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Phytochemicals are produced by plants as secondary metabolites to protect the plants from predators. When the parts of the plant, which are rich in different phytochemical constituents, are consumed by humans, they can cure different diseases. Phytochemicals from Santalum albumplant extract are traditionally used to cure Jaundice. Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that Isohamnetin can effectively deactivate the enzyme, thereby interrupting the life cycle of the organism
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The aim of this study was to investigated the biological diversity, antibacterial activites and the plant growth-promoting traits of endophytic fungi of sandal (Santalum album), and to assess their potential in the development of antibacterial substances and rapid cultivation of sandal. The results of isolation and taxa analysis of endophytic fungi from sandal showed that 325 strains of endophytic fungi belonging to 16 genera of endophytic fungi were isolated from sandal (of which 86 from roots, 105 from stems and 134 from leaves). The isolation rate and colonization rate of endophytic fungi in different sandal parts showed the same pattern of change: leave>stems>roots. The diversity index of endophytic fungi in sandal roots was significantly higher than that of stems and leaves. The dominant endophytic fungi of sandal roots, stems and leaves showed significant differences. The dominant endophytic fungi of roots were Fusarium (50.00%) and Alternaria (10.47%), Alternaria (58.11%) and Acremonium (20.00%) for stems, and Pantoea (74.63%) for leaves. The antibacterial activity of 40 representative strains of sandal endophytic fungi were analyzed and the results showed that 90% of endophytic fungi exhibited inhibitory activity against at least one of the tested bacteria strains, and the strains with inhibitory activity to Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis accounted for 45.0%, 30%, 47.5%, 55%, 72.5%, and 62.5%, respectively. The sandal fungal endophytes with plant growth-promoting characteristics were screened, and 5 strains of endophytic fungi with phosphorus-solubilizing activity, 8 strains of endophytic fungi producing IAA, and 4 strains of endophytic fungi producing siderophores were found. Among them, endophytic fungus Monilia sp TXRF45 clould produced IAA and siderophores, and also show phosphate-solubilizing activity. The results indicated that the endophytic fungi of Sandal were rich in species diversity and their distribution had a certain tissue specificity. Some strains showed good antibacterial activity and growth-promoting properties, which could potentially applicable for the development of antibacterial substances and rapid cultivation of sandal.
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Aim: In the present work, we have studied the effect of L ascorbic acid (LAA) on the regeneration of plants from different families cultured in vitro. Study Design: Plants belonging to three different families are cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with and without 1μg/ml L ascorbic acid (LAA), in the absence of any other growth regulators. Thus the study brings out the effect of LAA on plant regeneration. In addition regeneration capacity of LAA involving other growth regulators was also studied. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College, Bangalore, India, between August 2012-August 2013. Methodology: The work was conducted on Centella asiatica, Santalum album, and Trigonella foenumgraecum. C. asiatica and T. foenumgraecum are herbaceous whereas S. album is a tropical woody plant. Stem explants of C. asiatica and S. album and the seed explants of T. foenumgraecum were used for the in vitro culture and chlorophyll content in thus obtained leaflets was measured. Further, growth related parameters such as shoot/root length, leaf areas were measured. Results: LAA aided the shoot regeneration in all the three plants cultured in vitro. In C. asiatica and T. foenumgraecum it resulted in the regeneration of plantlets with shoots and roots, however in the case of S. album only shoot regeneration occurred. Chlorophyll content was found to be higher in the in vitro plants grown in the presence of LAA. Shoot/root lengths and area of leaves were more in LAA grown plants as compared to control plants. Conclusion: In vitro culture of stem explants of C. asiatica and seed explants of T. foenumgraecum revealed that supplementing LAA aided in the whole plant regeneration, whereas in the case of S. album supplementing LAA only resulted in the shoot regeneration, but no root formation. Shoot/root lengths, area of leaves and chlorophyll content was found to be higher in the in vitro grown plants with LAA as compared to those grown without LAA, suggesting that LAA is mitigating the function of both auxin and cytokinin. Enhanced chlorophyll production in in-vitro grown plants with LAA is suggestive of involvement of LAA in chlorophyll biosynthesis/protection from degradation and hence the regeneration. Through our results, we show that using LAA in the culture medium can result in regeneration of whole plants. The effect was observed in plants belonging to different families indicating LAA could be used as a general growth enhancer and adding LAA would be beneficial in the regeneration of whole plants.
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Objective: To establish a HPLC method for in vivo determination of gallic acid (GA) and protocatechuic acid (PA) in rat plasma, and to study the effect of Sandalwood on the pharmacokinetics of GA and PA. Methods: SD rats were given the water extracts of Choerospondiatis fruit or Choerospondiatis fruit and Sandalwood. The pharmacokinetic parameters of GA and PA were calculated by DAS2. 0 software at different time points after an oral ration of the above extracts. Results: The pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of Choerospondiatis fruit extract were as follows: GA: Cmax: (0.112±0.008) mg·L-1, CL/F: (0.132±0.016) L·min-1·kg-1, t1/2β: (69.3±0) min, Tmax: (45.0±0) min; PA: Cmax: (0.550±0.028) mg·L-1, Tmax: (52.0±0) min, t1/2β, (60.7±1.1) min; CL/F: (0.078±0.011) L·min-1·kg-1. The pharmacokinetic parameters after oral ration of Choerospondiatis fruit-Sandalwood extract were as follows: GA: Cmax: (0.187±0.010) mg·L-1, CL/F: (0.094±0.017) L·min-1·kg-1, t1/2β: (69.3±3.3) min, Tmax: (30.0±0) min; PA: Cmax: (1.080±0.066) mg·L-1, Tmax: (45.0±0) min, t1/2β: (69.3±0.2) min, CL/F: (0.011±0.001) L·min-1·kg-1. Conclusion: Oral ration of Choerospondiatis fruit-Sandalwood extract results in earlier plasma peaks of PA and GA, lower clearance rate, and longer half life, indicating Sandalwood can promote the absorption of phenolic compounds in Choerospondiatis fruit.
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Objective To observe the influences of ether soaking method, solven t refluxing method and steam distilling method on the content and chemical compo nents of volatile oil from Lignum Santali. Methods Gas chromatograph_mass sp ectrogram (GC_MS) analysis was adopted. Results The content of santalol in t he oi l from Lignum Santali extracted by ether soaking was a little higher than that i n the volatile oil extracted by steam distilling, and their chemical components are similar. The total content of volatile oil extracted by solvent refluxing me thod was 3.35%, much higher than that by steam distilling metho d. GC_MS analysis showed the content of santalol and other chemical components a re similar by the two methods. Conclusion Ether soaking method can be used f or the qualitative analysis of volatile oil from Lignum Santali. Extraction of s antalum oil by steam distilling method is incomplete.