O ato de presentear como processo de sacralização: o escapulário como símbolo de amor e proteção / Gift-giving as a scralization process: the catholic scapular as a symbol of love and protection

Com objetivo de compreender como acontece a sacralização do objeto de consumo escapulário para católicos realizou-se uma investigação qualitativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas com católicos que usam escapulário regularmente. Os discursos coletados passaram pela análise de conteúdo que revelou como resultado de pesquisa que o local do "sagrado" em relação ao escapulário, está vinculado à sua capacidade de proteger seu usuário. Ainda essa capacidade de proteção não está vinculada apenas ao objeto em si, mas no fato deste ter sido recebido como presente de uma pessoa amada. O que sacraliza então não é apenas a religião, mas a relação de afeto entre quem recebeu o escapulário de presente e a pessoa que o presenteou.(AU)

In order to understand how the process of sacralization of the scapular consumption object takes place for Catholics who use this item, a qualitative investigation was carried out. Interviews were conducted with Catholics who use scapular regularly. The speeches collected went through the content analysis of the speeches of these users, which revealed, as a result of research, that the place of the "sacred" in relation to the scapular, is linked to its ability to protect its user. Yet this protective capacity is not only linked to the object itself, but to the fact that it was received as a gift by a beloved person. What sacralizes it, then, is not just religion, but the affectionate relationship between the person who received the scapular as a gift and the person who gives it.(AU)

A Study Of Prevalence Of Sacralization Of L5 Vertebra

Sacrum is centrally located unpaired bone of pelvis which is composed of 5 sacral vertebrae. Superiorly itarticulates with 5th lumbar vertebra to form lumbosacral joint and laterally it articulates with hip bone to formsacroiliac joint. When 5th lumbar vertebra fuses with 1st sacral vertebra then it is called as sacralization andwhen 1st sacral vertebra gets separated from sacrum then it is called as lumbarization. 79sacra from thedepartment of Anatomy of MGM medical college and D. Y. Patil medical college, Navi Mumbai were studied to seesacralization. Out of 79 sacra in 14sacra(17.7 %) sacralization was observed.Out of 14 sacra, 4 sacra showedbilateral and complete sacralization, 5 sacra showed unilateral and partial sacralization and 5 sacrashowedincomplete fusion between L5 and S1 vertebra. Change in normal structure of lumbar vertebra andsacrum may lead to alteration in kinematics of lumbosacral region which may lead to compression of nerve andlow back pain. Knowledge regarding incidence of sacralization will be useful for radiologist and orthopaedicsurgeon while dealing with low back pain

Role of Iliolumbar Ligament in Identification of L5 Vertebra on MRI in Lumbosacral Transitional Anomalies

Labeling a transitional vertebra (lumbarization or sacralization) as "LSTV" helps in simplifying the reporting process but leads to mis-numbering and must be avoided, as reliable identification of vertebral levels is essential for surgical interventions and image guided interventions. Many parameters have been described to identify the vertebral level; however, there are contradictory results in literature regarding their usefulness. Objective: To determine the role of iliolumbar ligament (ILL) on MRI as an identifier of the L5 vertebra in cases of LSTV anomalies. Methods: 200 patients with confirmed L5 level (identified on MRI screening of whole spine) were included in the study. These were further divided into group I (159 patients), II (31 patients) and III (10 patients) consisting of normal spine, spine with sacralization and with lumbarization respectively. The level(s) of origin of the ILL was documented in all of them and analysis was done. Results: ILL was found bilaterally in all patients. All patients with normal lumbosacral junction had ILL arising from L5 bilaterally. Among sacralization group, 23 patients had ILL arising from L4, 2 patients had ILL arising from L5 and 6 patients had ILL arising from L4 on sacralized side and from L5 contralaterally. Among Lumbarization group 2 patients had ILL arising from S1, 5 patients had ILL arising from L5 and 3 patients had ILL arising from S1 on side of lumbarization and from L5 contralaterally. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that ILL is not a reliable identifier of the L5 vertebra in the setting of LSTV anomalies. It rather identifies the lowest lumbar-type vertebral segment only.

Osteological Study To Relate Auricular Surface Extent In Sacrum With Prevalence Of Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebra

Introduction: Lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) is one of recognized morphological variant associatedwith back pain. As sacrum has very crucial role in weight transmission via sacroiliac joint, any change inmorphology of auricular surface of sacrum should have impact in morphology of lumbosacral region.Aim: To study relation between the variable extent of auricular surface in Sacrum and prevalence of LumbosacralTransitional Vertebra (LSTV) along with changes in morphological index.Materials and Methods: Present study was done by taking total 40 adult dry human sacra of both sexes whichwere collected from the Department of Anatomy at Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, SRHU, Dehradun. Allsacra were initially divided into two sacral groups of normal sacra and atypical sacra based on absence andpresence of any type of lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) respectively. Further each group subcategorizedinto three, namely A (normal sacra), B (high sacra) and C (low sacra) based on extend of auricular surface. Metrictraits like maximum auricular length, maximum sacral length, maximum sacral width and sacral index weremeasured and compared.Result: In this study sacra with higher type of auricular surface were found to be associated with more incidenceof sacralization whereas sacra with lower type of auricular surface were associated with lumbarization. Therewas significant difference noticed in mean sacral index of these two sacral groups. Sacral index in sacral groupwith LSTV (Mean 95.06) was found to be less on comparing with sacral group without LSTV (Mean 108.20).Increased mean maximum sacral length (mean 109.62) seen in sacral group with LSTV without significantchange in maximum sacral width (mean 103.75) which can be due to shift of weight transmission axis from lowersacral vertebrae to higher vertebrae.Conclusion: Variable extents of auricular surface of sacrum are associated with variant of lumbosacral transitionvertebra due to change in biomechanics of weight transmission. Thus this study may be helpful to clinicians topredict and treat root cause of LSTV associated back pain.

Decisão e Secularização na Reflexão de Juventude de Carl Schmitt / Decision and Secularization in Reflections Made by a Young Carl Schmitt / Décision et Sécularisation dans la Réflexion de Jeunesse de Carl Schmitt / Decisión y Secularización en las Reflexiones de la Juventud de Carl Schmitt

RESUMO Este artigo se propõe a jogar luz em escritos de juventude de Carl Schmitt a fim de salientar sua relevância para a compreensão de alguns dos conceitos mais importantes elaborados ao longo de sua reflexão político-jurídica. A despeito de tais trabalhos, redigidos entre 1910 e 1914, serem pouco conhecidos, parte deles contém o estágio inicial do desenvolvimento de conceitos não apenas imprescindíveis à compreensão de sua obra, mas também à elucidação de terminologia central no vocabulário da teoria política contemporânea. O presente estudo revisita sobretudo um dos primeiros trabalhos de Schmitt com intuito de elucidar o percurso de elaboração dos conceitos de decisão, secularização, exceção e teologia política. Recuperar seus escritos até hoje relegados a segundo plano e iluminar a construção de alguns conceitos, não só permite questionar interpretações que os negligenciam como também chamar a atenção para a atualidade de suas ferramentas conceituais.

ABSTRACT This article aims to shed light on writings of the young Carl Schmitt in order to highlight their relevance to an understanding of several of the most significant concepts developed throughout Schmitt's political-legal reflections. Despite the fact that such works - written from 1910 to 1914 - remain relatively unknown, sections of them contain early glimpses of the development of concepts that are not only indispensable to an understanding of Schmitt's works, but also to a clarifying of vocabulary central to contemporary political theory. In this context, the present study reviews one of Schmitt's earliest works with the aim of revealing how the concepts of decision, secularization, exception, and political theology were developed. Reviewing works by the author relegated until now to the secondary sphere thus sheds light on the shaping of several concepts, not only allowing us to question interpretations to have neglected them, but also drawing our attention to the current relevance of Schmitt's conceptual tools.

RÉSUMÉ Cet article se propose de mettre en lumière les écrits de jeunesse de Carl Schmitt afin d'en souligner la pertinence pour la compréhension de certains des concepts les plus importants élaborés tout au long de sa réflexion politico-juridique. Même si ces travaux rédigés entre 1910 et 1914 demeurent peu connus, une partie d'entre eux contient l'étape initiale du développement de concepts non seulement indispensables à la compréhension de son œuvre, mais également à l'élucidation de la terminologie centrale du vocabulaire de la théorie politique contemporaine. La présente étude revisite surtout l'un des premiers textes de Schmitt dans le but d'analyser le parcours d'élaboration des concepts de décision, de sécularisation, d'exception et de théologie politique. Remettre au goût du jour ces écrits jusqu'aujourd'hui relégués au second plan et éclairer la construction de certains concepts ne nous permet pas seulement de remettre en question des interprétations qui les auraient négligés, mais également d'attirer l'attention sur l'actualité de ces outils conceptuels.

RESUMEN Este artículo se propone arrojar luz sobre los escritos de juventud de Carl Schmitt con el fin de destacar su relevancia para comprender algunos conceptos más importantes elaborados a lo largo de su reflexión político-jurídica. Aunque estos trabajos, escritos entre 1910 y 1914, son poco conocidos, parte de ellos contiene la fase inicial del desarrollo de conceptos que no solo resultan imprescindibles para comprender su obra, sino también para elucidar la terminología central del vocabulario de la teoría política contemporánea. El presente estudio revisa sobre todo uno de los primeros trabajos de Schmitt, con la intención de explicar el proceso de elaboración de los conceptos de decisión, secularización, excepción y teología política. Recuperar sus escritos hasta hoy relegados a un segundo plano e iluminar la construcción de algunos conceptos no solo permite cuestionar interpretaciones que los ignoran, sino también hacer hincapié en la actualidad de sus herramientas conceptuales.

Tuberculosis vertebral o mal de Pott en una paciente adulta / Spinal tuberculosis or Pott´s disease in an adult patient

Se describe el caso de una paciente de 47 años de edad, atendida en la Consulta de Medicina Interna del Policlínico "Esteban Caballero", perteneciente al área de salud Matías del municipio de Tercer Frente de Santiago de Cuba, quien presentó dolores de moderada intensidad en la región dorsolumbar, que no se aliviaban con analgésicos. Los estudios ecográfico y radiográfico de la columna vertebral confirmaron el diagnóstico de mal de Pott. Se indicó tratamiento específico y la afectada evolucionó satisfactoriamente.

The case of a 47 years patient assisted in the Internal Medicine Service of "Esteban Caballero" Polyclinic is described, belonging to Matías health area of Tercer Frente municipality in Santiago de Cuba who presented pains of moderate intensity in the dorsolumbar region that were not relieved with analgesics. The echographic and radiographic studies of the spine confirmed the diagnosis of Pott´s disease. Specific treatment was indicated and the patient had a satisfactory clinical course.

Morphological Study on Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebra in Adult Indian Sacra and its Clinical Implications.

Lumbosacral transitional vertebra (Sacralization) is the fusion of 5Th lumber vertebra with the first segment of the sacrum it may be complete or incomplete. In complete sacralization body of the 5Th lumber vertebra completely fuses with the sacrum, where as in incomplete sacralisation shows a well defined joint line between the transverse process and the sacrum. Both forms may be either unilateral or bilateral. Such kind of abnormalities are importance while reporting the X ray, CT and MRI films, during surgical procedures at the Lumbosacral region and making a differential diagnosis for the low back ache patients. Accordingly the present study was designed to evaluate the incidence and morphological study of Sacralization (Lumbosacral transitional vertebra) in adult Indian sacra and its clinical significance. This study was carried out on 150 dry human sacra irrespective of age and sex at Mayo Institute of Medical Sciences- Barabanki,-UP, Melaka Manipal Medical College-Manipal University and Department of Anatomy, KMCT Medical College, Manassery-Calicut. It was observed that out of 150 sacra, 57 (38%) sacra showed sacralization. Out of 57 sacralized bones, 38 (25.33%) bones showed bilateral sacralization, whereas 19 (12.67%) bones showed unilateral sacralization. Such Lumbosacral transitional vertebra may increase the ricks of Disc bulge / herniation or pseudarthrosis (nonunions) with the ilium, degenerative sclerosis around the false joint, compression of lumber nerve roots, low back pain, and false administration of epidural or intradural anaesthetics in lumbosacral region. Its sound knowledge is not only enlightening for the orthopaedic surgeons, also vital for the clinical anatomists, forensic experts and morphologists.

A study of sacrum with five pairs of sacral foramina in western India.

Background: The sacrum is a large, triangular fused five sacral vertebrae and forms the postero-superior wall of the bony pelvis. Numerous anatomical variations of the sacrum have been reported including complete bilateral sacralization of the fifth lumbar vertebra or complete bilateral sacralization of first coccygeal vertebra in different race generates sacrum with five pairs of sacral foramina. There has never been reported among Gujarati population in Western India. These variations may be found in the living during radiological investigations for pain and neurological symptoms of patients or may be found during post mortem examination or during dissection of human body and osteology class for undergraduate students. Aims & Objective: The study was designed to know the prevalence of sacrum with five pairs of sacral foramina among Gujarati population in Western India as there is paucity of available literature. Considering the variation, we conduct this study as a prelude to any type of experimental work in biomechanics, for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in low back pain, sciatica, coccydynia, spinal surgery and for interventional procedures like spinal anaesthesia and lumbar puncture. Material and Methods: Observational study was carried out on 302 dry human sacra from Department of Anatomy, B.J. Medical college Ahmedabad, Government Dental college Ahmedabad, Medical college Vadodara and Government Medical College, Surat in Gujarat. Morphological study was done on the sacrum. The sacra consisting of six vertebral segments were selected. The specimens were then carefully examined and recorded. Results: 302 dry human sacra were studied. Sacra with five pairs of sacral foramina were recorded. We founded 51 specimens of sacrum with five pairs of sacral foramina representing Bilateral complete sacralization of fifth lumbar vertebra (24 sacra) and bilateral complete sacralization of first coccygeal vertebra (27 sacra). Conclusion: The prevalence of a sacrum with five pairs of sacral foramina varies in general population is not reported separately. The present study shows that the incidence of sacrum with five pairs of sacral foramina among Gujarati population in Western India is 16.9%. Prevalence of sacrum with five pairs of sacral foramina is 7.9% and 8.9% due to sacralization of fifth lumbar vertebra and sacralization of first coccygeal vertebra, respectively. The knowledge of this anatomical variation is of paramount importance to spinal surgeons, obstetricians, radiologists, forensic experts, morphologists and clinical anatomists.

Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae: a case report and clinical implications / Vértebras lumbosacras de transición: reporte de un caso e implicancias clínicas

A lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a rare congenital anomaly which occurs because of defect in the segmentation of the lumbosacral spine during development. During routine osteology classes for the medical students at the Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India, one of the sacra showed the fusion of the fifth lumbar vertebra with the sacrum. The specimen showed an incomplete fusion (sacralization) on the left side and the transverse process was of the large butterfly shape, while on the right it was about the usual size. Though this variation is well known, the details of this anomaly are rarely reported in the anatomical literature. Since there is a strong relationship between the lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and low back pain, this anomaly has gotten increased clinical interest. So this case was studied in detail with relevant review of literature and its surgical, radiological implications are discussed.

Una vértebra de transición lumbosacra es una anomalía congénita rara que se produce debido a defectos en la segmentación de la columna lumbosacra durante el desarrollo. Durante una clase de osteología para estudiantes de medicina en Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India, una de las regiones sacras mostró fusión de la quinta vértebra lumbar con el sacro. El especimen mostró fusión incompleta (sacralización) en el lado izquierdo y el proceso transverso tenía forma de mariposa grande, mientras que en el derecho se observó de tamaño normal. A pesar que esta variación es conocida, los detalles de esta anomalía rara vez son reportados en la literatura anatómica. Puesto que existe una fuerte relación entre las vértebras de transición lumbosacra y el dolor de espalda baja, esta anomalía tiene gran interés clínico. Este caso fue estudiado en detalle con la revisión pertinente de la literatura, y son discutidas sus implicancias quirúrgicas y radiológicas.

Sobre a natureza e função do currículo na formação analítica / Sobre la naturaleza y función del currículum en la formación psicoanalítica / On the nature and function of the curriculum in analytical training

Partindo do texto freudiano "A questão da análise leiga" o autor re-situa o currículo da formação psicanalítica em seu contexto originário, isto é, num espaço fronteiriço e dialógico com as humanidades. Ressalta a importância do tripé básico da formação que implica em duas áreas privadas, análise e supervisão, e uma área pública, os seminários teóricos e clínicos, enfatizando que é justamente esta última que tem uma função interpretante das transferências privadas que seriam as responsáveis pelas doenças institucionais.

Following the Freudian article "The question of lay analysis", the author restores the curriculum to its original context, that is, a frontier-like and dialogical space with the humanities. He stresses the importance of the training's basic tripod, which implies two private spaces - analysis and supervision - and a public space - the theoretical and clinical seminaries - emphasizing that it is precisely the latter that has an interpretative function of private transferences, often responsible for institutional pathologies.

Partiendo del texto freudiano El psicoanálisis "silvestre", el autor resitúa el currículum de formación psicoanalítica en su contexto originario, o sea, en un espacio fronterizo y dialógico con las humanidades. Destaca la importancia del trípode básico de formación que implica en dos áreas privadas, análisis y supervisión, y un área pública, los seminarios teóricos y clínicos, enfatizando que es justamente esta última la que tiene una función interpretante de la transferencia privada que serían las responsables por las patologías institucionales.

Sacralization of L5 in Radiological Studies of Degenerative Spondylolisthesis at L4-L5

STUDY DESIGN: Radiological analysis. PURPOSE: To investigate sacralization of L5 on radiological studies of degenerative spondylolisthesis at L4-L5. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Degenerative spondylolisthesis commonly develops at L4-L5. Sacralization of L5 is thought to cause stress concentration at this level, which accentuates degenerative changes and promotes development of degenerative spondylolisthesis. However, there has been no study dedicated to determining whether the presence of sacralization at L5 influences the radiological findings in degenerative spondylolisthesis at L4-L5. METHODS: Seventy-eight patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis at L4-L5 were classified into two groups according to the presence of L5 sacralization: with (n=54) and without (n=24). Four radiographic parameters were measured and compared between the two groups: anterior slippage of L4 on L5 (% slip), facet orientation of L4-L5 (degrees), facet osteoarthritis of L4-L5 by Fujiwara's criteria (1~4 grades), and disc degeneration of L4-L5 by Frymoyer's criteria (grades 1~5). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the degree of anterior slippage of L4 on L5 (17.02+/-6.21 versus 16.65+/-4.87, p=0.809), facet orientation (54.99+/-12.18 versus 56.23+/-4.35, p=0.642), facet osteoarthritis (3.43+/-0.59 versus 3.53+/-0.37, p=0.527), or disc degeneration (4.50+/-0.51 versus 4.35+/-0.61, p=0.340) between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the influence of sacralization of L5 on radiological findings in degenerative spondylolisthesis at L4-L5 may be less significant than previously expected. Further studies in large patient groups are needed to clarify the role of L5 sacralization on the development of degenerative spondylolisthesis at L4-L5.