ABSTRACT
In this study, different extract fractions (aqueous, ethanol, methanol, hexane, diethyl ether and chloroform) of Sapium ellipticum (SE) leaf obtained by cold extraction method were screened for phytochemicals, and antimicrobial sensitivity. The percentage yield of extract was highest in methanol fraction (22.8%) and lowest in chloroform (3.64%). Flavonoids, steroids, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides were collectively observed in the fractions. More phytochemicals were observed in ethanol fraction than other fractions. Quantitative estimation of the powdered leaf sample showed 10.8±0.54% flavonoids, 9.24±0.12% alkaloids, 7.26±1.01% tannins, 1.63±0.14% glycosides and 74.2±3.12mgGAE/g total phenols. Eight human pathogenic microbes (four bacteria, three fungi and yeast) were used to evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity of the different extract fractions using agar well diffusion method. A broad spectrum antimicrobial efficacy was observed in the relatively more polar fractions (ethanol, methanol and aqueous), with ethanol having the highest potency (minimum inhibitory concentration range of 6.25-50 mgmL-1) on the microorganism strains for which the fractions were reactive. Conversely, the less polar fractions (diethyl ether, chloroform and hexane) were largely resisted by the microbial isolates. Only methanol and ethanol fractions were effective against yeast growth. Except for penicillin camemberti which was slightly sensitive to ethanol extract, the fungal isolates generally resisted the investigated fractions. Overall, findings from this study indicates that polar solvents extracts of Sapium ellipticum, particular ethanol fraction are rich in arrays of phytochemicals, and are capable of eliciting strong antibacterial activities, as much as 113-375% potency in comparison to Sensitive Disk Test (SDT) containing known antimicrobial drugs such as Ofloxacine (OFL), Gentamycin (GEN), Chloramphenicol (CHL), Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and cephalexin (CXC).
ABSTRACT
Objective To examine the effects of Sapium ellipticum (SE) leaf extract on the hepatic activities of glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Methods STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats (four groups, n = 8) were used in this study. SE was assessed at two different doses, 400 and 800 mg/kg BW, in comparison with metformin (METF) (12 mg/kg BW) as a reference antidiabetic drug. All treatments were done orally (p.o), twice daily at 8 h interval for a period of 21 days. Glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities were respectively determined using standard protocols. Hepatic and muscle glycogen contents were estimated as well. Results STZ caused significant decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase activity and concomitant increase in glucokinase activity. SE extract especially at 400 mg dosage significantly reversed the alterations by increasing glucokinase activity by 40.31% and inhibiting glucose-6-phosphatase activity by 37.29% compared to diabetic control animals. However, the effects were significantly lower than that of METF which enhanced glucokinase activity by 94.76% and simultaneously inhibited glucose-6-phosphatase activity by 49.15%. The extract also improved hepatic glycogen level by 32.37 and 27.06% at 400 and 800 mg dosage respectively. HPLC-MS analysis of some SE fractions in dynamic MRM mode (using the optimized compound-specific parameters) revealed among other active compounds, the presence of amentoflavone, which has been associated with antidiabetic function. Conclusions The ability of SE extract to concurrently inhibit glucose-6-phosphatase and activate glucokinase in this study suggests that it may be a treatment option for type 2 diabetes patients, and the presence of amentoflavone in the plant extract may account for its anti-diabetic potential.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To examine the effects of Sapium ellipticum (SE) leaf extract on the hepatic activities of glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Methods: STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats (four groups, n=8) were used in this study. SE was assessed at two different doses, 400 and 800 mg/kg BW, in comparison with metformin (METF) (12 mg/kg BW) as a reference antidiabetic drug. All treatments were done orally (p.o), twice daily at 8 h interval for a period of 21 days. Glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities were respectively determined using standard protocols. Hepatic and muscle glycogen contents were estimated as well. Results: STZ caused significant decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase activity and concomi-tant increase in glucokinase activity. SE extract especially at 400 mg dosage significantly reversed the alterations by increasing glucokinase activity by 40.31%and inhibiting glucose-6-phosphatase activity by 37.29%compared to diabetic control animals. However, the ef-fects were significantly lower than that of METF which enhanced glucokinase activity by 94.76%and simultaneously inhibited glucose-6-phosphatase activity by 49.15%. The extract also improved hepatic glycogen level by 32.37 and 27.06% at 400 and 800 mg dosage respectively. HPLC-MS analysis of some SE fractions in dynamic MRM mode (using the optimized compound-specific parameters) revealed among other active compounds, the presence of amentoflavone, which has been associated with antidiabetic function. Conclusions: The ability of SE extract to concurrently inhibit glucose-6-phosphatase and activate glucokinase in this study suggests that it may be a treatment option for type 2 diabetes patients, and the presence of amentoflavone in the plant extract may account for its anti-diabetic potential.