Immediate and early engagement of same-day antiretroviral therapy initiation among newly diagnosed people living with HIV in urban Zambia: a retrospective cohort study

Introduction: as Zambia moves towards attaining human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic control, it is clear significant efforts are required to facilitate achievement of UNAIDS treatment targets by 2030. To accelerate progress towards global target of 95% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) knowing their status, country is promoting community-based HIV testing and same-day antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. However, there are uncertainties of how this strategy affects immediate and early engagement in program settings. To address this research gap, we analysed a programme data of PLHIV newly diagnosed and initiated on ART in community and health facility settings. Study objectives were to estimate the proportion of immediate engagement, to estimate early engagement among newly diagnosed PLHIV and, to examine factors independently associated with immediate and early engagement in care among newly diagnosed PLHIV offered same-day ART initiation. Methods: we included all newly diagnosed PLHIV aged 18 years or older and provided same-day ART initiation between October 2018 and January 2019 in Lusaka District. Immediate engagement was estimated as proportion of newly diagnosed PLHIV who visited the health facility at least once within 14 days after same-day ART initiation, whereas early engagement as proportion of newly diagnosed PLHIV active 6 months after same-day ART initiation. Pearson's chi-squared test was used to assess association of outcomes with key background characteristics. Results: of 12,777 newly diagnosed PLHIV who initiated same day ART 7,943 (62%) were tested and initiated in the community. Overall, 6,257 (49%) engaged within 14 days (median 15, IQR: 13-37). Older individuals (36-49 years) were more likely to be engaged at 14 days (aRR 1.29; 95%CI 1.06 - 1.18; p<0.001) and retained at 6 months (aRR1.27;95%CI 1.21-1.34P<0.001) whilst risk of attrition at 6 months was highest in younger ages (18-24 years) (aRR 0.79;95 %CI 0.76-0.82; p<0.001). Conclusion: to adequately address the HIV epidemic targeted engagement approaches are required particularly in the younger ages.

An assessment on the implementation of same day antiretroviral therapy initiation in eThekwini clinics, KwaZulu­Natal, South Africa

The World Health Organization (WHO) recom mends same day initiation (SDI) of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all individuals diagnosed with HIV irrespective of CD4+ count or clinical stage. Implementation of program is still far from reaching its goals. This study assessed the level of implementation of same day ART initiation. A longitudinal study was conducted at four primary healthcare clinics in eThekwini municipality KwaZulu Natal. Data was collected between June 2020 to October 2020 using a data extraction form. Data on individuals tested HIV positive, number of SDI of ART; and clinicians working on UTT program were compiled from clinic registers, and Three Interlinked Electronic Registers.Net (TIER.Net). Non governmental organisations (NGO) supporting the facility and services information was collected. Among the 403 individuals who tested HIV positive, 279 (69.2%) were initiated on ART on the same day of HIV diagnosis from the four facilities. There was a significant association between health facility and number of HIV positive individuals initiated on SDI (chi square=10.59; P value=0.008). There was a significant association between facilities with support from all NGOs and ART SDI (chi square=10.18; P value=0.015. There was a significant association between staff provision in a facility and SDI (chi square=7.51; P value=0.006). Urban areas clinics were more likely to have high uptake of SDI compared to rural clinics (chi square=11,29; P value=0.003). Implementation of the Universal Test and Treat program varies by facility indi cating the need for the government to monitor and standardize implementation of the policy if the program is to yield success.

Current situation of joint replacement in outpatient department abroad and its Enlightenment to China / 中国实用护理杂志

With the acceleration of the aging process of the population, the demand for joint replacement continues to increase. Under the background of enhanced recovery after surgery, outpatient joint replacement has become a safe, economic and effective model to shorten the average length of stay and reduce the cost of hospitalization. It has been widely used in foreign countries, but there are still some limitations in the development and promotion in China. Therefore, this study intends to review the perioperative management plan and implementation effect of joint replacement in foreign countries, in order to provide reference for the implementation and improvement of the concept of fast track surgery for bone and joint in China.

Quality of Same-Day Sputum Smears Microscopy and Presumptive Tuberculosis Patients Drop-out at Health Facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia / 결핵

Bilateral same-day endoscopic transcanal cartilage tympanoplasty: initial results / Timpanoplastia bilateral transcanal por via endoscópica com cartilagem realizada simultaneamente: resultados iniciais

Abstract Introduction: Same-day closure of bilateral tympanic membrane perforations is a quick and more comfortable procedure for the patients. However, conventional bilateral same-day tympanoplasty or myringoplasty has been rarely performed because of the theoretical risk of postoperative complications. Objective: To evaluate the advantages and outcomes of bilateral simultaneous endoscopic cartilage tympanoplasty in patients with bilateral tympanic membrane perforations. Methods: From February 2012 to March 2013, patients with bilateral dry tympanic membrane perforations who had some degree of hearing loss corresponding to the size and location of the perforation entered the study. There was no suspicion to disrupted ossicular chain, mastoid involvement or other middle or inner ear pathology. Endoscopic transcanal cartilage tympanoplasty was done using the underlay (medial) technique. The graft was harvested from cymba cartilage in just one ear with preservation of perichondrium in one side. A 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm cartilage seemed to be enough for tympanoplasty in both sides. Results: Nine patients (4 males and 5 females) with the mean age of 37.9 years underwent bilateral transcanal cartilage tympanoplasty in a same-day surgery. The mean duration of follow up was 15.8 months. There were detected no complications including hearing loss, otorrhea and wound complication with no retraction pocket or displaced graft during follow-up period. The grafts take rate was 94.44% (only one case of unilateral incomplete closure). The mean of air-bone gap overall improved from 13.88 dB preoperatively to 9.16 dB postoperatively (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Bilateral endoscopic transcanal cartilage tympanoplasty can be considered as a safe minimally invasive procedure that can be performed in a same-day surgery. It reduces the costs and operation time and is practical with a low rate of postoperative complications.

Resumo Introdução: O fechamento no mesmo dia de perfuração bilateral da membrana timpânica é um procedimento rápido e mais confortável para os pacientes. Entretanto, a timpanoplastia ou miringoplastia convencional bilateral executada no mesmo procedimento tem sido raramente feita devido ao risco teórico de complicações pós-operatórias. Objetivo: Avaliar as vantagens e os resultados da timpanoplastia bilateral simultânea com cartilagem por via endoscópica em pacientes com perfuração bilateral da membrana timpânica. Método: De fevereiro de 2012 a março de 2013, pacientes com perfuração seca bilateral da membrana timpânica que tinham algum grau de perda de audição correspondente ao tamanho e à localização da perfuração foram incluídos no estudo. Não houve suspeita de cadeia ossicular interrompida, envolvimento do mastoide ou outra doença da orelha média ou interna. Timpanoplastia com cartilagem transcanal foi executada por via endoscópica com a técnica de underlay (medial). O enxerto foi colhido de cartilagem da concha superior (cymba) em apenas uma orelha com preservação do pericôndrio em um lado. Um enxerto de 1,5 × 1,5 centímetro de cartilagem pareceu ser o suficiente para a timpanoplastia em ambos os lados. Resultados: Nove pacientes (quatro homens e cinco mulheres) com média de 37,9 anos foram submetidos à timpanoplastia bilateral com cartilagem transcanal em uma cirurgia feita em etapa única. O tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 15,8 meses. Não foram detectadas complicações, inclusive perda de audição, otorreia e complicações como bolsa de retração ou deslocamento de enxerto durante o período de seguimento. A taxa de sucesso do enxerto foi de 94,44% (apenas um caso de fechamento unilateral incompleto). A média do gap aéreo-ósseo em geral melhorou de 13,88 dB no pré-operatório para 9,16 dB no pós-operatório (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Timpanoplastia bilateral com cartilagem transcanal por via endoscópica pode ser considerada como um procedimento minimamente invasivo, seguro e que pode ser executado em uma única cirurgia. Isso reduz os custos e tempo de operação e é prático, com um baixo índice de complicações pós-operatórias.

Aceptación y adherencia de una pauta de preparación de colon el mismo díadel examen en población chilena / Patients’ acceptance and adherence to total or partial split dose bowel preparation for colonoscopy in chilean population

Colon preparation is more effective if it is partially or totally administered the same day of the colonoscopy. Objective: To know acceptance of a preparation guideline for the same day of the procedure and adherence to this guideline once it is implemented in a digestive endoscopy center. Methods: First, the importance of a preparation guideline for the same day was explained and adult patients and accompanying persons with preparation in the previous day were asked if they would be willing to prepare for the colonoscopy 4-5 h before the procedure. In the second stage, adult patients were surveyed who received instructions to prepare using polyethylene glycol solution (3 litres) the same day of the procedure. Results: 160 people were surveyed in phase one. 86 percent was willing to get up at 4 am to drink the solution, without statistical correlation with the other variables studied. 42.7 percent would prefer to split the doses and 39 percent would drink all the same day. 102 people were surveyed in phase two. 92 percent drank the preparation totally or partially the same day of the procedure (69 percent and 25 percent, respectively). 82 percent drank at least 80 percent of the dose. 51.5 percent described the preparation process as quite or very unpleasant. 45 percent would prefer colonoscopy preparation in the previous day. Conclusions: In our experience, most patients would accept preparation in the same day of the procedure and adhere to this, however, almost 50 percent would prefer to take it the previous day, in a future procedure.

La preparación de colon es más efectiva si es administrada parcial o totalmente el mismo día de la colonoscopia. Objetivo: Conocer la aceptación a una pauta de preparación al menos en parte el mismo día de la colonoscopia y adherencia a esta una vez implementada en un Centro de Endoscopia Digestiva. Métodos: Primero se explicó la importancia de una pauta de preparación el mismo día y se encuestó a pacientes adultos y acompañantes a estudio endoscópico con preparación exclusiva el día anterior si estarían dispuestos a realizar preparación para colonoscopia 4-5 h antes de la prueba. En la segunda fase se encuestó a pacientes adultos a los que se había indicado preparación con solución de polietilenglicol (3 litros) el mismo día del procedimiento. Resultados: En la fase 1 se encuestó a 160 personas. El 86 por ciento aceptaría levantarse a las 4 AM para tomar la preparación, sin relación estadística con las demás variables estudiadas. El 42,7 porciento preferirían tomar la dosis en forma repartida y 39 por ciento preferían beber todo el mismo día. En la fase 2 se encuestó a 102 personas. El 92 porciento tomó la preparación total o parcialmente el mismo día del examen (69 por ciento y 25 por ciento respectivamente). El 82 porciento tomó al menos 80 por ciento de la cantidad indicada. El 51,5 porciento calificó el proceso de la preparación como bastante o muy desagradable. El 45porciento preferiría en colonoscopias futuras la preparación el día anterior. Conclusiones: En nuestro medio, la mayoría de los pacientes aceptarían la pauta de preparación el mismo día de la prueba y adhieren a esta, aunque casi la mitad preferiría tomarla el día anterior en el futuro.

Same day sputum smear microscopy approach with modified ZN staining for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a microscopy centre at Rajahmundry.

Background: Sputum smear microscopy is the main‑stay in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in many developing countries. To overcome the drop outs, same day diagnosis is ideal. Materials and Methods: In the current study, two spot sputum samples (SS2 approach) are collected within a gap of one hour (same day sputum smear microscopy) in addition to the standard spot morning (SM) approach. The smears were stained with standard Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) and modified ZN staining techniques. Results: Out of 1537 patients, sputum smear positivity (SSP) was 9.43% (146 patients) in SM approach with standard ZN staining. Smear positivity was increased to 9.8% (151 patients) with modified ZN staining. For SS2 approach, SSP was 9.37% (144 patients) and 9.8% (151 patients) with standard and modified ZN staining procedures, respectively. Conclusions: Diagnosis of lung tuberculosis is possible with two spot sputum samples with modified ZN staining.

Comparación de ketorolaco sublingual contra metamizol endovenoso en el manejo del dolor posoperatorio en cirugía de corta estancia / Comparison of sublingual ketorolac vs. IV metamizole in the management of pain after same-day surgery

Introducción: El dolor posquirúrgico es uno de los retos más importantes en cirugía, los estudios comparativos con ketorolaco en pacientes con cirugía de corta estancia se han restringido generalmente a la administración intravenosa. Por lo tanto, comparamos la eficacia analgésica de ketorolaco sublingual y metamizol en cirugía de corta estancia. Material y métodos: Ensayo clínico controlado ciego simple; los pacientes recibieron 30 mg de ketorolaco sublingual o 1 g de metamizol endovenoso, cada ocho horas, durante las primeras 24 horas posoperatorio. Se evaluó dolor con la escala análoga visual (EVA). También fueron evaluados los efectos colaterales. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó t de dos colas o U de Mann-Whitney y la prueba exacta de Fisher o χ2, además del cálculo de reducción de riesgo absoluto, razón de momios (OR), intervalo de confianza a 95 %, reducción del riesgo relativo y número necesario a tratar. Resultados: El consumo de analgésico suplementario fue mayor en el grupo de metamizol pero sin diferencia significativa (p = 0.286). Durante el estudio, la EVA promedio fue menor para ketorolaco que para metamizol, sobre todo a las ocho horas de posoperatorio, pero sin diferencia estadística (p = 0.06). La reducción del riesgo absoluto para cuadros de dolor severo fue de casi 5 % (OR = 1.78). No hubo diferencia en la presentación de efectos adversos (p = 0.642). Conclusiones: Tanto ketorolaco como metamizol demostraron un efecto comparable y pueden ser utilizados con seguridad.

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic pain is one of the most important outcome measures in surgery. Comparative studies investigating ketorolac efficiency in ambulatory surgery have generally been restricted to IV administration. We compared analgesic effectiveness of sublingual ketorolac and metamizole in short stay surgery. METHODS: This was a randomized single-blind clinical trial. All patients received either a three-dose (30 mg) of sublingual ketorolac or 1 g of IV metamizole, respectively. We evaluated pain with a visual/analog scale (VAS). Side effects were also recorded. Statistical analysis included t-test or Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher exact test or chi(2). Absolute risk reduction (ARR), odds ratio (OR), confidence interval (CI), relative risk ratio (RRR) and numbers needed to treat (NNT) were also evaluated. RESULTS: Rescue doses of analgesics were greater in patients receiving metamizole although the difference was not significant (p = 0.286). Mean VAS score was lower in the ketorolac group at 8 h after surgery, with no statistical difference (p = 0.06). ARR for severe pain score was almost 5% (OR = 1.78). Adverse effects did not show differences between groups (p = 0.642). CONCLUSIONS: Ketorolac and metamizole have comparable effects and can be safely used in ambulatory settings.

Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Accompanied by Severe Osteoarthritis of Knee: Comparison between Staged Operations and Same-day Operations / 대한척추외과학회지

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study. OBJECTIVE: To compare the peri-operative morbidity of patients who undergo same-day operations for lumbar spinal stenosis accompanied by severe osteoarthritis of knee with those who undergo staged operations . SUMMARY AND LITERATURE REVIEW: There is no report on the peri-operative morbidity of same-day operations for patients who have a concurrent lumbar spinal stenosis and severe osteoarthritis of the knee, even though elective surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis or total knee arthroplasty are safe procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1996 to December 2005, 11 patients who underwent staged operations for lumbar spinal stenosis and concomitant osteoarthritis of the knee (Group I) and 14 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty and lumbar spinal decompression and fusion on the same-day (Group II) were compared in terms of the operative time, blood loss, perioperative complications and admission days. The data was analyzed statistically using a chi-square test through SPSS v.10.0. RESULTS: The mean surgery time in groups I and II was 266+/-34.4 minutes and 258+/-54.2 minutes, respectively. The estimated blood loss during operation of groups I and II was 1055+/-229.6 and 925+/-174.0. There was no statistical differences between the two groups. There were no life-threatening complications in any group. The admission period for group I and group II were 41.0+/-6.05 days and 30.1+/-5.10 days respectively, but there was no statistical significance. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the surgical time, estimated blood loss, and complications between the group that underwent the staged operations and the group that underwent same-day operations. A possible surgical option is to perform both procedures on the same day.