6. Extrinsic Factors for Learning: from a Perspective of Patient Safety Education / 医学教育

The “problems” of the “problem” learner are not only those intrinsic to the learner, but also those extrinsic to the educator and the system. This paper focuses on patient safety education as an example of where these extrinsic problems are manifested. Patient safety management in the last two decades has been mainly a means to improve the system by analyzing failed incidents in a no-blame manner, but there is also an emphasis on balancing the accountability of the person involved, thus the importance of education is increasing. However, there are barriers to motivating individuals to learn from their failures. The “problem” in patient safety education may be overcome by assuring psychological safety, giving consideration to motivation based on self-determination theory, and using the Safety-II paradigm to change the viewpoint of failure.

Practice of Human Factors Training Based on SHEL Model:Patient Safety Education for First Year Medical Students / 医学教育

Introduction: The theory of Human Factors (HF), which designs work and environment according to human characteristics, contributes to patient safety. However, there are not enough reports of systematic educational practices on HF. Our training was designed and practiced using SHEL, an explanatory model of HF.　Methods: Ten training sessions were conducted on the components of SHEL, including Software: manual design, Hardware: user-friendly medical device design, Environment: work environment design, Liveware (self) : human characteristics, and Liveware (others) : teamwork.　Reflection: The HF training using SHEL may lead to acquiring procedural knowledge of patient safety management, and to better understanding of HF by students. In addition, focusing on daily errors is expected to increase students’ learning motivation.

A Case Report on Using a Board Game in Undergraduate Patient Safety Education to Enable Communication Error Experiences / 医学教育

Introduction: It is important to educate undergraduates about communication errors in clinical sites, but it is difficult for clinically inexperienced students to imagine those errors. Therefore, in this study, a board game (BG) was developed and put into practice to encourage students' understanding.　Methods: The BG consists of a board on which the patient's name is written and cards on which drug names are written. Students place cards on the board according to the teacher's instructions. These instructions include multiple traps based on actual incident cases. Through the game, students experienced errors.　Reflection: This BG contains gamification elements that make learning contents simple and fun and simulation elements that reproduce errors with high fidelity. By combining these elements, it is possible for each aspect of the ARCS model to be provided in a well-balanced manner, even in patient safety education for clinically inexperienced students.

Webquest como recurso tecnológico didático para capacitação de colaboradores em instituição hospitalar / WebQuest as a technological didactic resource for staff training at a hospital

Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar a utilização da Webquest como recurso tecnológico didático para capacitação quanto às Metas Internacionais de Segurança do Paciente em uma instituição hospitalar. Estudo quantitativo, transversal, realizado em hospital público de ensino, no Sul do Brasil. De 895 colaboradores, participaram da pesquisa 679 (76%), vinculados à diretoria de enfermagem, sendo enfermeiros, técnicos em enfermagem, auxiliares de enfermagem, técnicos administrativose auxiliares operacionais zeladores que foram capacitados quanto as metas de segurança. Foram avaliados 11 itens em cada meta aplicada, dentre eles apenas estrutura física, quantidade de textos, tempo destinado à capacitação, cores e design, aplicação na prática e objetividade dos textos foram referidos como regular ou ruim por um a 3% dos colaboradores. O recurso foi considerado satisfatório como estratégia para educação permanente, possibilitando a identificação de fragilidades do processo, passíveis de melhoria, para aprimoramento da metodologia Webquest em instituição hospitalar.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of WebQuest as a technological didactic training resource at a hospital, in regard to International Patient Safety Goals. It is a quantitative, cross-sectional study, conducted at a public teaching hospital, in Southern Brazil. Of 895 staff members, 679 (76%) connected to the Nursing Directory participated in the study, these beingnurses, nursing technicians, auxiliary nurses, administrative technicians and auxiliary operational custodians that were trained in safety goals. A total of 11 items wereevaluated in each applied goal, among which only physical structure, quantity of texts, time dedicated to training, colors and design, practical application and text objectivity were referred to as regular or bad by 3% of the employees. The resource was considered satisfactory as a strategy for continuing education, enabling identification of process weaknesses, with potential for improvement, in order to refine the WebQuest methodology at a hospital.

Patient safety education among chinese medical undergraduates: An empirical study / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Patient safety education is conducive to medical students' cognition on patient safety and to improvement of medical quality and safety. Developing patient safety education for medical students is more and more widely recognized by World Health Organization and countries all over the world. However, in China, patient safety courses aiming at medical students are relatively few, and there are few reports about the effect of patient safety courses. This paper explored the influence of patient safety curriculum on medical students' attitude to and knowledge of patient safety. The patient safety curriculum was carried out for 2011-grade undergraduates of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. The students participated in the class according to free choice. After the curriculum, the information of gender, major, attended course, attitude toward patient safety, and knowledge of laws and regulations of the 2011-grade undergraduates were collected. After rejecting invalid questionnaires, the number of undergraduates that participated in the survey was 112 (61 students did not take part in the curriculum; 51 took part in). Chi-square test was applied to analyze patient safety education's influence on medical students' attitude to patient safety and their knowledge mastery situation. The influence of patient safety education on the attitude of medical students to patient safety was not significant, but that on their knowledge of patient safety was remarkable. No matter male or female, as compared with medical students who had not accepted patient safety education, they both had a better acquisition of knowledge after having this education (for male students: 95% CI, 4.556-106.238, P<0.001; for female students: 95% CI, 3.183-33.238, P<0.001). Students majoring in Western Medicine had a relatively better mastery of knowledge of patient safety after receiving patient safety education (95% CI, 6.267-76.271, P<0.001). Short-term patient safety education cannot change medical students' stereotyped cognition on matters related to patient safety, but it can effectively enhance their knowledge of laws and regulations of patient safety.

Developing Food Safety Education Program for Employees at School Foodservice Implementing HACCP / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to develop a food safety education program for school foodservice employees and evaluate its effectiveness. METHODS: Food safety education programs were made into two levels; one for new employees in school foodservice and another for employees in charge of Critical Control Point (CCP) monitoring. The programs were for 40-minute-long lecture using PowerPoint. The effectiveness of these programs were assessed based on eleven evaluation items by school foodservice dieticians (n=30) and the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) specialist (n=13). All statistical analyses are conducted by SPSS package program (ver 20.0). RESULTS: According to the results of evaluating the food safety education program by dietitian and HACCP specialist, the overall satisfaction score was 4.14, evaluated by 5 point scale. There were no significant difference in results of evaluation between dieticians and HACCP specialists. The score of 'it is helpful to work' and 'pictures, images and charts are pertinent to study' were higher than others while the score of 'education contents is pleasant and interesting' and 'screen is pleasant and interesting' were the lowest among all evaluation items. CONCLUSIONS: To increase the school foodservice quality, employees should be offered regular food safety education and training through effective education media including prerequisite program and HACCP manual for school foodservice.

Building and practice of the medical safety education system in a general hospital / 中华医院管理杂志

This article sumarized a practise-based study of the hospital regarding the management of its medical activities.By means of priotizing medical safety in pre-job and on-the-job eduation,and regular trainings in this regard,a systemized medical safety education ssytem is put in place among medical staff of different types and levels.This achieved the purpose of higher awaress of medical safety in medical practice,and downsized medical complaints significantly.

Occupation-safety education for prevention of sharp object injury among student nurses:a Meta-analysis / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of occupation-safety education for prevention of sharp object injury among Chinese student nurses.Methods We searched PubMed,Springer,OVID,CNKI,Wanfang,and VIP databases for studies comparing the effect of education versus non-education for nursing students to prevent sharp object injury.Results 13 eligible studies were included in this metaanalysis.The pooled data revealed that sharp object injury was statistically significantly reduced in the education group.Furthermore,a significant more proportion of students in the education group dealt with the injury correctly.Conclusions Occupation-safety education is effective for student nurses to prevent sharp object injury.

Discussions on patients' safety education in the nursing undergraduate education / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Patients' safety is a hot topic of hospital management all over the word. Strengthening the patients' safety education for medical students and nursing students is an effective measure to protect patients' safety. In nursing school of Chongqing Medical University,patients' safety education was con-ducted through the course of undergraduate education. Contents of patients' safety education were com-bined with the professional courses,which are taught step by step in the professional course learning phase for different grades. Patients' safety education took a lot of teaching forms to cultivate the students' patient safety consciousness and preliminary results were achieved.

Effectiveness on the education and food safety programs among senior primary students in 2 counties from west China-a cluster randomized trial / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition and food safety educational programs on primary students from grade 4 to 6 in impoverished areas of Western China,under a school-based cluster-randomized trial.Methods Twelve primary schools were selected from 2 impoverished counties in West China and assigned to intervention or control groups,randomly,with 6 schools in each group.Self-rating knowledge,attitude and practice questionnaires were used at both baseline and final stages.Textbooks and supportive materials were designed according to the characteristics of baseline data.All students in the intervention group were treated with targeted nutrition and food safety lectures of 0.5 hour per week for 2 semesters.Generalized linear mixedeffects model was applied to fit the random effects on individual and clusters as well as to fit the fixed effect of the programs.Results Three hundred seventy-eight students from grade 4 to 6 were randomly selected at the baseline study and the differences of scores on knowledge,attitude and practice between the 2 groups were statistically insignificant (P＞0.05).No cluster was lost during the trial.In the final investigation,478 students were randomly selected at the individual level.Scores on knowledge,attitude and practice among students in the intervention group were significantly higher,when comparing to the control group (P＜0.01).At the cluster level,more schools in the intervention group showed significant changes on knowledge and practice,yet the change in attitude was less obvious.Data from the mixed-effects model demonstrated that the program served as an influential factor on scores related to knowledge after the intervention (P=0.015) but did not affect the scores on related attitude or practice (P＞0.05).Conclusion Lectures seemed to have improved the cognition of nutrition and food safety among primary students from grade 4 to 6.However,long-term observation and larger sample size were needed to evaluate the changes on attitude and practice among the students.

Educación vial como aporte al compromiso y responsabilidad ciudadana con la seguridad en el tránsito / Road education as contribution to the commitment and civil responsibility with the safety in the traffic

El presente trabajo pretende dar a conocer los lineamientos de una investigación UBACyT 2010-20121. El proyecto se enfrenta con la situación problemática de evaluar la eficacia de los cursos de Educación Vial y la incidencia en el comportamiento de los conductores que transgreden la normativa de tránsito. El universo de esta investigación está conformado por los sujetos que demandan la recuperación de puntos perdidos por infracciones (scoring). Como recurso metodológico utilizamos la triangulación de los datos obtenidos por encuestas y entrevistas grupales y a informantes claves.Se hará un seguimiento de los sujetos que han perdido puntos en el scoring y desean recuperarlos realizando el curso para tal fin.Concibiendo la educación desde la “pedagogía de la autonomía” de Paulo Freire. Según esta concepción pedagógica quien enseña aprende al enseñar y quien aprende enseña al aprender (Freire, 1996), es decir, enseñar no existe sin aprender y viceversa, por esta razón, buscamos relevar el conocimiento de la experiencia presentado por los asistentes y las estrategias de afrontamiento implementadas en situaciones de riesgo, transformando esta experiencia por la vía de la enseñanza, como aporte epistemológico para los programas de los cursos de educación vial. Nuestra expectativa apunta a que los resultados sean transferidos a los organismos de planificación de políticas públicas como prevención de siniestralidad, contando con la sensibilización de los medios para difundir los hallazgos.

This work aims at divulging the features of a research conducted by the Investigation UBACyT 2010-2012. This project faces the problematic situation of assessing the eficiency of Driving Courses and their incidence in the behavior of drivers who break driving regulations. Its general objective is that citizens commit to being the rules that reinforce trafic safety in order to reduce the rate of morbidity and mortality caused by trafic accidents. The subjects of this research are people who ask for a restitution of the points that they lost due to infractions (scoring system). The methodology consists of the triangulation of data that come from surveys, group interviews and interviews to key informers. The behavior of the subjects that attend the course in order to have their points back will also be analyzed. Regarding education from the point of view of autonomy pedagogy, as stated by Paulo Freire, we seek to favor a dialectic movement by revealing both the knowledge from experience that attendants have and the facing strategies that they put to use in risk involving situations. This project aims at turning these experiences into epistemological contributions to the trafic safety education training programs. Our expectations are that whit the help of the media results will be transferred to the society at large as a means of preventing trafic accidents.

Educación vial como aporte al compromiso y responsabilidad ciudadana con la seguridad en el tránsito / Road education as contribution to the commitment and civil responsibility with the safety in the traffic

El presente trabajo pretende dar a conocer los lineamientos de una investigación UBACyT 2010-2012, proyecto que se enfrenta con la situación problemática de evaluar la eficacia de los cursos de Educación Vial y la incidencia en el comportamiento de los conductores que transgreden la normativa de conducir. Se propone como objetivo general que el compromiso ciudadano de los automovilistas los conduzca al acatamiento de las normas que hacen a la seguridad en el tránsito a in de reducir la tasa de morbi-mortalidad en accidentes automotores en la vía pública. Son sujetos de esta investigación las personas que demandan la recuperación de puntos perdidos por infracciones (scoring). Como recurso metodológico utilizamos la triangulación de los datos obtenidos por: encuesta, entrevistas grupales y entrevistas a informantes claves. Se hará un seguimiento de los sujetos que han perdido puntos y desean recuperarlos realizando para tal fin el curso. Concibiendo la educación desde la "pedagogía de la autonomía" de Paulo Freire, buscamos relevar el conocimiento de la experiencia que presentan los asistentes, las estrategias de afrontamiento que implementan en situaciones de riesgo, transformando por la vía de la enseñanza esta experiencia en aporte epistemológico para los programas de los cursos de Educación Vial. Nuestra expectativa apunta a que los resultados sean transferidos a los Organismos de Planificación de Politicas Públicas como Prevención de siniestralidad, contando con sensibilizar a los medios para la difusión de los hallazgos.

This work aims at divulging the features of a research conducted by the Investigación UBACyT 2010-2012. This project faces the problematic situation of assessing the eficiency of Driving Courses and their incidence in the behavior of drivers who break driving regulations. Its general objective is that citizens commit to being the rules that reinforce trafic safety in order to reduce the rate of morbidity and mortality caused by trafic accidents. The subjects of this research are people who ask for a restitution of the points that they lost due to infractions (scoring system) The methodology consist of the triangulation of data that come from surveys, group interviews and interviews to key informers. The behavior of the subjects that attend the course in order to have their points back will also be analyzed. Regarding education from the point of view of autonomy pedagogy, as stated by Paulo Freire, we seek to favour a dialectic movement by revealing both the knowledge from experience that attendants have and the facing estrategies that they put to use in risk involving situations. This project aims at turning these experiences into epistemological contributions to the trafic safety education training programs. Our expectations are that wiht the help of the media results will be transferred to the society at large as a means of preventing trafic accidents.

Dieticians' Perception of Safety Supervision in Institutional Foodservices (II): Status of Safety System and Safety Education

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of the safety system and safety education in institutional foodservices in the Changwon and Masan areas. The survey was conducted from February 1 to March 31, 2009 via questionnaires that were sent to 300 dietitians, and 142 dietitians responded. It was determined that most of the safety managers were 'dietitians (87.1%)', whereas facilities/equipment managers consisted of 'dietitians (45.7%)', 'department of facilities management in the organization (36.4%)' and 'outsourced company of facilities management (17.9%)'. Out of the 11 safety practices, seven safety practices showed less than 50% of total implementation ratio, which meant that the safety systems were not functioning properly. Except for 'non-skid shoes (85.9%)', other safety equipment was seldom used. The survey respondents recognized that safety education was very necessary (4.47 points); however, they responded so-so (3.46 points) to the question of whether or not the actual frequency and time spent on safety education were enough. The average time spent on safety education was 28 minutes 11 seconds. Regarding the difficulties in performing safety education, 'not many safety education materials and media (3.44 points)', 'not many varieties in the subjects and contents for safety education (3.40 points)', and 'not much organizational support on safety education (3.33 points)' showed higher scores than 'lack of education time due to workload (3.20 points)'. The following were cited as education materials that should be developed as it is currently difficult to obtain relevant information and data: 'root causes of musculoskeletal injury and preventive measures (15.8%)', 'healthcare and disease preventive exercises for employees who do simple and repetitive works (14.9%)', and 'instruction on safe handling of chemicals (12.7%)'.

Evaluation on the effects of education regarding road safety among middle school students / 中华流行病学杂志

Objectlve To evaluate the intervention effects for road traffic accident prevention among middle school students through understanding their knowledge,attitude and practice (KAP) on road safety.Methods Students in Grade 1 and Grade 2 from 7 junior and senior middle schools in Ji’nan city were selected as intervention group and students from a middle school in Hefei city served as control group.Education was provided to the intervention group and all the middle school students in Ji’nan city.Changes of KAP on road safety were measured for both groups during the follow—up period,and comparison on KAP for the two groups Was carried staffstically. Results The mean scores of road safety knowledge for intervention group improved significantly during the follow-up period(from 0.9-3.8),while these indices did not change much in the control group(from 0—0.2).Negative attitude on road safety was found in both groups,but less in the intervention group.More students started to admit that middle school students themselves should be responsible for most of the RTAs.Per week frequency of violating traffic rules did not improve,however during the follow-up period on both groups as still 75％ to 80％ of the students violating the traffic rules less than 2 times per week.Although three kinds and one kind of iraffic rules violation seemed to have improved in the intervention group and in the control group,there were still two and three other kinds tumed worse in the intervention and in the control group,respectively.Conclusion Program on road safety education significantly improved the relative knowledge for middle school student and it exerted positive effeets in road safety attitude to some extent.However,no significant effect was found in the improvement on their behavior.Education on road safety should be carried out in the early stage of childhood with newer and more effective intervention approaches.

Study of Patient Safety Education for Undergraduates / 医学教育

1) The objective of this study was to investigate patient safety education for undergraduates in Japan.<BR>2) Our survey found that 87.5% of medical schools provided patient safety education for undergraduates.The topics covered were prevention of medical errors, communication, crisis management, and medical ethics.<BR>3) This study found several problems in measurement methods, learning strategies.and human resources of undergraduate medical education.

Elementary School Students' Knowledge, Behavior and Request for Education Method Associated with Food Safety

We investigated elementary school students' knowledge, behavior, experience and preference of education method related to food safety in order to provide basic information for food safety educational program. A survey study was conducted with 569, fourth and sixth grade students, from two schools in Seoul and Ulsan. Students were asked thirty-two questions regarding food safety knowledge, behavior and experiences as well as their attitude to food safety class and preference for teaching method. The data was analyzed for the frequency analysis, t-test, chi-square test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation using the SPSS/Windows. Results indicated that 91.9 percent of the respondents did not know what unsanitary food is. 67 percent of the respondents did not know the proper method of hand washing. Although the students' level of knowledge and behavior associated with food safety was low, there was meaningful correlation(r =.184, p<.01) between knowledge and behavior. Surprisingly, students in higher grade did not demonstrate an exceeding food safety knowledge and behavior. More than 50 percent of the subjects did not have food safety education either at home or school. 60 percent of the respondents interested in food safety and the majority recognized that a food safety education is needed. Students want to learn about unsanitary food(34.1%), foodborne illness(29.7%), food selection and storage method(21.3%), and personal hygiene(11.2%) through game, role play, and practice in real situation. These results suggest that development of food safety education program is needed through the elementary school year and the education program must include fun activities in which students can participate.

Contents Analysis of Textbook Related to Safety Education in Elementary School

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to develop safety education programs in elementary school. METHOD: Analysis is made based on textbooks for 1st-6th-grade elementary school students published by Korea Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development. RESULTS: 1) Among the textbooks. only , , , and courses dealt with safety education. 2) The contents of safety education included traffic safety, water safety, indoor and outdoor safety, fire, emergency measures, misuse and abuse of drug, smoking, toy safety, sports safety, leasure safety and disasters. However, the contents were theoretical, fragmentary, local and limited. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the consents of safety education must be strengthened, and more practical and more behavior-oriented in consideration of activities.

Effect of the Safety Education on Knowledge and Attitude about Injury Prevention among Elementary School Children / 아동간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed at not only suggest some ideas useful in planning and doing the safety education in the elementary schools in the near future putting into test the safety education proposal which has been developed by researchers in accordance with the national 7st education courses but also improve health of the children through taking right safety knowledge and sound safety attitude. METHOD: For this study 140 student are selected from 3-5th grade of the elementary school in Kyoungki-Do and Kwangwon-Do and have been taught the safety education during 10weeks, 10times. RESULT: 1) After the safety education, knowledge about the injury prevention of the children show to be significantly different from that they had before(t=-9.156, p=.000). 2) In order to look into any effect of the attitude about injury prevention after the safety education there were significant difference(t=-3.755, p=.000).CONCLUSION: As the findings of the study indicating that safety education expand the correct knowledge about injury prevention and have more affirmative and sound attitude about injury prevention. So it may be concluded that, safety education have the positive effect both knowledge and attitude about injury prevention among elementary school children.

Safety Education Needs and Knowledge and Attitude of Injury Prevention of Elementary School Children / 아동간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to suggest direction and strategy of safety education proper to elementary school children. METHOD: The subject of this survey consisted of 313 3rd-5th grade from 4 elementary schools in Kyungi-Do and Kwangwon-Do. Data were collected from March to May, 2002 using a questionnaire about "safety education needs", "knowledge about injury prevention", "attitude about injury prevention. RESULT: 1. The degree of safety education needs showed averaged 77.50 on the basis of 100 points. 2. The degree of knowledge and attitude about injury prevention showed averaged 72.81 and 81.74 seperately on the basis of 100 points. 3. With the respect to the demographic characteristics, there were stastically significant differences in safety education need according to children's grade(F=8.692, p=.003), sex(t=-2.059, p=.040), family type(t=-2.229, p=.027) and in knowledge & attitude about injury prevention, there statiscally significant difference according to experience of injury prevention education(t=3.058, p=.003; t=5.308, p=.000) each. 4. The level of safety education needs is correlated at signficant level with knowledge and attitude about injury prevention of childrens(r=.166, p=.048; r=.265, p=.001) and between knowledge and attitude about injury prevention, there was significant correlation (r=.427, p=.000). CONCLUSION: From this results, nurses can plan safety education program appropriate to children's needs, level of knowledge and attitude about injury prevention.

Development of the Safety Education Program for Children / 아동간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to develop safety education program to prevent child accident and to improve the health of children by providing a safe environment. This program provide parents and children with information on how to prevent children from accident. Children especially can learn specific methods to avoid accident both at home, school and outside the home through safety education, which is based on problem solving. METHOD: This program was developed based on literature reviews, surveys and negotiation process. School aged children, parents, and teachers were interviewed to identify their educational needs based on their experiences related to child accident. During the 7th Annual Conference of Educational Courses in 1999, the Korean Educational Ministry examined the feasibility and compatibility of integrating the program into the current educational curriculum. RESULT: This program includes useful subjects such as safety education, preventive strategies, crisis management, guide for parent and teacher, resource persons, internet site and phone numbers of available hospital. Counseling is provided by researcher if needed. CONCLUSION: This program could be adequately utilized for prevention of child accident and creation of preventive strategies. It will also suggest an intervention strategy for injured children.