Actividad expectorante y toxicológica de una formulación elaborada a partir de Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Borago officinalis L, Y Sambucus Nigra L / Expectorant and toxicological activity of a formulation made from Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Borago officinalis L., and Sambucus Nigra L

Introducción: Eucalyptus globulus Labill., (eucalipto), Borago officinalis L. (Borraja) y Sambucus nigra L. (saúco) son especies vegetales de amplio uso popular por sus propiedades antitusígenas y mucolíticas. Objetivo: evaluar los efectos farmacológico y toxicológico de un fitofármaco elaborado con el extracto de la mezcla de las tres plantas. Métodos: a partir de las hojas secas de cada especie, se elaboraron dos extractos fluidos de las tres plantas: E. globulus B. officinalis y S nigra, mezcladas en proporción 25:25:50, respectivamente, se empleó el método de percolación y como disolventes etanol de concentraciones al 30 y 70 por ciento. Para la evaluación del efecto mucolítico se empleó el modelo de Rojo Fenol en secreciones de ratón y se ensayaron los extractos de concentraciones alcohólicas al 30 y 70 por ciento. El estudio toxicológico se realizó al extracto de concentración alcohólica al 70 por ciento. Resultados: en la evaluación farmacológica se encontró que los extractos hidroalcohólicos al 30 y 70 por ciento presentaron efecto mucolítico, con una efectividad ligeramente superior para el extracto en alcohol al 70 por ciento. Cuando se evaluó toxicológicamente, este extracto no presentó efecto tóxico en el ensayo de toxicidad aguda a dosis límite. Conclusiones: las formulaciones elaboradas con los extractos fluidos de las plantas empleando etanol al 30 y 70 por ciento, mostraron efecto mucolítico en el modelo de rojo fenol en secreciones de ratón y con las condiciones experimentales del estudio. El extracto de las plantas en etanol al 70 por ciento no presentó efecto tóxico en el ensayo de toxicidad aguda a dosis límite(AU)

Introduction: Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (eucalyptus), Borago officinalis L. (borage) and Sambucus nigra L. (elder) are plant species commonly used in folk medicine for their antitussive and mucolytic properties. Objective: Evaluate the pharmacological and toxicological effects of a drug made with an extract obtained from a mixture of the three plants. Methods: Two fluid extracts were obtained from dry leaves of the three species, E. globulus, B. officinalis and S. nigra, mixed in a 25:25:50 proportion. The method used was percolation and the solvents were 30 percent and 70 percent ethanol. The mucolytic effect was evaluated with the phenol red model in mouse secretions, and assays were conducted of the 30 percent and 70 percent alcoholic extracts. Toxicological analysis was performed on the 70 percent alcoholic extract. Results: Pharmacological evaluation found that 30 percent and 70 percent hydroalcoholic extracts display a mucolytic effect, effectiveness being slightly higher in the 70 percent alcoholic extract. When evaluated toxicologically, this extract did not show any toxic effect in the dose-limiting acute toxicity test. Conclusions: The formulations developed with fluid plant extracts using 30 percent and 70 percent ethanol were found to have a mucolytic effect in the red phenol model in mouse secretions under experimental test conditions. The 70 percent ethanolic plant extract did not have a toxic effect in the dose-limiting acute toxicity tes(AU)

Anti-Toxoplasma activities of methanolic extract of Sambucus nigra (Caprifoliaceae) fruits and leaves / Actividad anti-Toxoplasma de extractos metanólicos de frutos y hojas de Sambucus nigra (Caprifoliaceae)

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular parasite that infects a wide range of warm-blooded animals and humans. Considering the severity of toxoplasmosis, side effects of current treatments, and the contribution of the ethnopharmacological knowledge for the treatment of parasitic infections, the aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of methanolic extracts from the fruits and leaves of Sambucus nigra against tachyzoite of T. gondii. For this, fruits and leaves of S. nigra were collected from Mazandaran province, Iran, were dried under the shade, and powdered using a commercial electrical blender. For extractions, methanol was used as solvent. Virulent RH strain of T. gondii was maintained in mice and macrophages containing tachyzoites were aspirated from the peritoneal cavity. Four concentrations (5, 10, 25 and 50mg/mL) of S. nigra extract were incubated with infected macrophages for 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes and the viability of the tachyzoites were evaluated by trypan blue staining. Results showed that S. nigra fruit extracts at the concentrations of 5 and 10mg/mL killed 100% of T. gondii tachyzoites after 60 and 120 minutes, respectively; and concentrations of 25 and 50mg/mL killed 100% of the tachyzoites after 30 minutes. Additionally, extract of S. nigra leaves, at the concentrations of 5, 10 and 25mg/mL after 180 minutes, and concentration of 50mg/mL after 60 minutes, resulted with the highest efficacy. Our results showed that S. nigra has acceptable efficacy in vitro and the parasiticidal effect of fruit extract was significantly better than leaf extract. However, in vivo efficacy of this extract needs further investigation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (1): 7-12. Epub 2015 March 01.

Toxoplasma gondii es un parásito intracelular obligatorio que infecta a una gran variedad de animales y seres humanos. Teniendo en cuenta la gravedad de la toxoplasmosis, los efectos secundarios de los tratamientos actuales, y la contribución de los conocimientos etnofarmacológicos para el tratamiento de infecciones parasitarias, el objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la eficacia de los extractos metanólicos de los frutos y hojas de Sambucus nigra contra el taquizoito de T. gondii. Para esto, se recogieron frutos y hojas de S. nigra en la provincia de Mazandaran, Irán, se secaron a la sombra, y se pulverizaron con una batidora eléctrica comercial. Para las extracciones, se empleó metanol como disolvente. La cepa virulenta RH de T. gondii se mantuvo en ratones y los macrófagos con taquizoitos se aspiraron de la cavidad peritoneal. Cuatro concentraciones (5, 10, 25 y 50mg/ mL) de extracto de S. nigra se encubaron con los macrófagos infectados durante 30, 60, 120 y 180 minutos y la viabilidad de los taquizoitos se evaluó mediante tinción con azul de tripano. Los resultados mostraron que los extractos de frutos de S. nigra en las concentraciones de 5 y 10mg/mL mataron al 100% de los taquizoitos de T. gondii después de 60 y 120 minutos, respectivamente; y las concentraciones de 25 y 50mg/mL mataron al 100% de los taquizoitos después de 30 minutos. Además, el extracto de hojas de S. nigra, en concentraciones de 5, 10 y 25mg/mL después de 180 minutos, y una concentración de 50mg/mL después de 60 minutos, resultaron más eficientes. Nuestros resultados mostraron que S. nigra tiene una eficacia aceptable in vitro y el efecto parasiticida del extracto de frutos fue significativamente mejor que el del extracto de hoja. Sin embargo, la eficacia in vivo de este extracto necesita más investigación.

Triagem fitoquímica e avaliação da atividade antibacteriana de extratos das flores de Sambucus nigra L. (Caprifoliaceae) / Phytochemical screening and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Sambucus nigra L. flower extracts (Caprifoliaceae)

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar a triagem fitoquímica e avaliar a atividade antibacteriana de extratos das flores de Sambucus nigraL. Os extratos; aquoso (10 %), etanólico (5 %) e Acetato de etila (5 %) foram submetidos a testes colorimétricos para triagem fitoquímica e a avaliação da atividade antibacteriana foi realizada pelo método de disco-difusão em ágar. Os resultados mostraram que nas concentrações de 6 e 12 mg o extrato aquoso apresentou halos significativos de inibição para Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Streptococcus pyogenes, porém, quando comparado aos medicamentos usados como referência a atividade não foi satisfatória, e, ainda, evidenciou a ausência de inibição para todas as cepas testadas com o aumento da concentração para 18 e 24 mg. A análise da triagem fitoquímica evidenciou a presença de flavonoides com intensa reação de cor no extrato aquoso e etanólico, e de fraca intensidade no extrato acetato de etila. Nos mesmos extratos, pelos testes realizados, não foram detectados taninos, saponinas, antraquinonas e alcaloides. Concluiu-se que o extrato aquoso apresentou melhor efeito inibitório para Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Streptococcus pyogenes, porém insuficiente para promover a inativação eficiente quando comparado aos controles.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to perform a phytochemical screening and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the extracts of Sambucusnigra L. flowers. The aqueous (10%), ethanolic (5%) and ethyl acetate (5%) extracts were subjected to colorimetric tests for phytochemical screening and the antibacterial activity evaluation was performed by the disk-diffusion method in agar. The results showed that in the 6 and 12 mg concentrations the aqueous extract presented significant inhibition halos for Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes, but when compared with the medicines used as a reference, the activity was not satisfactory and, besides, it indicated the absence of inhibition for all the tested strains with the concentration increase of 18 and 24mg. The phytochemical screening analysis showed the presence of flavonoids with intense color reaction in the aqueous and ethanol extracts, and of low intensity in the ethyl acetate sample. In the same extracts, the tests did not detect tannins, saponins, alkaloids and anthraquinones. It was concluded that the aqueous extract showed better inhibitory effect on the Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes, but not enough to promote an effective inactivation when compared with the medicine tests.

Comparison of Carbohydrate Structures and Immunomodulating Properties of Extracts from Berries and Flowers of Sambucus nigra L.

Aims: To investigate if the immunomodulating activity of compounds present in berries and flowers of S. nigra were of the same order, or different, and also if the most active components were of high or low molecular weight nature. Methodology: Defatted material of berries and flowers of S. nigra were extracted with 50% ethanol and with water of 50ºC and 100ºC. High molecular weight fractions were obtained after gel filtration on BioGelP6DG. The different fractions were investigated for their monosaccharide contents and carbohydrate structures. The immunomodulating effects were investigated using a complement fixing assay as well as a system for measuring the production of NO after stimulation of macrophages with the different fractions. Results: All fractions contained substantial amounts of carbohydrates. Removal of low molecular weight material revealed polysaccharide fractions containing monosaccharides typical for pectins and showed enhanced bioactivity. Conclusion: High molecular weight fractions from elderflowers showed higher bioactivity than the equally extracted fractions from elderberries. The 100ºC water flower fraction gave after gel filtration the fraction with the highest activity and with the longest backbone of rhamnogalacturonan I. Based on this; one should encourage the drinking of juice made form flowers in the same way as has been done for the juice made from berries, since both may have a beneficial heath effect.

Efecto insecticida in vitro del extracto etanólico de algunas plantas sobre la mosca adulta Haematobia irritans / In vitro insecticidal effect of the ethanolic extract from some plants on the adult fly Haematobia irritans

Introducción: por el constante desarrollo de resistencia a los grupos de insecticidas comercializados a nivel mundial, en agricultura y ganadería, se ha tenido la necesidad de buscar nuevas alternativas para el control de insectos que además sean seguros para el ecosistema, los animales y el hombre. Desde la medicina popular se reconocen varias plantas con efecto insecticida, pero no se han estudiado por completo. Objetivos: determinar el efecto insecticida de los extractos etanólicos de 5 plantas Ambrosia cumanensis Kunth, Bidens pilosa L., Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh., Sambucus nigra L. y Nicotiana tabacum L. sobre la mosca adulta Haematobia irritans. Métodos: los extractos se obtuvieron por el método de extracción Soxhlet y concentrados por medio de un rotoevaporador Buchi; de modo adicional se identificaron los metabolitos secundarios responsables del efecto insecticida con evaluaciones preliminares cualitativas y confirmándose mediante cromatografía en capa fina. Las moscas se capturaron de bovinos parasitados naturalmente. Resultados: después de asperjar los extractos diluidos sobre las moscas, se encontró mayor actividad insecticida con Nicotiana tabacum, con un porcentaje de mortalidad de 100, 96,6, 80 y 60 por ciento, con diluciones de 5:10; 2,5:10; 1,25:10 y 0,62:10, respectivamente; seguida por Brugmansia arborea y Sambucus nigra. Los extractos que mostraron menor efectividad resultaron Bidens pilosa y Ambrosia cumanensis. Conclusiones: bajo las condiciones propuestas en este estudio se demuestra que las 5 plantas tienen acción sobre la mosca Haematobia irritans aunque con diferentes grados de eficacia.

Introduction: the constant development of resistance to several groups of insecticides marketed worldwide in the fields of agriculture and livestock breeding has led to the urgent search of new alternatives to control insects in a safe way for the ecosystem, the animals and the man. Several plants with insecticidal effect have been recognized in herbal medicine, although they have not been fully studied. Objectives: to determine the insecticidal effect of ethanolic extracts from five plants, that is, Ambrosia cumanensis Kunth, Bidens pilosa L., Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerth., Sambucus nigra L. and Nicotiana tabacum L. on the adult fly Haematobia irritans. Methods: the extracts were obtained using the Soxhlet extraction methods and then concentrated by the rotoevaporator Buchi; additionally, the secondary metabolites responsible for the insecticidal effect were identified with preliminary qualitative evaluations and confirmed through thin-layer chromatography. The flies were captured from cattle having natural parasites. Results: after sprinkling the flies with the diluted extracts, the highest insecticidal activity was found in Nicotiana tabacum, with a mortality rate of 100, 96.6, 80 and 60 percent at dilution ratios of 5:10; 2.5:10; 1,25:10 and 0.62:10 respectively, followed by Brugmansia arborea and Sambucus nigra. The extracts from Bidens pilosa and Ambrosia cumanensis showed the lowest effectiveness. Conclusions: under the suggested conditions in this study, it was proved that the five plants had some insecticidal effect on fly Haematobia irritans, but at different levels of effectiveness.

Expressions of galectin-3 (gal-3) and sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) and their clinicopathological significances in benign and malignant lesions of the gallbladder / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To study the expressive levels of galectin-3 (gal-3) and sambucus nigra agglutinin(SNA) and to detect their clinicopathological significances in benign and malignant lesions of the gallbladder. Methods EnVisonTM Immunohistochemistry for assaying gal-3 expressive levels and ABC cytochemistry for determining SNA expressive levels were used in conventional paraffin-embedded sections from the specimens of adenocarcinoma (n = 108) , peritumoral tissues (n=46) . Adenomatous polyp (n=15), and chronic cholecystitis (n = 35). Results The positive rates of gal-3 and SNA were significantly higher in adenocarcinoma (62. 0%, 66. 7%) than in peritumoral tissues (39. 1%,45.6%), adenomatous polyp (26.7%, 33.3%) and chronic cholecystitis (11.4%, 11.4%)(P<0. 05 or P<0. 01). The positive gal-3 and SNA in benign cases showed atypical hyperplasia of the epthelium. The positive rates of gal-3 and SNA expression were significantly lower in well-differentiated adenocarcioma, mass with a maximal diameter of <2 cm, absence of lymph node metastasis,and absence of invasion to adjacent tissues than in poor-differentiated adenocarcinoma, mass with a maximal diameter of ≥2 cm, lymph node metastasis and invasion to adjacent tissues. (P<0. 05 or P<0. 01). There was a significant correlation between the expressive levels of gal-3 and SNA in gallbladder adenocarcinoma (x2=9. 51, P<0. 01). Conclusions The expressive levels of gal-3 and SNA lectins had important effects on carcinogenesis, progression and biologic behaviors of gallbladder cancer. Patients with positive gal-3 and /or SNA expressions had poor prognosis.

Study on chemical composition of Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis

In the flowers of Sambicus nigra, flavonoids, amino acids and sugars were determined. Among them the main components were flavonoids, which accounted for 7,19±0,10%. From total flavonoid extracts, ,2 compounds were isolated by column chromatography and identified by UV,MS,and NMR spectroscope as quercetin-3-α rhamnopyranosyl- β -glucopyranose and quercetin