Índice leucocitos/eosinófilos como marcador pronóstico del choque séptico / Leukocyte/eosinophil Ratio as a Prognostic Marker of Septic Choque

Introducción: Se ha reconocido mundialmente el choque séptico como causa de una alta incidencia en la mortalidad. La incorporación de nuevos biomarcadores posibilita la obtención de un diagnóstico rápido y preciso. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad del índice leucocitos/eosinófilos como marcador pronóstico del choque séptico. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación en dos etapas: la primera descriptiva en la cual se detallaron las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y las variaciones de los estudios de laboratorio y la segunda explicativa de cohorte para estimar el valor predictivo del biomarcador leucocitos/eosinopenia en el choque séptico. Se realizó el recuento de eosinófilos y se obtuvo la media aritmética. Se consideró eosinopenia relativa con valores por debajo de la media de eosinófilos. Resultados: En el estudio se demostró que la leucocitosis fue de (27,4 células*mm3), la disminución del hematocrito (32,2 por ciento) y el descenso del número plaquetario (125,6 célula*mm3) prevalecen en el choque séptico. Además se refleja el descenso de los eosinófilos (18,5 células/mcl), aumento del índice leucocitos/eosinófilos (148,1) y empeoramiento del SOFA (2,8). El aumento del índice leucocitos/eosinófilos se correlaciona con el aumento de la proteína C reactiva y la procalcitonina. Conclusiones: La correlación de la leucocitosis y la eosinopenia mostró la utilidad del índice leucocitos/eosinopenia como factor de predicción del choque séptico(AU)

Introduction: Septic shock has been recognized worldwide as a cause of high incidence of mortality. The incorporation of new biomarkers makes it possible to obtain a rapid and accurate diagnosis. Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of the leukocyte/eosinophil ratio as a prognostic marker of septic shock. Methods: An investigation was carried out in two stages: in the first (the descriptive phase) the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and variations of the laboratory studies were detailed and in the second (the explanatory cohort phase), the predictive value of the leukocytes/eosinopenia biomarker in septic shock was estimated. The eosinophil count was performed and the arithmetic mean was obtained. Relative eosinopenia was considered with eosinophil values below the average. Results: The study showed that leukocytosis was 27.4 cells*mm3, hematocrit decreased in 32.2percent and decreased platelet number (125.6 cells*mm3) prevail in septic shock. In addition, a decrease in eosinophils (18.5 cells/mcl), an increase in the leukocyte/eosinophil ratio (148.1) and worsening of SOFA (2.8) are reflected. The increase in the leukocyte/eosinophil ratio is correlated with the increase in C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. Conclusions: The correlation of leukocytosis and eosinopenia showed the usefulness of the leukocyte/eosinopenia index as a predictor of septic shock(AU)

Nuevas perspectivas en el estudio y tratamiento de la sepsis

La sepsis es una disfunción orgánica potencialmente mortal debida a una respuesta desregulada del hospedero a la infección. No sólo contribuye con el 20 % de todas las causas de muerte de forma global, sino que los sobrevivientes de esta también pueden experimentar una significativa morbilidad a largo plazo. La sepsis y el shock séptico son emergencias médicas que requieren reconocimiento rápido, administración de antimicrobianos apropiados, soporte hemodinámico cuidadoso y control de la fuente infecciosa. El objetivo de esta revisión fue describir la definición y los criterios diagnósticos, la epidemiología, los factores de riesgo, la patogenia y la conducta inicial ante la sepsis.

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection. It severely impacts global disease burden as it constates 20 % of all causes of death; its survivors may experience long-term morbidity. Sepsis and septic shock are medical emergencies that require rapid identification, administration of appropriate antimicrobials, careful hemodynamic support, and control of the infection source. This review aims to update the definition of sepsis and its diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and baseline behavior.

Evaluación del polimorfismo TLR2 Arg753Gln como posible marcador de riesgo para el desarrollo de sepsis

Objetivo: Evaluar el polimorfismo TLR2 Arg753Gln como posible marcador de riesgo para el desarrollo de sepsis Materiales y métodos: Estudio de asociación, el cual incluyó 183 individuos venezolanos no relacionados, agrupados en individuos sépticos (n=50), hospitalizados en el área de emergencia del Hospital Central del Instituto Venezolano de los Seguros Sociales -Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño-, e individuos aparentemente sanos (n=133). El polimorfismo TLR2 Arg753Gln se determinó utilizando la técnica reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con iniciadores de secuencias específicas. Resultados: Se observó en el grupo de pacientes con escala SOFA en el rango entre 6-9 una mayor frecuencia de fallecimientos con respecto al grupo de pacientes con escala SOFA en el rango entre 0-5 (OR: 8.5; IC 95%: 2.33-30.90, p= 0,000357). El polimorfismo Arg753Gln del gen TLR2 está ausente en los pacientes con diagnóstico de sepsis. Conclusión: Se verificó que la escala SOFA es un sistema que permite predecir la mortalidad. La ausencia del polimorfismo Arg753Gln del gen TLR2 en el grupo de pacientes sépticos y una baja frecuencia del mismo en los individuos aparentemente sanos, sugiere la rareza de este polimorfismo en la población venezolana. Consecuentemente, se requiere incrementar el tamaño de la muestra para poder comprobar si es un marcador de riesgo para el desarrollo de sepsis en nuestra población.

Objective: To evaluate the TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism as a possible risk marker for sepsis development. Materials and Methods: Association study which included 183 unrelated Venezuelan individuals, divided into two groups: patients with sepsis (n = 50), hospitalized in the emergency area of the Central Hospital of the Venezuelan Institute of Social Security "Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño", and apparently healthy individuals (n = 133). The TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism was determined using the polymerase chain reaction technique with specific sequence primers. Results: A higher death rate was observed among the group of patients with the SOFA scale range between 6-9, compared to the group of patients with the SOFA scale range between 0-5 (OR: 8.5; 95% CI: 2.33-30.90, p = 0.000357). The Arg753Gln polymorphism of the TLR2 gene is absent in patients diagnosed with sepsis. Conclusion: It was verified that the SOFA scale is a useful system to predict the mortality rate associated with sepsis. The absence of the Arg753Gln polymorphism of the TLR2 gene among the group of patients with sepsis diagnosis and its low frequency in apparently healthy individuals suggests the rarity of this polymorphism in the Venezuelan population. Consequently, it is necessary to increase the size of the sample to be able to evaluate whether it can be considered as a risk marker for sepsis development in our population.

Desempeño de PSI/PORT y SOFA para predicción de ventilación mecánica invasiva en neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 / Performance of PSI/PORT and SOFA in predicting mechanical invasive ventilation in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia / Desempenho de PSI/PORT e SOFA para prever ventilação mecânica invasiva na pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2

Resumen Introducción: Son escasas las publicaciones sobre aplicación de escalas pronósticas para predecir el uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) en neumonía por SARS-CoV-2. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el desempeño de las escalas PSI/PORT y SOFA para predecir el uso de VMI en pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes hospitalizados con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 del 01 de abril al 31 de mayo de 2020. Se realizó análisis de curvas ROC, calculando el área bajo la curva de las escalas PSI/PORT y SOFA, así como sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos. Resultados: Se incluyó a 151 pacientes, con edad de 52 años (IQR 45-64); 69.5% eran hombres. Del total, 102 pacientes necesitaron VMI (67.5%). Las áreas bajo las curvas ROC para predecir VMI fueron: SOFA 0.71 (IC 95% 0.64-0.78) y PSI/PORT 0.78 (IC 95% 0.71-0.85). Al compararlas, no hubo significancia estadística (p = 0.08). Conclusiones: Las escalas SOFA y PSI/PORT pueden infraestimar la necesidad de VMI en la neumonía por SARS-CoV-2. En nuestro estudio, SOFA y PSI/PORT no tuvieron un buen desempeño para predecir el uso de VMI en pacientes hospitalizados con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract Introduction: There are few publications on the application of prognostic scales to predict the use of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Therefore, the study's objective was to evaluate the performance of PSI/PORT and SOFA in predicting the use of IMV in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Material and methods: A retrospective study that included hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia from April 01, 2020, to May 31, 2020. Analysis of ROC curves was performed, calculating the area under the curve for PSI/PORT and SOFA scores, as well as sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Results: 151 patients were included, aged 52 years (IQR 45-64); 69.5% were men. Of the total, 102 patients required IMV (67.5%). Area under the curve to predict IMV were: SOFA 0.71 (95% CI 0.64-0.78) and PSI/PORT 0.78 (95% CI 0.71-0.85). When comparing them, there was no statistical significance (p = 0.08). Conclusions: In patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, SOFA and PSI/PORT may underestimate the need for IMV. In our study, SOFA and PSI/PORT score performed fair in predicting IMV use in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.

Resumo Introdução: Existem poucas publicações sobre a aplicação de escalas prognósticas para prever o uso de ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI) na pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desempenho do PSI/PORT e SOFA para prever o uso de IMV em pacientes com pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2. Material e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo que incluiu pacientes internados com pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2 entre 1o de abril de 2020 e 31 de maio de 2020. Foi realizada análise da curva ROC, calculando a área sob a curva PSI/PORT e SOFA, bem como a sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 151 pacientes, com idade de 52 anos (IQR 45-64); 69.5% eram homens. Do total, 102 pacientes necessitaram de VMI (67.5%). As áreas sob as curvas ROC para predizer VMI foram: SOFA 0.71 (IC 95% 0.64-0.78) e PSI/PORT 0.78 (IC 95% 0.71-0.85). Ao compará-los, não houve significância estatística (p = 0.08). Conclusões: SOFA e PSI/PORT podem subestimar a necessidade de VMI na pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2. Em nosso estudo, SOFA e PSI/PORT não tiveram bom desempenho na previsão do uso de VMI em pacientes hospitalizados com pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2.

Relación entre intensidad de la ventilación mecánica y agravamiento de la disfunción multiorgánica por la COVID-19 / Relationship between intensity of mechanical ventilation and multiple organ dysfunction worsening by COVID-19

RESUMEN Introducción: La intensidad de la ventilación mecánica está reflejada por la presión de conducción dinámica y el poder mecánico. Es un predictor de lesión pulmonar inducida por el ventilador y está asociada a la mortalidad. Objetivo: Determinar si existe relación entre intensidad de la ventilación mecánica y el ΔSOFA>0 (agravamiento) en los pacientes con la COVID-19 a las 72 horas después de la intubación. Material y Métodos: Grupo de estudio conformado por 35 pacientes diagnosticados con la COVID-19 que estuvieron ventilados por más de 72 horas. Se empleó la prueba de Chi cuadrado (X 2 ) o test exacto de Fisher para comparar variables cualitativas; para las cuantitativas se empleó la prueba t de Student o U de Mann-Whitney. Se realizó una Regresión Logística Binaria Simple para encontrar relación de las variables con ΔSOFA dicotomizada para ΔSOFA≤0 y ΔSOFA>0. La capacidad discriminativa de los modelos se evaluó mediante la Curva ROC. Resultados: Presentaron SOFA>0 21 pacientes (60 %). No se encontraron diferencias significativas de la Presión de Conducción entre ambos grupos (15 vs. 18, U=94.00, z= -1,795, p=0,77). Fueron buenas predictoras de ΔSOFA>0 el Poder Mecánico (OR 3,421 [95 % IC1,510 a 7,750, p=0,003]) y el Volumen Tidal (OR 1,03 [95 % IC 1,012 a 1,068], p=0,005). El Modelo Predictivo de ΔSOFA>0 en función del Poder Mecánico (AUC 0,888 [95 % IC 0,775 a 1], p<0,001) mostró una buena capacidad discriminatoria. Conclusiones: El Poder Mecánico está relacionado con el agravamiento de la disfunción multiorgánica en pacientes sometidos a ventilación mecánica por la COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The intensity of mechanical ventilation is reflected by driving pressure and mechanical power. It is a predictor of ventilator-induced lung injury and it can be associated with mortality. Objective: To determine if there is a relationship between intensity of mechanical ventilation and ΔSOFA>0 (worsening) in patients with COVID-19 at 72 h after intubation. Material and Methods: Study group composed of 35 COVID-19 patients who were ventilated for more than 72 hours. Chi-square test (X 2 ) or Fisher's exact test was used to compare qualitative variables; Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test was employed for quantitative ones. A Simple Binary Logistic Regression Model was performed in order to find the relationship between variables and dichotomized ΔSOFA for ΔSOFA≤0 and ΔSOFA>0. The discriminatory capacity of the models was tested by using ROC Curve. Results: A total of 21 patients (60 %) presented ΔSOFA>0 (worsening). No significant differences related to Driving Pressure were found between the two groups (15 vs. 18, U=94,00, z= -1,795, p=0,77). Mechanical Power (OR 3,421 [95 % CI 1,510 a 7,750, p=0,003]) and Tidal Volume (OR 1,03 [95 % CI 1,012 a 1,068], p=0,005) were good predictors of ΔSOFA>0. The Predictive Model of ΔSOFA>0 depending on Mechanical Power (AUC 0,888 [95 % CI 0,775 a 1], p<0,001) showed a good discriminatory capacity. Conclusions: Mechanical Power is related to multi-organ dysfunction worsening in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19.

Research progress on liver transplantation for drug-induced liver injury / 器官移植

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a type of necrotizing and inflammatory liver disease caused by certain commonly-used drugs, Chinese herbal medicines or dietary supplements. In severe cases, it may lead to acute liver failure. Without liver transplantation, the fatality could reach up to 80%. It is of significance to master the indications of liver transplantation. Several prognostic scoring systems have been developed to help clinicians to decide which patients need urgent liver transplantation, such as King's College criteria (KCC) and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scoring systems. However, these scoring methods have been developed for a long period of time and lack of modifications. Therefore, scholars have proposed several new scoring systems, such as acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scoring systems, which provide novel ideas for the evaluation of liver transplantation. As an important treatment measure for drug-induced acute liver failure, urgent liver transplantation has greatly improved the survival rate of patients. In this article, the classification, clinical diagnosis, liver transplantation evaluation and prognosis of DILI were summarized, aiming to provide reference for the treatment of DILI by liver transplantation.

Effect of the timing of peripancreatic fluid drainage on prognosis in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a two-center clinical retrospective study / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of the timing of peripancreatic drainage on the survival outcome of patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).Methods:This retrospective study included 271 patients with SAP admitted to two tertiary hospitals from January 2015 to December 2019. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health EvaluationⅡ score (APACHEⅡ), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA), computed tomography (CT) grade, peripancreatic drainage situations, and survival outcome of patients were recorded. Patients were divided into the early and non-early peripancreatic catheter drainage groups (EPCD and non-EPCD). The data were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazard model for propensity score matching (PSM) and stratification.Results:After PSM, the 30-day and 90-day risk of death between the EPCD and non-EPCD groups were significantly different (0.134, 95% CI: 0.029-0.576, P=0.007; 0.166, 95% CI: 0.044-0.631, P=0.008, respectively). Furthermore, stratified analysis revealed significant differences in 30-day and 90-day risk of death between the EPCD and non-EPCD groups when the SOFA score was≥4 or the APACHEⅡ score was ≥8. Conclusions:For patients with SAP with SOFA score ≥4 or APACHEⅡ score≥8, early peripancreatic drainage can reduce the risk of death, but CT grading is not helpful for the decision-making of drainage timing in patients with SAP.

Experiencia en el cuadro clínico, diagnóstico y tratamiento de COVID-19 / Experience in the clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 / Experiência no quadro clínico, diagnóstico e tratamento da COVID-19

Resumen: Introducción: La infección por SARS-CoV-2 en Wuhan, China, ocasionó una pandemia de tal magnitud que ha provocado la muerte por neumonía a causa de enfermedad infecciosa por coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) de millones de personas. Nos dimos a la tarea de recolectar todas las características de los pacientes que estuvieron hospitalizados por esta enfermedad en nuestra UCI adultos. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo analítico, descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo en pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del Hospital Ángeles Clínica Londres en la Ciudad de México, evaluados en el periodo del 23 de marzo de 2020 al 10 de mayo de 2020. Se revisaron los expedientes y se tomaron los datos de los mismos, se describieron variables de tipo demográfico, factores de riesgo, signos y síntomas, tratamiento médico y atención respiratoria. Se revisaron escalas de mortalidad SAPS III, APACHE II, SOFA y CALL-score. Se formaron dos grupos con y sin mortalidad realizándose análisis bivariado y multivariado de las variables significativas. El análisis estadístico se efectuó con el programa SPSS 25. Resultados: En el periodo considerado, 25 expedientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, de ellos la demografía y factores de riesgo, 18 (72%) correspondieron a hombres y siete (38%) a mujeres con una mortalidad de 10 (40%). Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron diabetes mellitus (DM) en siete (38%) pacientes, hipertensión arterial (HAS) en seis (24%), obesidad en cuatro (16%), enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) en uno (4%), tabaquismo en 11 (44%) y alcoholismo en siete (28%). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los grupos sin mortalidad y con mortalidad, 15 y 10 pacientes, respectivamente, observando las siguientes significancias: glucosa 105 mg/dL (percentil [PE 88]) versus 171 mg/dL (PE 125) p = 0.012, urea 33 mg/dL (PE 22) versus 95 mg/dL (PE 57) p = 0.03, BUN 15.3 mg/dL (PE 11) versus 44.2 mg/dL (PE 26.28) p = 0.04, TGO 32 U/L (PE 24.4) versus 58 U/L (PE 43.8) p = 0.010, DHL 239 U/L (PE 198) 454 U/L (PE 260) p = 0.003, triglicéridos 148 mg/dL (PE 120) versus 187.5 mg/dL (PE 165) p = 0.002, CPK 70 U/L (PE 35) versus 81 U/L (PE 78.25) p = 0.003, ferritina 446 mg/L (PE 238) versus 1,030 mg/L (PE 665) p = 0.007. Se realizó un análisis bivariado con regresión logística binaria, con la variable mortalidad dicotómica, no resultando significativa con esta prueba. Conclusiones: Se entiende que ninguna variable es predominantemente importante para explicar la mortalidad y que se recurre a muchos factores que se conjugan para explicar este desenlace, uno de éstos es la severidad misma del problema respiratorio en que se encuentre el paciente.

Abstract: Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China caused a pandemic of such magnitude that it has caused the death of millions of people from pneumonia due to infectious disease caused by coronavirus 19 (COVID-19). We took on the task of collecting all the characteristics of the patients who were hospitalized for this disease in our Adult Intensive Care Unit. Material and methods: An analytical, descriptive, observational and retrospective study was carried out in patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Hospital Ángeles Clínica Londres in Mexico City, evaluated in the period of March 23 from 2020 to May 10, 2020. The files were reviewed and the data taken from them, demographic variables, risk factors, signs and symptoms, medical treatment and respiratory care were described. SAPS III, APACHE II, SOFA and CALL-score mortality scales were reviewed. Two groups were formed with and without mortality, performing bivariate and multivariate analyzes of the significant variables. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS 25 program. Results: In the period considered, 25 files met the inclusion criteria for them: demographics and risk factors were 18 (72%) corresponding to men and seven (38%) to women. With a mortality of 10 (40%). The most frequent risk factors are diabetes mellitus (DM) in seven (38%), arterial hypertension (SAH) six (24%), obesity four (16%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) one (4%), smoking 11 (44%) and alcoholism seven (28%). Statistically significant differences were found in the groups without mortality and with mortality 15 and 10 patients respectively, observing the following significance: glucose 105 mg/dL (percentil [PE] 88) versus 171 mg/dL (PE 125) p = 0.012, urea 33 mg/dL (PE 22) versus 95 mg/dL (PE 57) p = 0.03, BUN 15.3 mg/dL (PE 11) versus 44.2 mg/dL (PE 26.28) p = 0.04, TGO 32 U/L (PE 24.4) versus 58 U/L (PE 43.8) p = 0.010, DHL 239 U/L (PE 198) 454 U/L (PE 260) p = 0.003, triglycerides 148 mg/dL (PE 120) versus 187.5 mg/dL (PE 165) p = 0.002, CPK 70 U/L (PE 35) versus 81 U/L (PE 78.25) p = 0.003, ferritin 446 mg/L (PE 238) versus 1,030 mg/L (PE 665) p = 0.007. A bivariate analysis with binary logistic regression was performed, with the dichotomous mortality variable, not resulting in this significant test. Conclusions: It is understood that no variable is predominantly important to explain mortality and that many factors are involved that are combined to explain this outcome, one of these being the same severity of the respiratory problem in which the patient is.

Resumo: Introdução: A infecção por SARS-CoV-2 em Wuhan China causou uma pandemia de tal magnitude que causou a morte de milhões de pessoas por pneumonia devido a doença infecciosa causada pelo coronavírus 19 (COVID-19). Assumimos a tarefa de coletar todas as características dos pacientes internados por essa doença em nossa unidade de terapia intensiva adulto. Material e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo analítico, descritivo, observacional e retrospectivo em pacientes com diagnóstico de COVID-19 internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) do Hospital Ángeles Clínica Londres na Cidade do México, validado para o período de 23 de março de 2020 a 10 de maio de 2020. Os prontuários médicos foram revisados e seus dados coletados, as variáveis do tipo demográficas foram descritas, fatores de risco, sinais e sintomas, tratamento médico e cuidados respiratórios. Foram revisadas as escalas de mortalidade SAPS III, APACHE II, SOFA e CALL-score. Dois grupos foram formados com e sem mortalidade, realizando análises bivariadas e multivariadas das variáveis significativas. A análise estatística foi realizada com o programa SPSS 25. Resultados: No período considerado, 25 prontuários atenderam aos critérios de inclusão para os mesmos: dados demográficos e fatores de risco foram 18 (72%) correspondentes a homens e 7 (38%) a mulheres. Com mortalidade de 10 (40%). Os fatores de risco mais frequentes são diabetes mellitus (DM) em 7 (38%), hipertensão arterial (HAS) 6 (24%), obesidade 4 (16%), doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) 1 (4%), tabagismo 11 (44%) e alcoolismo 7 (28%). Encontrou-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos grupos sem mortalidade e com mortalidade de 15 e 10 pacientes respectivamente, observando a seguinte significância: glicose 105 mg/dL (percentil [PE] 88) versus 171 mg/dL (PE 125) p = 0.012, uréia 33 mg/L (PE 22) versus 95 mg/L (PE 57) p = 0.03, BUN 15.3 mg/L (PE 11) versus 44.2 mg/L (PE 26.28) p = 0.04, TGO 32 U/L (PE 24.4) versus 58 U/L (PE 43.8) p = 0.010, DHL 239 U/L (PE 198) 454 (PE 260) p = 0.003, triglicerídeos 148 mg/dL (PE 120) versus 187.5 mg/dL (PE 165) p = 0.002, CPK 70 U/L (PE 35) versus 81 U/L (PE 78.25) p = 0.003, ferritina 446 mg/L (PE 238) versus 1030 mg/L (PE 665) p = 0.007. Realizou-se análise bivariada com regressão logística binária, com a variável mortalidade dicotômica, não resultando em teste significativo. Conclusões: Entende-se que nenhuma variável é predominantemente importante para explicar a mortalidade e que usamos muitos fatores que se conjugam para explicar esse desfecho, sendo um deles a mesma gravidade do problema respiratório em que o paciente se encontra.

Utilidad pronóstica de la escala qSOFA en pacientes ingresados en un servicio de Medicina Interna por enfermedades infecciosas / Prognostic utility of the qSOFA scale in patients admitted to an Internal Medicine service due to infectious diseases

INTRODUCCIÓN: La sepsis es una entidad grave siendo su sospecha y tratamiento precoces claves para el pronóstico. OBJETIVO: Analizar la utilidad pronóstica de la escala qSOFA en pacientes que ingresan por infección en un servicio de Medicina Interna. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, tranversal, de los pacientes ingresados con infección en el Hospital General de Castellón (España) de noviembre de 2017 a febrero de 2018. Criterio de inclusión: pacientes admitidos por la sospecha de un proceso infeccioso. Variable principal dependiente: mortalidad. Variable principal independiente: qSOFA. Variables secundarias: tiempo hasta primera valoración médica y hasta inicio de antibioterapia empírica en Urgencias (minutos), características demográficas del paciente, analíticas y evolutivas. RESULTADOS: Se analizó un total de 311 pacientes, 145 varones, edad media 78 años (DE 16,23). Setenta y cinco (24%) presentaron qSOFA ≥ 2. Se observó una mayor mortalidad en aquellos pacientes con qSOFA ≥ 2 (36 vs 11%, p = 0,00). CONCLUSIÓN: En pacientes admitidos con enfermedades infecciosas, un valor de qSOFA > = 2 se asoció a mayor mortalidad. Se requieren futuros estudios para comprobar su potencial utilidad diagnóstica.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a serious entity. Diagnosis and early treatment is important for the prognosis. AIM: To analyze the prognostic utility of the qSOFA scale as a predictor of mortality in patients admitted by infection in an Internal Medicine Service and describe its demographic characteristics and possible association with mortalilty. METHODS: Descriptive and cross-sectional study of patients admitted with diagnosis of acute infection at the General Hospital of Castellon (Spain) from November 2017 to February 2018. Inclusion criteria: patients admitted on suspicion of an infectious process. Main dependent variable: mortality. Independent main variable: qSOFA scale. Secondary variables: time until the first medical evaluation and the start of empirical antibiotic therapy, demographic characteristics of the patient, analytics and evolutional. RESULTS: A total of 311 patients were analyzed, 145 men with an average age of 78 (DE 16,23). Seventy five presented qSOFA ≥ 2. Higher mortality was observed in those patients with qSOFA ≥ 2 (36% vs 11%, p = 0.00). CONCLUSION: In patients admitted with infectious diseases, a qSOFA value > = 2 was associated with higher mortality. Future studies are required to verify its potential diagnostic utility.

Epidemiology of sepsis and its various characteristics in a tertiary care adult-multidisciplinary ICU in South India: a retrospective study

Background: The incidence of sepsis is increasing, especially in elderly populations with more comorbidities. It is now estimated that sepsis is a leading cause of mortality and critical illness worldwide. The Epidemiological data regarding sepsis, septic shock and organ involvement is mainly from western literature. Data from India, especially south India, are less when compared to western data. In this background authors conducted a retrospective study in tertiary care hospital in south India. Objectives of the study was epidemiology of sepsis and its various characteristics in a tertiary care adult-Multi disciplinary ICU in South India.Methods: This study was a retrospective observational study, conducted during the time period of June 2016 and May 2017. The study population was patients above 18 yrs admitted in MDICU with sepsis. The study was conducted in a tertiary care adult -Multidisciplinary ICU in South India. Various characteristics like age group, comorbidities, organ involvement, septic shock, sofa score, need for ventilatory support, RRT support and outcome data was collected.Results: In this study, 497 patients who satisfied the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines were included. The majority of the patients (59.8%) were male; the majority was above 60 yr (range 18 to 92 yr). 76.3% Patients had comorbid disease. Hypertension was the most common co-morbid (62%) followed by diabetes mellitus (51.3%). Chronic Kidney Disease was found in 132 patients (26.6%) and Coronary artery disease in 121 patients (24.3%). 186 patients (46.5%) had single organ involvement 140(35%) patients had 2 organ involvement. 74(18.5%) patients had more than 2 organ involvement. Septic shock was found in 155 patients (31.2%). Renal involvement was the most common organ involvement found in 279 patients(59.9%). Most common source for sepsis was the respiratory system found in 230 patients (46.3%), followed by urinary tract infection in 117 patients (23.5%). The study shows a significant association between SOFA score and mortality (p-value 0.001) 52% of mortality happened in group of patients with SOFA score more than 15 and mortality was 28 % in group with a SOFA score of 10-15.Conclusions: In this retrospective study of sepsis, authors found that the most common source of sepsis was pneumonia (46.3%) followed by urinary tract infection (23.5%). Majority of the patients had one organ involvement (46.5%). Among the organ involvement, Acute Kidney injury was the most common organ involvement (56.1%) followed by septic shock (31.2%) and respiratory support (29.6%). Mortality in this study was higher with higher SOFA score.

Assessment of pSOFA-L score in predicting the clinical outcome of critically ill children

Background: Recently Pediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (pSOFA) score was adapted and validated in critically ill children to predict the clinical outcome. This study was aimed to evaluate the lactate level association with the outcome and thereby formulating pSOFA-L score to predict the clinical outcome better in critically ill children.Methods: This hospital based prospective, observational, analytical study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, A. J Hospital, Mangalore, Karnataka. Requirement of oxygen, inotrope support and other parameters were studied and compared the score with clinical outcome. A total of 75 cases were studied.Results: In this study total of 51 children had high serum lactate levels (68%). Out of 28 expired children 23 children had higher serum lactate levels that accounts for about 82.14% which is statistically significant (p<0.001). ROC curve of pSOFA-L score in predicting the mortality yielded AUC: 0.92 and cut off value: 10.5 which is statistically significant (p<0.001). In the present study mortality rate was 26.09% in children whose pSOFA-L score was less than 9 and mortality rate of 38.89% and 50.00% in children whose pSOFA-L score was 9 to 11 and more than 11 respectively.Conclusions: In this study increase in pSOFA-L score is associated with high mortality and poor outcome. The findings of the present study validate and emphasize that, pSOFA-L score helps in accurate prediction of mortality of critically ill children.

C-reactive protein/albumin ratio as a predictor of 28 day mortality in patients with sepsis

Background: Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Important biomarkers that can be used as prognostic markers in sepsis are C Reactive Protein (CRP) and serum Albumin levels. CRP levels markedly elevate in response to infection whereas albumin levels decrease in response to acute phase infection. We want to ascertain the value of CRP/albumin ratio as an independent predictor of 28-day mortality in sepsis patients.Methods: A prospective study was conducted including 150 patients satisfying the criteria for sepsis according to SOFA score of more than 2. Initial CRP/Albumin ratio was assessed to determine its significance in assessing the 28-day mortality, primary end point of our study. Secondary end points assessed were length of ICU stay, need for inotropic support, need for ventilator support and renal replacement therapy.Results: In the analysis of CRP/Albumin ratio as a predictor of 28-day mortality, patients were followed up from day of admission till 28 days to assess primary outcome. Among study subjects survivors were 92 in whom mean CRP/ALB ratio was 0.1197 and non survivors were 58 patients with mean CRP/ALB ratio was 0.0426. p-value <0.001, there was statistically significant difference found between survivor and Non-Survivor with respect to CRP/Albumin ratio. In assessing secondary outcome statistically significant association was found for need for ventilator and inotropic support, whereas it was insignificant in assessing need for dialysis and length of ICU stay.Conclusions: CRP/albumin ratio, which indicates the extent of residual inflammation, could be used as a prognostic marker in predicting mortality in patients with sepsis and septic shock.

Prevalence and Correlation of Intra-abdominal Hypertension with Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury in ICU Patients: A Cohort Study from A Tertiary Care Centre

Introduction: Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH), asustained and repeated steady state rise in intra-abdominalpressure (IAP) above 12 mmHg, was reported as a hiddencause contributing to morbidity and mortality in criticallyill patients. This study was aimed to find out the possiblerelationship between IAH and acute kidney injury (AKI) inICU patients.Material and methods: Prospective cohort study wasconducted among patients admitted in medical and surgicalICU. Consecutive patients coming under the inclusioncriteria were selected and IAH was measured using pressuretransducer technique. IAP was measured at the time ofadmission, at 24 hours, 48hours and also at the end of 72hours.Other parameters were collected based on a standard proformaprepared.Results: Eighty patients were included in our study, of which24 patients had IAH. Mean age in patients with IAH wasobtained as 63.08 ± 12.37 years with a male predominance.Maximum patients were belonging to age group of 61-70yrs (25%), 9 patients were below 40 yrs and 14 patientswere above 81yrs. Mean IAP was calculated to be 11.65 ±3.15. Only 9 patients were in grade IV (11.3%). Risk factorsassociated were found to be ascites, upper GI bleed andmetabolic encephalopathy. IAH and AKI were found to besignificantly correlated (odds ratio=2.666 with CI 0.98-7.25).Conclusion: Rising intra-abdominal pressure is found to havehigher incidence of renal failure than those with establishedIAH. IAH has been found to be a clinically significant riskfactor for development of AKI in ICU patients.

Comparison of two simplified SOFA scores for predicting the prognosis of patients with sepsis / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To compare the prognostic value of electronic SOFA (eSOFA) scores and simplified SOFA (sSOFA) scores in evaluating the prognosis of patients with sepsis. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of clinical data of 245 patients with sepsis admitted to the Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital from August 2016 to August 2019. Clinical end points were survival status 28 days after hospital admission. eSOFA score, sSOFA score, qSOFA score and SOFA score were evaluated to predict patient prognosis using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results AUC of eSOFA score, sSOFA score, qSOFA score and SOFA score for predicting the prognosis of the patients was 0.757 (95% CI 0.686-0.828), 0.721 (95% CI 0.665-0.787), 0.662 (95% CI 0.586-0.738), 0.806 (95% CI 0.747-0.866, respectively. The eSOFA score was superior to the sSOFA score (Z=2.317, P=0.021) in terms of AUC. Conclusions The eSOFA and sSOFA scores have predictive value for the prognosis of sepsis, and eSOFA score is better than sSOFA score.

Sensibilidad y especificidad de los puntajes Evaluación de Insuficiencia Orgánica Secuencial Rápida vs Síndrome de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica en la predicción de mortalidad intrahospitalaria / Quick sequential organ failure assessment vs systemic inflammatory response syndrome scores sensitivity and specificity for predicting in-hospital mortality

Resumen: OBJETIVO: Comparar la capacidad predictiva de mortalidad intrahospitalaria de los puntajes Evaluación de Insuficiencia Orgánica Secuencia Rápida (qSOFA) y Síndrome de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica (SIRS) en pacientes adultos ingresados con diagnóstico de infección. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, con diseño no experimental, efectuado de enero a julio de 2017 en pacientes adultos ingresados con infección de origen diferente al Hospital General del Sur Dr. Pedro Iturbe de la ciudad de Maracaibo, Venezuela, seleccionados mediante un muestreo no probabilístico intencional. A los pacientes se les cuantificaron los puntajes qSOFA y SIRS, se compararon las características al ingreso, días de hospitalización y mortalidad intrahospitalaria en los dos grupos. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 60 sujetos, 51.6% eran hombres; el foco infeccioso más frecuente fue el urinario con 43.3%, la administración de agentes vasoactivos fue necesaria en 40% de los pacientes, mientras que la mortalidad intrahospitalaria ocurrió en 45% de los casos. El puntaje qSOFA se asoció con mayor porcentaje de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en comparación con el puntaje SIRS, también mostró mayor capacidad predictiva con sensibilidad de 96%, especificidad de 33%, valor predictivo positivo de 54%, valor predictivo negativo de 92%, razón de verosimilitud positiva de 1.4, razón de verosimilitud negativa de 0.1 y área bajo la curva de 0.77 (0.65-0.89). CONCLUSIÓN: El puntaje qSOFA tiene mayor sensibilidad y especificidad de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en comparación con el SIRS.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare in-hospital mortality predictive capacity of quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) in adult patients admitted with suspected infection. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out from January to July 2017 with a non-experimental design in adult patients admitted with infection of different source to the Hospital General del Sur Dr. Pedro Iturbe from Maracaibo city, Venezuela, selected by an intentional sampling. We quantified the qSOFA and SIRS scores, comparing the characteristics of admission, days of stay and in-hospital mortality in the two groups. RESULTS: There were included 60 subjects, 51.6% were men; the most frequent infectious source was the urinary tract with 43.3%, the use of vasoactive agents was necessary in 40% of the patients, while in-hospital mortality occurred in 45% of cases. The quick SOFA score was associated with a greater percentage of in-hospital mortality compared to the SIRS score, also exhibiting a greater predictive capacity with sensitivity of 96%, specificity of 33%, positive predictive value of 54%, negative predictive value of 92%, positive likelihood ratio: 1.4, negative likelihood ratio: 0.1 and area under the curve of 0.77 (0.65-0.89). CONCLUSION: The quick SOFA score showed greater sensitivity and specificity for in-hospital mortality compared to the SIRS.

A study on the role of paediatric assessment triangle, clinical scoring and serum lactate in the management of septic shock in children

Background: There is dearth of studies in India on the management of paediatric septic shock. So it is prudent to do a study on paediatric septic shock management. The objective of the study is to determine the correlation between Paediatric Assessment Triangle and serum lactate levels., to determine the role Paediatric Assessment Triangle in predicting mortality in septic shock and to the determine the role of elevated lactate levels in predicting mortality in septic shock.Methods: Descriptive study of 100 children from 31 days to 12 years of age who are admitted with septic shock in a tertiary care hospital are assessed with paediatric assessment triangle and clinical score and serum lactate was tested along with other standard tests and the children are managed as per the standard protocols. Outcome is analysed.Results: In this study, septic shock children with total clinical score >22 are having statistically significant low levels of diastolic blood pressure and low mean arterial pressure. There was a significant difference in median serum lactate levels between the survivors (28.08 mg/dl) and non-survivors (40.92 mg/dl).Conclusions: Paediatric assessment triangle and clinical scoring based on it more than 22 and serum lactate levels of more than 2mmol/L or 18mg/dl predict the mortality.

Efecto del protocolo de Rivers en la mejora de la hemodinamia y oxigenación en pacientes con shock séptico por neumonía grave del Hospital III EsSalud Chimbote / Effect of Rivers Protocol in improving hemodynamics and oxygenation in patients with septic shock due to severe pneumonia in EsSalud III Hospital in Chimbote

Objetivos: Determinar la relación entre la aplicación del protocolo de Rivers y la mejora hemodinámica y oxigenatoria en pacientes con shock séptico por neumonía grave atendidos en el Hospital III EsSalud Chimbote durante el periodo julio a diciembre 2018. Materiales y métodos: Ensayo no controlado que incluyó a 30 pacientes con shock séptico por neumonía a quienes se aplicó el protocolo de Rivers, y se evaluó si efecto en indicadores hemodinámicos y oxigenatorios, según puntuación SOFA. Se aplicó la prueba de Wilcoxon para determinar el efecto de la aplicación del protocolo Rivers. Resultados: El score SOFA antes de aplicar el protocolo de Rivers presentó en la evaluación hemodinámica una mediana de 2,5 y de 2,0 al final (p < 0,01). Respecto a la evaluación oxigenatoria, la mediana inicial fue 2,5 y de 1,0 al final (p < 0,01). Se encontró que, luego de la aplicación del protocolo de Rivers, 21 de 30 pacientes presentaron mejoría en la hemodinamia y 27 de 30 pacientes presentaron mejoría oxigenatoria. Conclusiones: El presente estudio recomienda considerar la aplicación del protocolo de Rivers en pacientes con shock séptico por neumonía grave, con el fin de mejorar la hemodinamia y oxigenación.

Objectives: To determine the relationship between the use of Rivers Protocol and hemodynamics and oxygenation status improvement in patients with septic shock due to severe pneumonia seen at EsSalud III Hospital in Chimbote from July to December 2018. Materials and Methods: This is a non-controlled trial which included 30 patients with septic shock due to severe pneumonia. The Rivers Protocol was administered, and its effect was assessed with respect to hemodynamic and oxygenation patterns, according to the SOFA score. The Wilcoxon test was used for determining the effect of using the Rivers Protocol. Results: SOFA scores for the hemodynamics assessment had an initial median 2.5 and 2.0 at the end (p<0.01). With respect to the oxygenation assessment, the initial median was 2.5, and it was 1.0 at the end (p<0.01). It was found that after administering the Rivers Protocol, 21 of 30 patients improved their hemodynamic status, and 27 of 30 patients improved their oxygenation status. Conclusions: This study recommends considering the use of Rivers Protocol in patients with septic shock due to severe pneumonia, aiming to improve both their hemodynamics and oxygenation status.

T helper type cytokines in sepsis: time-shared variance and correlation with organ dysfunction and hospital mortality

ABSTRACT Objective: We evaluated the kinetics of cytokines belonging to the T helper1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 profiles in septic patients, and their correlations with organ dysfunction and hospital mortality. Methods: This was a prospective observational study in a cohort of septic patients admitted to the intensive care units (ICU) of three Brazilian general hospitals. A total of 104 septic patients and 53 health volunteers (controls) were included. Plasma samples were collected within the first 48 h of organ dysfunction or septic shock (0D), after seven (D7) and 14 days (D14) of follow-up. The following cytokines were measured by flow cytometry: Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/23p40, IL-17, IL-21, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Results: IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF and IL-10 concentrations were higher in septic patients than in controls (p < 0.001), while IL-12/23p40 presented higher levels in the controls (p = 0.003). IL-6, IL-8 and IL-17 correlated with Sequential [Sepsis-related] Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) D0, D1 and D3 (except for IL-6 at D0). IL-8 was associated with renal and cardiovascular dysfunction. In a mixed model analysis, IL-10 estimated means were lower in survivors than in deceased (p = 0.014), while IL-21 had an estimated mean of 195.8 pg/mL for survivors and 98.5 for deceased (p = 0.03). Cytokines were grouped in four factors according to their kinetics over the three dosages (D0, D7, D14). Group 1 encompassed IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β, and G-CSF while Group 3 encompassed IL-17 and IL-12/23p40. Both correlated with SOFA (D0) (p = 0.039 and p = 0.003, respectively). IL-21 (Group 4) was higher in those who survived. IL-2, TNF-α and GM-CSF (Group 2) showed no correlation with outcomes. Conclusion: Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines shared co-variance in septic patients and were related to organ dysfunctions and hospital mortality.

To Evaluate and Compare Ability of Two Prognostic Scoring Systems in Predicting the Mortality of Critically Ill Patients in Adult Intensive Care Unit

Introduction: Depression is a common psychiatric illness inthe elderly. It often co-exists with chronic neuropathic pain inold age group.Case report: We present a case report of an elderly patientwho was successfully treated with subanaesthetic intravenousinfusion for severe depression with suicidal intention andchronic neuropathic pain.Conclusion: Ketamine has been reported to be used indepression with suicidal features as well as refractory pain.Depression is a common psychiatric problem across the agegroups. It occurs due to neurochemical imbalance in the brainnamely dopamine, norepinephrine serotonin.

Study of serum HDL-cholesterol levels in sepsis patients and its prognostic significance

Background: Sepsis is the second leading cause of mortality in the ICU. Despite advances in aggressive management, sepsis continues to have a high mortality rate, hence a prognostic marker is essential. Recently HDL-cholesterol was found to be have significant association between mortality and its levels. Hence, this study is being conducted to assess the association between sepsis and HDL-C levels.Methods: It is a prospective study conducted in MGMCRI involving 100 sepsis patients. Among them 66 people survived, and 34 people expired. Serum HDL-cholesterol levels and variables required for SOFA score are measured at two intervals, one during admission and on day 5 of admission. The correlation between SOFA scores and HDL-C levels were assessed.Results: Among non-survivors SOFA score was found to be high and low in the survived patients. Similarly, HDL-C values, were high in survived patients and low in dead patients. The correlation between SOFA scores and HDL in both survivors and non survivors, both at the time of admission and at day 5 were found to be statistically significantly correlated.Conclusions: This study proves the significant relationship between the HDL values and the SOFA scores. Hence, HDL-cholesterol levels can be used to measure the prognosis and therapeutic efficacy in cases of sepsis. Rising values of HDL cholesterol favour improvement in clinical condition and falling values imply worsening and there by providing a prognostic indicator.