A Study Of Sacral Index: A Basis For Determination Of Sex Of Sacrum

Introduction: Sacrum is an important bone for identification of sex in human skeletal system, because the bonesof the body are the lasts to perish after death, next to the enamel of teeth. For sex determination of human skeletalremains, sacrum always captured the attention of forensic science experts and anthropologists. Sex determinationof a skeleton is a problem of concern to Paleoanthropologists, Paledemographers and Anatomists.Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 100 fully ossified adult human sacra of known sex(50 male and 50 female), obtained from department of Anatomy, Mysore medical college and research institute,Mysore. Damaged, mutilated, deformed and anomalous sacra were excluded from the study. Sacral index wasmeasured by measuring the length and breadth of individual sacrum with the help of sliding vernier callipers.Observations and Results: The mean maximum length of the sacrum was greater in males (102.68 mm) than infemales (91.11mm), and this difference was found statistically significant. But the difference was not significantfor mean maximum sacral breadth in male (103.80 mm) and in female (105.57 mm). Mean sacral index infemales was greater (116.18%) as compared to that in males (101.26%) and this difference was found statisticallysignificant.Conclusion: The present study showed a significant difference among the average male & female sacral indexesand considers sacral index as a valuable parameter in identification of sex. The male & female sacra areclassified under (Dolichohieric & Hyplatyhieric) and Platyhieric group respectively. Hence, it can be concludedthat sacral index is a reliable criterion for differention between sexes of sacrum that is useful for Anatomists,Anthropologists & Forensic experts.

A Study Of Sacral Index In Eastern Rajasthan Population In Comparison To Other North-west Populations Of India

Background: Human skeleton is an excellent source for genetic, anthropological and forensic investigations.Pelvic bones are very important for sex determination, followed by skull & the long bones. Various parametersand indices are available based on which the sex can be determined using sacrum. These parameters and indicesvary region wise also. The sacrum has always attracted the attention of the medico-legal experts for establishingits gender, because of its contribution to pelvic girdle and associated functional gender differences. In presentstudy the sacral index in Eastern Rajasthan population is calculated and compared with the study done earlierin Western Rajasthan & North Indian Population.Objective: To study the Sacral Index in the population of Eastern Rajasthan, so that it can be compared with otherstudies on populations of Western Rajasthan & other regions of North India.Materials and Methods: Study was carried out in Department of Anatomy, Jaipur National University IMSRC,Jaipur, Rajasthan. Adult, dry sacra were collected randomly from Anatomy department of different Medicalcolleges of Eastern Rajasthan, with the kind permission of the concerned department. 87 sacra were classifiedinto 48 male and 39 female bones by observing the parameters like – Maximum length of sacrum, Maximumwidth of sacrum and Sacral index.Results: In this present study Mean of sacral index in Males was 104.39 and that for Females was 121.02. Meanvalue of Sacral Index in females was significantly higher than in males. Difference between male and femalemean was statistically highly significant.Conclusion: It was found after comparison that sacral index is more in females than males in different populations.The comparative analysis with other races showed a clear racial difference for the sacral index. Hence it is areliable and significant criteria for sex determination of sacrum

Sex Determination By Sacral Index From Human Sacra Of Saurashtra Region

Introduction: The identification of sex in human skeletal remains is an important component of manyanthropological investigations and forensic science. Sex determination using sacrum is often considered withvarious available parameters and indices when dealing with human skeleton remains. Sacral index is the mostimportant criteria for sex determination using sacrum. Present study aims at determining the significance ofsacral index in sex determination from sacra of saurashtra region.Materials and Methods: 120 (84 male and 36 female) adult human sacra of known sex from Saurashtra regionwas included in present study. Ventral straight length and maximum breath of sacrum was measured , sacralindex calculated, Demarking points for these parameters were used for identification of sex of sacrum.Results: In males sacral index varies from 90.38 to 119.36, with mean value of 103.49 and standard deviationwas found to be 8.52. In females sacral index varies from 92.86 to 141.33, with mean value of 116.97 andstandard deviation was found to be 8.52. In statically significant range(Mean ± 3 SD) maximum value of malesacral index was 121.76 and minimum value of female index was 91.40. These two points were accepted asdemarking points.Conclusion: Significant differences has been observed in the sacral index of males and females of Saurashtraregion. Sacral index is higher in females than in males. On the basis of present study it can be concluded that inSaurashtra region sacrum having sacral index less than 91.40 is definitely of male whereas sacrum havingsacral index more than 121.76 is definitely of female. However not a single parameter could identify sex of 100%of the bones.

Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae- An Osteological Study In Dry Human Sacra Of North Indian Origin With Its Clinical And Forensic Implications

Context: Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are congenital anomalies that occur due to defect in normalsegmentation of the lumbosacral spine during development. This may be either in the form of assimilation offifth lumbar vertebra with the sacrum (sacralisation), or transition of the first piece of sacral vertebra into thelumbar configuration (lumbarisation).Aims and Objectives: Although presence of LSTV is common in general population but knowledge about its exactclinical implications is still lacking. The primary aim of the present study was to determine the rate of incidenceof transitional vertebra and their sex difference (if present) in dried human sacra. Secondary aim was to studythese transitional vertebra in detail and correlate these findings clinically.Materials and Methods: A total of fifty unbroken adult sacra were examined (male to female ratio of 3:2). Thepresence or absence of a lumbar transitional vertebra was noted and classified as incomplete or complete. Thesacral indices (SI) of all sacra were measured and values compared between typical and atypical sacra with LSTVas well as between male and female sacra.Results: Out of fifty sacra, six sacra (12%) showed presence of LSTV. Among them, four (8%) showed sacralisationof the fifth lumbar vertebra and two (4%) showed lumbarisation of first sacral vertebra. Among the four sacrashowing sacralisation, two showed incomplete fusion and two showed complete fusion of fifth lumber vertebrawith sacrum. LSTV was found to be more common in male than female. Sacralisation was seen only in male sacrawhile lumbarisation only in female sacra. The difference in the mean SI of typical sacra (97.76±4.08) and sacrawith LSTV (83.69±2.38 and 98.11±1.52 for sacralised and lumbarised sacra respectively) was found to bestatistically significant (p<0.05) and that between the male (94.55±5.70) and female (100.14±3.42) sacra wasfound to be highly significant (p<0.01).Conclusion: Presence of LSTV has many clinical and forensic implications and its knowledge is important fororthopaedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, forensic experts and also to radiologists.

An Anatomical Study of Adult Sacrum With its Emphasis on its Sexual Dimorphism in South Indian Populition.

Aim: To study the various morphometric parameters of the dry sacra of unknown sex in South Indian population in detail and to determine their demarcating points in order to increase the efficiency of sexing in the given population. Methods: 87 dry adult human sacrum of known sex (42 males and 45 females), belonging to South Indian (Karnataka) region were obtained. Various parameters like Length (L), breadths (B), Transverse diameter of the body of the 1st sacral vertebrae (TS1) & Curved Length of Sacrum (CL) were obtained. From these parameters, Sacral Index (SI), Curvature Index (CI) and Corporo-basal Index (CBI) were calculated & from the obtained values demarking points (D.P) were calculated. The values were stastically analyzed. Results: Among these parameters, the values for the Length (L), Curved Length (CL) and Sacral Index (SI) were stastically significant Conclusion: Length (L), Curved Length (CL) and Sacral Index (SI) were useful parameters and by obtaining their demarking points, it helps in sexing the sacrum with greater accuracy.

Study of Sacral Index: Comparison between Different Regional Populations of India and Abroad.

Identification of sex by human skeletal remains is a critical problem and is very important in anthropological and medico legal works. Bones often survive the process of decay and therefore provide the major evidence of human age and sex after death. Over the years different authors had carried various types of measurements on human sacra of different races and regions. The present study carried out 81 sacra of unknown sex contains 45 male and 36 female sacra identified by physical characteristics. They were collected from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh region. India may be divided into four regions like North part, South part, West part, and East part for different study purpose on local population. In the present study mean sacral index in males is 104.08 and females are 115.72. The male mean sacral index value of present study is more than the values of Eastern part, north part, other worker of Southern part of India and western part except in Western part in Western Rajasthan population. The female mean sacral index value of present study is higher than the observation of Eastern part, other workers of Southern part of India, Varanasi and Jammu of north part of India and Saurashtra region of western region of India. Observations of the workers from remaining areas of Western part of India and Agra region of North India is higher than the present study. The studies on Indian population suggest that mean sacral index in females is higher than that of males.

A Study of the Sacral Index In Western Rajasthan Population In Comparison With Other Races.

This study had a purpose of taking various measurements and calculating sacral index in the population of western Rajasthan. A total of 74 sacra were taken for the study and they were divided into two groups as 42 male sacra and 32 female sacra. Parameters like maximum sacral length and maximum sacral breadth were measured on the sacra and sacral index calculated. Data obtained were statistically analyzed .The results were further compared with similar studies of sacral index in other races.

Morphometric study of sacrum in sex determination in Telengana region people.

Assessment of sex of the bone comes under the Canopy of Forensic Anthropology, which has it’s main roots in anatomy. Hence sound knowledge of anatomy particularly morphometric data is essential for identification of sex, race and region. Bones of pelvic girdle play key role for determination of sex. In addition to hip bones, sacrum also has it’s own importance in determination of sex. Hence in this study we have taken various parameters (maximum length of sacrum, maximum breadth of sacrum, Curved length of sacrum, transverse diameter of S1) and different indices (sacral index, curvature index, corpobasal index). From the above parameters and indices we have extracted demarcating points for each, which have statistical significant role in determining the male and female sex, which were discussed in detail in this publication.

Original research paper role of sacrum in sexual dimorphism-a morphometric study.

The sacrum has always attracted the attention of the medico-legal experts for establishing the sex, because of its contribution to pelvic girdle and associated functional sex differences. The present study was performed to evaluate the reliability of the various parameters of sacrum in this regard. The material for the study comprised of 50 adult sacra (M: F= 40:10), obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Amritsar. Different parameters viz. Midventral straight length, Midventral curved length, Ventral straight breadth, Transverse diameter of base, Transverse diameter of body of S1, Antero-posterior diameter of body of S1, Breadth of alae were measured and indices viz. Sacral index, Longitudinal curvature index and Corporobasal index were calculated and statistically analyzed . Out of these Midventral straight length, Midventral curved length, Transverse diameter of base, Antero-posterior diameter of body of S1 and Breadth of alae were found to be significantly more in males while Sacral index was significantly more in females. Corporobasal index was found to be more in females though statistically insignificant.

Significance of sacral index in estimation of sex in sacra of cadavers in Punjab.

In the identification of sex in human skeletal remains, Sacrum is an important bone for identification of sex in human skeletal system. Since it is a component of axial skeleton and because of its contribution to the pelvic girdle and in turn to the functional differences in the region between the sexes, it has an applied importance in determining sex with the help of measurements carried upon it. Over the years different authors had carried various types of measurements on human sacra of different races and regions. A study for sexing of sacra was carried on 40 sacra (20 male & 20 female sacra) in Punjab. The method used was sacral index. The measuring instrument used was sliding vernier calliper. All the sacra taken were normal. The sacral index of sacra its mean and standard deviations were calculated. Then calculated range (mean ± 3S.D.) and demarking points (DP) of both the parameters and the percentage of bones in which sex could be identified by them was also calculated. The results were compared with the available literature. It was found that D.P of sacral index was very reliable in sexing of sacra.

Sexing of sacrum by sacral index and kimura's base-wing index.

A study for sexing of sacra was carried on 64 sacra (32 male & 32 female sacra) by two methods.One method used was sacral index and the other method was Kimura's base-wing index. The measuring instrument used was sliding vernier caliper. The method of sacral index showed high success rate as compared with Kimura's base-wing index method.