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A study of sources of finance which the household resorts to, in order to meet the hospitalization expense can be of use to policy makers who may want to work in the direction of providing financial security against hospitalization expenses to the masses. In this view, an attempt has been made to study the sources of finance for hospitalized treatment at an individual level based on criteria such as level of living, socio-economic background, level of care in India, as well as at state level through unit level data of the survey on “Social Consumption related to Health”, conducted by National Sample Survey (NSS) during January, 2014 to June, 2014. It has been found that the household's income or saving is not sufficient to meet the expenditure for hospitalized treatment and people have to borrow or arrange finance by other means for hospitalized treatment across the country. The results thereby suggest inputs to policy makers and re-establish the necessity of appropriate policy in order to provide financial security against escalating medical expenses.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The prevalence rate, distribution, and reasons of immature permanent-tooth trauma in Xi'an were investigated and described, and a scientific basis was provided for the decision-making of health-administration departments.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Through cluster and simple random sampling survey, 4 013 pupils in schools from nine districts and four counties in Xi'an were sampled. All pupils and their parents were requested to complete a questionnaire. Oral examinations were conducted for children who had immature permanent teeth trauma. The number of trauma teeth and teeth were recorded. Survey data were analyzed statistically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence rate of immature permanent dental trauma was 10.5% in Xi'an. No significant differences were observed between districts and counties (P>0.05). The peak age of permanent dental trauma was at 7-9 years old, and the most was at 8 years old (31.5%). The first reason of trauma was falling down (50.9%), and the second reason was crash (36.0%). The most common trauma teeth were maxillary incisors (75.4%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The prevalence rate of immature permanent teeth trauma in Xi'an was in the middle of all international levels. Children, who are vulnerable to dental trauma at their age, should be provided with appropriate prevention measures to reduce the incidence of dental trauma.</p>
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Objective: To investigate the situation and distribution characteristics of birh defects among the children aged 0 - 5 years old in JUin province, and to discuss the intervention countermeasures of birth defects. Methods: The subjects were selected through multi-stage proportional cluster random sampling method. In the eastern, central and western regions of JUin province, a total of 90 townships (towns, streets) in 15 counties (cities, districts) were selected as the survey sites. A retrospective study was conducted on all the children bom from 1 October 2008 to 30 September 2013 in all the survey sites. A total of 48 720 samples were collected from 0 - 5 years old children in Jilin province, 291 samples were excluded, and 48 429 were valid samples. The self-designed questionnaire was used for survey, Epi Data 3. 1 software was used for the entry of data, SPSS 21. 0 Statistical software was used for the statistical analysis. χ2 test was used to compare the incidence of birth defects of the children. Results: There were 48 429 effective samples and 517 cases of them were defected children. The total incidence of birth defects of the children aged 0 - 5 years in Juin province was 10. 68 %o. The incidence of boys (11. 52%o) was higher than that of girls (9. 56%0)χ2 -83. 768, P<0. 01). The incidence of birth defects of the children in countryside (11. 87%o) was higher than that in tovyn (9. 64%0) (χ2=5. 651, P=0. 017). The top five kinds of diseases vyith high incidence of birth defects were congenital heart disease, Polydactyly (toe), congenital hydrocephalus, cleft lip and cleft palate, and spina bifida. Conclusion: The incidence of birth defects of the children aged 0 - 5 years old in Jilin province is at a low level, and the differences in the incidence of birth defects between genders and urban and rural is significant (Congenital heart disease has the highest detection rate in birth defects in juin province.
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Objective To explore the unmet needs and service of rehabilitation for Chinese people with disabilities. Methods The unmet needs and services of rehabilitation data from the Second National Sample Survey of Disability and 2006-2016 Statistical Bulletin on the De-velopment of People with disabilities in China issued by China Disabled Persons Federation had been analyzed. Results The unmet needs of rehabilitation for people with disabilities in China were mainly included health care and support, assistive devices, rehabilitation therapy and services, poverty alleviation, accessible facilities, accessible information, and other rehabilitation needs. The highest rate of unmet needs of rehabilitation was in the fields of health care (34.84%) and poverty alleviation (33.25%). There were significant differences in unmet needs of rehabilitation among people with different types of disabilities (χ2=40322.1, P<0.01). For all the types of disabilities, 41.46%had not re-ceived any service and support, 30.45%received health care and support, and 0.55%received accessible information. The main approaches recommended by professionals for people with disabilities were institutional rehabilitation, and community and family based services. The main services recommended by professionals to people with psychiatric (68.18%) or visual disabilities (60.28%) were health care, to people with hearing disability (51.67%) were assistive device, and to people with intellectual (57.36%) and speech disability (47.06%) were rehabil-itation therapy and training. There were significant differences both in rehabilitation approaches and contents among people with different types of disabilities preferred by professionals (χ2=12489.9,χ2=52528.93, P<0.01). Conclusion The unmet needs of rehabilitation for people with different types of disabilities were mainly included health care and assistance, assistive devices, rehabilitation training and services, and poverty alleviation. There were significant differences among people with different types of disabilities. For service delivery, the highest rate was in health care and assistance. The gap between the service and unmet needs of poverty alleviation for people with disabilities in China was the highest. There were significant differences in rehabilitation approaches and contents recommended by professionals among people with different types of disabilities. It was recommended to construct the national and local system of policy support system and rehabilita-tion service governance, to provide precision rehabilitation services based on the unmet needs of rehabilitation, to develop the comprehen-sive rehabilitation service delivery to achieve the goal of rehabilitation for all, and to conduct scientific research on rehabilitation by using International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to provide evidence and support for the development of rehabilitation.
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Os dados utilizados no trabalho foram levantados no período de 2009 a 2010, em propriedades com criações de caprinos e ovinos, no estado de São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos através de questionário sobre manejo zootécnico e sanitário e para o estudo foi selecionada uma amostra de unidades de produção agropecuária e de animais, a fim de coletar amostras biológicas. Segundo os dados, a caprino e ovinocultura são atividades secundárias, de pequeno porte, geograficamente espalhadas. Os caprinos são criados para consumo próprio de carne e leite, enquanto que os ovinos são criados comercialmente para produção de carne. Todavia, pode-se considerar que, tanto a caprino quanto a ovinocultura do estado se apresentam com baixo uso de tecnologia, empregando técnicas simples de manejo, sem assistência zootécnica ou veterinária.(AU)
This profile of goat and sheep farms in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, is based on data collected between 2009 and 2010. Data were collected by questionnaire of livestock health management. We selected a sample of agricultural production units and animals, in order to collect biological samples. According to the data, the goat and sheep production are secondary activities, geographically scattered and with small production. The goats are raised for producers' own consumption of meat and milk, while sheep are raised commercially for meat production. However, it can be considered that both the goat and the sheep industry in the state present low use of technology, employing simple management techniques and with no veterinary or animal scientist assistance.(AU)
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Animals , Health Surveillance , Ruminants , Sheep , Animal Husbandry/methods , Animal Husbandry/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Data Collection , AgribusinessABSTRACT
As doenças crônicas de coluna, entre elas as deformidades e as dores musculares, são importantes causas de morbidade entre adultos e idosos. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a expectativa de vida de brasileiros com doenças crônicas de coluna, por sexo e idade, nos anos de 2003 e 2008. Empregou-se o método de Sullivan, combinando a tábua de vida e as prevalências de doen ças crônicas de coluna. Foram utilizadas as tá buas de vida publicadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e as prevalências de enfermidades crônicas de coluna da Pesquisa Nacio nal por Amostra Domiciliar (PNAD), dos anos selecionados. Os principais resultados indicam que, no Brasil, ao nascer em 2008, um homem poderia esperar viver 69,1 anos, 15% dos quais com doenças crônicas de coluna. Já as mulheres que nasceram neste mesmo ano, apresentavam uma expectativa de vida de 76,7 anos e espera riam viver um quinto de sua vida com problemas crônicos de coluna. No período analisado, concomitantemente aos ganhos na expectativa de vida, ocorreu um crescimento na expectativa de vida saudável, ou seja, nos anos de vida livre de doenças crônicas da coluna, tanto em termos absolutos como relativos.
Chronic spinal diseases, including deformities and muscular pain, are significant causes of morbidity among adults and the elderly. The scope of this study is to assess the life expectancy of Brazilians with chronic spinal diseases by sex and age between 2003 and 2008. The Sullivan method was used, combining the mortality/actuarial table with the prevalence of chronic spinal diseases. The mortality/actuarial tables published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) were used and the prevalence of chronic spinal diseases was taken from the Brazilian Household Sample Survey (PNAD) for the years under scrutiny. The main results indicate that a man born in Brazil in 2008 could expect to live for 69.1 years, of which 15% with chronic spinal diseases. However, women born in the same year had a life expectancy of 76.7 years and could expect to live a fifth of their lives with chronic spinal diseases. Over the period under analysis, concurrently with gains in life expectancy, there was an increase in healthy life expectancy, or length of life lived without chronic spinal diseases, both in absolute and relative terms.
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Life Expectancy , Spinal Diseases/mortality , Brazil , Chronic DiseaseABSTRACT
No study has yet attempted to measure mean out-of-pocket expenditure on health care at household level, separately for government and private health facilities in India. Therefore, this study analyses the change in the out-of-pocket expenditure between 1995-96 and 2004 for fifteen major states of India, separately for rural/urban sector and inpatient/outpatient care. Using data from the 52nd and 60th rounds of the National Sample Survey, we present a disaggregated analysis of the trends and patterns of inflation adjusted household expenditure on health care. The analysis of average household expenditure on health care demonstrated that the mean outpatient care expenditure in government health sector decreased marginally at the aggregate level in both rural and urban sector, whereas it showed a significant increase in private facilities. A substantial rural-urban differential was also observed regarding households’ mean hospitalization expenditure in private hospitals while the same was not true for government hospitals. Almost all states observed a very high growth in households’ mean hospitalization expenditure in the private sector, while it was quite low in the government sector and even negative in rural areas of some states. The same pattern was observed in the growth pattern of households’ outpatient care expenditure. The analyses indicated a little improvement in the performance of government health sector in terms of out-of pocket expenditure. The improvement was more visible in developed and less developed states than in least developed states. Similarly, the improvement was more visible in rural areas than in urban areas.
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Health Expenditures , Delivery of Health Care , IndiaABSTRACT
O câncer de colo de útero é a segunda doença mais comum entre mulheres em todo o mundo. O esfregaço de Papanicolaou é um teste simples que pode detectar a doença em um estágio precoce e curável. Embora indicado para todas as mulheres adultas, a cobertura do teste é inferior a 70 por cento das mulheres brasileiras. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se a posse de plano de saúde privado está associada à realização do exame de Papanicolaou. Foram analisados dados de 6.299 mulheres com 35 anos ou mais de idade, residentes no Rio de Janeiro, entrevistadas na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) em 2003. A fim de minimizar a ocorrência de vieses, utilizamos o escore de propensão com a técnica de pareamento, levando em consideração todas as informações do desenho amostral na estimação dos escores (pesos amostrais, estratos e unidades primárias de amostragem). Uma subamostra de 2.348 mulheres foi então obtida, com covariáveis socioeconômicas e biológicas distribuídas igualmente entre os grupos com e sem cobertura de plano de saúde privado (1.174 pares). Os resultados com utilização de modelo de regressão logística mostraram que a chance de realizar o exame Papanicolaou é 26,1 por cento maior (OR=1,261; p=0,096; IC 95 por cento=[0,96; 1,66]) para mulheres com plano de saúde quando comparadas às mulheres sem cobertura de plano de saúde, no nível de significância de 10 por cento. Os resultados indicam a necessidade da extensão do rastreio periódico do câncer de colo de útero para todas as mulheres, reduzindo as desigualdades ainda presentes nos dias atuais.
Cervical uterine cancer is the second most common malignancy affecting women worldwide. Papanicolaou smear is a simple screening test that can detect the disease at an early and curable stage. Although indicated to every adult woman, Pap smear screening covers less than 70 percent of Brazilian women. This study aimed to evaluate if private health care insurance coverage was associated with Papanicolaou smear screening. We analyzed data from 6,299 women aged 35 years or older, resident in Rio de Janeiro state, who had been interviewed in the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) in 2003. In order to minimize the occurrence of biases, we utilized the propensity score matching method, considering all information from sample design in the scores estimation (sample weights, strata and primary sampling units). A sub-sample of 2,348 women was then obtained, with socioeconomic and biological covariates equally distributed between the groups with and without private health insurance coverage (1,174 pairs). Logistic regression model was then used and the results showed that the chance of Papanicolaou smear screening is 26.1 percent higher (OR=1.261; p=0,096; CI 95 percent= [0.96;1.66]) for women with health insurance coverage when compared to women without health insurance coverage at 10 percent of significance. The results indicate the need of extending periodic cervical cancer screening for all women, reducing the inequalities still present nowadays.
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Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Insurance, Health/statistics & numerical data , Vaginal Smears/statistics & numerical data , Propensity ScoreABSTRACT
Objective To understand the application of dietary supplements among adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2MD) in two areas of China. Methods A total of 615 T2MD patients were recruited from three hospitals in Beijing and Shenyang, with convenience sampling for the study using self-reported questionnaires. Data were statistically analyzed. Results Overall 34. 8% of the participants (22.5% in Beijing and 45.5% in Shenyang, respectively) reported ever use of at least one dietary supplement in the past 12 months. The most commonly used supplement was royal jelly ( 16. 1% ), followed by vitamins ( 10. 1% ), calcium (8. 8% ),fish oil (7. 3% ), spirulina (3.9%), and lecithin (2. 3% ). Except that royal jelly was used for complementary treatment for T2MD, most of the other supplements were used for improving their body defense. In addition, more than 20 other health dietary supplements were also used for diabetes-related conditions in 8. 5% of the participants surveyed. The participants' main sources of information about dietary supplements were from mass media or recommendations by relatives and friends. About half of supplements users perceived that the dietary supplements were effective. The application of dietary supplements was associated with gender, educational background, living area,perceived burden of medical cost, stage of diabetes, comorbidity, and body mass index (BMI) of the patients ( all P ＜0. 05). Conclusions Dietary supplements are widely used among T2MD patients in Beijing and Shenyang.The types of these dietary supplements are diverse and lack professional instructions. It is recommended that information on dietary supplements should be included in diabetes education.
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Objective To investigate and to analyze the extend,structure,regional distribution,and causes of the hearing disability in Guangxi,from the information gathered from the second national sample survey among the disabled;to evaluate the present situation of hearing disability among Guangxi residents;and to provide basis for setting up effective preventing and intervening program for the hearing disabled.Methods The sampling methods was used to carry out a selective examination among 200 sample areas,including 25 counties and 100 villages.There were about 400 residents in each area,22 569 families,80 712 people involved in the survey with the sampling rate of 1.730%.The standard time began at 0 o'clock,April 1st,2006.Results Among the 5 837 disabled,1 467 were hearing disabled,accouting for 25.13% of the total.70 were grade 1 hearing diability(4.770% of the total number of the disabled);127 were of grade 2 hearing diability (8.660% of the total number of the disabled);689 grade 3 hearing diability (46.98% of the total number of the disabled);581 grade 4 hearing diability(39.600% of the total number of the disabled).The distribution of primary causes indecated that 911 were age related hearing loss,accounting for 62.10%;155 had unknown cause,accounting for 10.570%;158 ontological disease,accounting for 10.770%;111 systemic disease,accounting for 7.57%;132 had other reasons,accounting for 8.99%.Among all,821 were male (560%),646 were female (440%).The gender ratio was 1.27:1.910 were rural residents (620%),557 urban residents (38%).The age distribution was:3 under six (0.20%),10 from 7 to 17 (0.68%),215 from 18 to 59 (14.66%),1 239 over 60 (84.46 %).Conclusion Hearing disability is of the highest incidence among all kinds of disability in Guangxi.Most of the hearing impaired are associated with age and ear disease.Therefore prevention,education and treatment can help reduce the incidence of hearing disability.
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Objective To explore the relationship between social participation and needs for rehabilitation of the disabled in Guangdong Province and to make a proposal for developing the rehabilitation strategies. Meth-ods The data of the Second National Sample Survey of Disabled Persons in Guangdong Province was used in this study. Ranked data analysis was made with the sub-items of the social participation assessment and the main needs of the disabled individuals. Results Significantly statistical differences were revealed with regard to the constitu-ent ratio of needs for rehabilitation services among people with different degrees of difficulties in social participation caused by hearing and visual impairments as well as physical and mental disabilities. No significant difference was found in terms of the constituent ratio of rehabilitation needs among those with difficulties in speech and those with psychiatric diseases. The major rehabilitation needs focused on medical service, assistive apparatus support and functional trainings. Conclusions The rehabilitation needs were different among different categories of disabled persons. Rehabilitation services should be provided accordingly.
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Objective To understand the present situation and the changes of epidemiological characteristics of people with physical disabilities during the past 20 years in China.Methods Data regarding physical disability from China National Sample Survey on Disability in 1987 and 2006 were collected and analyzed as well as compared with different epidemiological methods.Results In China,it was estimated that the overall prevalence of physical disabilities(PD)was 1.42% and there was an increase of 16.57 million people with PD for the past 20 years.In 1987,mild extremities took the largest proportion among all the people with PD.so as in 2006.The prevalence of PD was 3.76% in Tibet Autonomous Region which was also the highest in the country while Guangdong province had the lowest-0.64% in 1987.However,in 2006,Beijing had the highest prevalence of 3.20%,and the Zhejiang province the lowest-1.74%.PD prevalence increased in almost all China except Tibet Autonomous Region while Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region had the largest increase.The prevalence of PD showed an obvious increase in the rural areas exceeding the urban areas.The prevalence of PD in males was higher than in females.The trend that the increase of age-specific physical disability prevalence parallel to the increase of age.had not changed during the past 20 years.However the prevalence of different age groups with PD distinctly did change.The prevalence of PD in 0-14 of age only increased 0.10% while the prevalence in 65 year olds and over had increased 5.35% during the past 20 years.Conclusion During the past 20 years.the total number of people with physically disabled had increased in China.Factors as living in the North and Northeastern parts of the country or in the rural areas,being males and elderly,had become the highrisk populations.
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Objective To explore the status of rehabilitation demands and services of persons with disability in Beijing and to provide evidence for rehabilitation establishment programmed by government and civil society.Methods Using both qualitative and descriptive methodologies to analyze the data of 4852 disabled persons who had been confirmed of requiring rehabilitation services in Beijing.Data was from the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability in conferring the demands for rehabilitation services.Results The consciousness and demand for rehabilitation was higher among urban disabled residents than those living in the rural areas.Demand on rehabilitation training from children was accounted for 75.23%.Rates of demand on assistant device and medieal service among the elderly were 57.05%,66.86% respectively.Primary rehabilitation format of grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ appeared to be community-based and family service while grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ were institutional rehabilitation programs.Rates on needs regarding vision and limb accounted for 85.23% and 59.91% respectively.76.95% of the disability persons among intelligentsia needed community and family service.The rates on demand of medical treatment of mental,vision.limbs services were 92.80%,86.77% and 68.24% respectively while the demand for assistant device of hearing disability was 83.09%.Rates of demand on rehabilitative training from mental,diction and mind disabled were 84.36%.77.42%.62.82%.Other kinds of demand and services seemed relatively low other than medical treatment.Conclusion The gap between demand and salvation on rehabilitation was relatively great,suggesting the enhancement of disabled rehabilitation programs be strengthened to promote the build-up of a correct concept on rehabilitation among the disabled.Demands from the disabled persons should be extensively met.
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@#Objective To investigate the needs of rehabilitations in persons with mental retardation in Beijing.Methods 738 persons with mental retardation surveyed in the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability were involved,their rehabilitation condition and requisition were evaluated.Results 63.69% of them needed rehabilitation in community and family,73.31% needed rehabilitation training,their needs on medical service were met,needs on rehabilitation training were above provided service,needs on assistance articles and utensils were low,and needs on employment were high.Conclusion The case management system for persons with mental retardation should be built to meet their rehabilitation requisitions on different age and grade with various approaches.
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Since the first survey done in 1983, this is the second national sample survey of medical students about their perception and evaluation on medical study, career plan, and medical care system. One out of every 10 students plus one in each class were systematically sampled from each grade year of 32 medical schools in Korea that had students from freshman to senior in November 1997. A questionnaire was developed by adding items related with recent changes in medical care environment and with viewpoint on medicine and physician as an occupation to the questionnaire used in 1983. The questionnaire was administered at each school under the supervision of designated collaborator of the same school in December 1997 through January 1998. A total of 1,386 students were sampled from a total of 11,987 medical students and 1,233 students(89.0%) filled out the questionnaire. Twelve students were excluded from the analysis because of incomplete response and the final analysis was done for 1,221 students. A few demographic characteristics of the sample were compared with those of the study population to check the representativeness of the sample and found no skew. The contents of the study were divided into three parts and the first part describes the study methods, demographic and other characteristics of the sample, students' viewpoint on medical education, and students' aptitude for medicine Male students accounted for 75.7% of the sample. The proportion of students who entered medical school right after graduating from a high school was 45.8% in Seoul and 53.4% in other than Seoul area. The students who classified their own political inclination conservative were 43.9% in Seoul and 33.0% in other than Seoul and the percentage of students with progressive inclination was higher in out of Seoul than Seoul area. The proportion of students who have a religion was 57.2%; Christian 31.0%, Catholic 15.2%, and Buddhist 9.5%. The educational level of fathers of students was far higher than the level of general population, e.g. 59.8% had college or higher education. Occupation of fathers was mainly white-collar worker; professional worker 21.2%, company employee 17.2%, government official 13.1%, manager 11.8%, and medical professional 8.7%. In the decision-making process to enter the medical school, 53.7% of the students were influenced by someone else and 62.1% of them were parents. Socio-economic factor was the most common reason for recommending medical school and it accounted 33.5% of the reasons. Medical students enjoy learning life phenomenon(47.2%) and human being(44.3%) in medical study but most disturbing factors are memory work(39.7%) and too much to study(34.1%). If students were given another chance to choose a college as a senior student in high school, 50.3% of them said that they would choose medical school. Only 6% of students have intention to change their major subject of study if they are allowed to change now. The proportion of students who consider their scholastic aptitude is compatible with medical study was 64.9% and such proportion increased with grade. The percentage of students who are going to recommend medical school to their own son in the future was 36.6% for male and 26.7% for female students and to their own daughter 33.6% and 27.7%, respectively.