. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) was 0.630 gCH4-DQO.gSSV-1 for 0.300 gSO4 2-.L-1 (COD/sulfate of 6.15), decreasing to 0.168 (70% decrease) in the last phase (COD /sulfate of 0.24) at concentrations of 10.000 gSO4 2-.L-1 and of Na+ 5.41±0.10 g.L-1. The progressive increase of sulfate and sodium concentrations at constant influent COD resulted in methanogenesis inhibition by sodium and sulfide, even at concentrations bellow the inhibition limits, if individually considered. The effect of sodium in the granule structure was determinant for methanogenesis inhibition.

Chemical markers for quality control of sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba dispensing granules / 中草药

Objective Previous studies found that characteristic sulfur-containing derivatives induced by sulfur-fumigation of medicinal herbs could be used together with sulfur dioxide (SO2) as chemical markers for the quality control of sulfur-fumigated herbs owing to the more specific and reproducibility of characteristic sulfur-containing derivatives over SO2 index. In this paper, the feasibility of these two indices used for the quality control of herbal dispensing granules was further investigated. Methods Using Paeoniae Radix Alba (PRA) as an example, the contents of SO2, paeoniflorin as well as paeoniflorin sulfonate, the characteristic sulfur-containing derivatives of sulfur-fumigated RPA in PRA processing pieces, decoctions, concentrates, and dried extracts were quantified by SO2 residue determination method documented in Chinese Pharmacopeia and HPLC technique, and the transfer ratios of these components during preparation procedures of PRA dispensing granules were evaluated. Results It was found that SO2, paeoniflorin and paeoniflorin sulfonate could all be detectable in the samples of decoctions, concentrates and dried extracts, indicating that these three components could be used as chemical markers to indicate the quality changes during preparation of PRA dispensing granules. However, the transfer ratios of these three components were different from each other, with the contents of SO2 and paeoniflorin decreased, whereas that of paeoniflorin sulfonate increased during preparation of PRA dispensing granules. In addition, in those commercial PRA dispensing granules samples SO2 detectable, paeoniflorin sulfonate also detectable. Conclusion Since SO2 residue is a safety index, while paeoniflorin and paeoniflorin sulfonate can reflect the inner quality and the impact extent of sulfur-fumigation on the quality of PRA dispensing granules respectively, the three components might be used together as chemical markers for the quality control, and consequently to ensure the safety and efficacy of PRA dispensing granules.

Time-series analysis of air pollution and birth defects during 2010 to 2015 in Xi'an / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To study the effects of air pollution including sulphur dioxide (SO2),nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and PM10 in Xi'an on birth defects.Methods We collected the birth defects data from Xi'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital,meteorological data from Xi'an Bureau of Meteorology,and the air pollution data from Xi'an Environment Monitoring Station from 2010 to 2015.Generalized additive model (GAM) was used to explore the relationship between air pollution and birth defects after adjusting the effects of long-term and seasonal trend,temperature,and relative humidity.Results The monthly average birth defects were 89 cases;the monthly average concentration of SO2,NO2 and PM10 was 34.05 μg/m3,45.13 μg/m3,and 96.77 μg/m3,respectively.In the GAM,the monthly average temperature was 13.57 ℃ and the relative humidity was 63.20％.The three kinds of air pollutants all had a certain lag effect in 10 months,which reached the maximum.With an increase of concentration by 10 μg/m3 in three air pollutants,the relative risks and confidence interval of SO2,NO2,and PM10 were 1.060 (1.023-1.097),1.033 (1.014-1.052) and 1.018 (1.007-1.029),with significant differences (P＜0.05).Conclusion Exposure to SO2,NO2,and PM10 may be associated with the risk of birth defects.

Health risk assessment of sulfur dioxide residues in sea shrimps in Wenzhou market / 预防医学

Objective To assess the level of sulfur dioxide(SO2) residues in sea shrimps on the market and to evaluate the health risk of the SO2 exposure of Wenzhou population by eating sea shrimp .Method SO2 residues in 246 sea shrimp samples collected from Wenzhou market from 2015 to 2016 were analyzed. The point assessment method was used to evaluate the risk of SO2 exposure for consumers,using the data of residents' consumption survey in 2008 in Zhejiang Province.Results The median of SO2 residual in the whole shrimp and the shrimp without shell were 20.05 mg/kg and 10.65 mg/kg respectively(P<0.05). The over-standard rate of SO2 for the whole shrimp and the shrimp without shell were 19.11% and 5.69%(P<0.05) respectively. The average exposure of SO2 in general population by eating the whole shrimp and the shrimp without shell were 0.0459 mg/kg BW and 0.0076 mg/kg BW respectively. However,the exposure of SO2 in high-consuming population (>P97.5) by eating the whole shrimp and the shrimp without shell were 0.1142 mg/kg BW and 0.0189 mg/kg BW respectively. The exposure level of SO2 in men were lower than in women. Conclusion The health risk of the SO2 exposure by eating sea shrimp in general population and high-consuming population is in a low level in Wenzhou.