ABSTRACT
In this study, we evaluated several agronomic characteristics of S. divaricata when grown in various regions in Vietnam, including Northeast, Northwest, and Central Highlands. Among the three regions, S. divaricata grown in Northwestern Vietnam has the highest yield reaching 6.21 tons/ha, with a total active ingredient content of 0.655% (Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin 0.383% and 5-O-methylvisamminoside 0.272%). This is followed by the Central Highlands of which S. divaricata yielded 4.12 tons/ha, with a total active ingredient content is 0.543% (Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin 0.292% and 5-O-methylvisamminoside 0.251%). The lowest yield of S. divaricata was recorded in Northeast with 3.13 tons/ha, of which a total active ingredient content was 0.394% with 0.253% for Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin and 0.141% for 5-O- methylvisamminoside. With the applied analytical conditions, HPLC - DAD chromatograms are obtained with sharp peaks of prim-O-glucosylcimifugin (tR = 7.51 min) and 5-O-methylvisamminoside (tR = 20.23 min) , balanced, clear on the background of the medicinal plants Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. In particular, the applicable analytical conditions allow for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of both prim-O-glucosylcimifugin and 5- O-methylvisaminoside. The results of building the standard curve prim-O-glucosylcimifugin Y = (16146)X – 4020.3, R2 = 0.9992, standard curve 5-O- methylvisamminoside Y = (20490)X – 6921.8, R2 = 0.9999. The quantitative results of prim-O-glucosylcimifugin and 5-O- methylvisamminoside in all regions were slightly higher than that of the pharmacopoeias of Vietnam, China and Hong Kong with the total active ingredient content not less than 0.24%. Thus, The study concluded that Vietnam is a country that can develop medicinal plants Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk
ABSTRACT
Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk (S. divaricata, Fangfeng) is a herb in the Apiaceae family, and its root has been used since the Western Han Dynasty (202 B.C.). Chromones and coumarins are the pharmacologically active substances in S. divaricata. Modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies have demonstrated their antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and anticoagulant activities. Technological and analytical strategy theory advancements have yielded novel results; however, most investigations have been limited to the main active substances-chromones and coumarins. Hence, we reviewed studies related to the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of S. divaricata, analyzed the developing trends and challenges, and proposed that research should focus on components' synergistic effects. We also suggested that, the structure-effect relationship should be prioritized in advanced research.
Subject(s)
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Coumarins/pharmacology , Apiaceae/chemistry , ChromonesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#Early bolting of Saposhnikovia divaricata has seriously hindered its medicinal value and sustainable development of resources. The molecular mechanism of bolting and flowering of S. divaricata is still unclear and worth of research. In our study, we explored the transcriptome of the genes related to the bolting and flowering of S. divaricata.@*METHODS@#The transcriptome library was constructed, sequenced, assembled and annotated from the bolting and unbolting leaves of S. divaricata by high-throughput sequencing at the bud and flowering stage. Focus on the pathways related to bolting and flowering in plants, and exploring genes. The expression of seven candidate genes was verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR).@*RESULTS@#Transcriptome results showed that 249 889 422 high-quality clean reads were obtained. A total of 67 866 unigenes were assembled with an average length of 948.1 bp. Trinity de Novo assembly produced 67 866 unigenes with an average length of 948.1 bp. Among 993 differentially expressed genes, 484 genes were significantly up-regulated and 509 genes were down-regulated in the SdM group. A total of 79 GO terms were significantly enriched for differentially expressed genes. KEGG results showed that 11 154 unigenes were enriched in 89 pathways. And 21 candidate genes related to bolting and flowering of S. divaricata were excavated. The qRT-PCR results showed that expression trends of HDA9, PHYB, AP2, TIR1, Hsp90, CaM, and IAA7 were consistent with transcriptomic sequencing results. In addition, RNA-seq had identified 10 740 transcription factors and classified them into 58 families by their conserved domains. Further studies showed that the transcription factors regulating the flowering of S. divaricata were mainly distributed in the NAC, MYB_related, HB-other, ARF, and AP2 families.@*CONCLUSION@#Based on the results of this study, it was found that the plant hormone signal transduction pathway was one of the decisive factors to control bolting and flowering. Among them, auxin related genes IAA and TIR1 are the key genes in the bolting and flowering process of S. divaricata.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Saposhnikoviae Radix (Fangfeng in Chinese), the roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata, lacks commodity specification and grade standardization in the current market. This study investigated the existing specifications and grades of Saposhnikoviae Radix to provide a standardized scientific reference for its market use. Methods: Based on a textual research of Chinese herbal medicine from the Han Dynasty to the present, medicinal materials of different specifications and grades obtained from Saposhnikoviae Radix in the main producing areas of China were collected and the markets for these materials were investigated. Field investigations were performed in the major producing areas such as Northeast China, Hebei Province, and Inner Mongolia. Four major Chinese herbal medicine markets in China were investigated. Sensory indices were used to categorize the two specifications (wild and cultivated) according to the shape, color, texture, and cross-section. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to determine the active components. Vernier calipers and measuring tape were used to measure the diameter and length, respectively, of 41 samples. Using Excel and the R Language software, cluster analysis and descriptive statistical analysis were performed to assist in the application of new specifications and grades based on physical characteristics, pharmacological activity, and chemical composition. Results: The two specifications (wild and cultivated) of Saposhnikoviae Radix were divided into three grades each based on the length and diameter. Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, 5-O-methylvisamminoside, and the length of Saposhnikoviae Radix can be used as a basis for classifying the commodity specifications and grades. The specifications and grade standards of Saposhnikoviae Radix were established based on the following eight aspects: shape, surface characteristics, texture, cross section, taste, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin content, 5-O-methylvisamminoside content and length. Conclusion: The formulation of this standard stipulates the commodity specification level of Saposhnikoviae Radix. It is also suitable for the evaluation of commodity specifications in the process of production, circulation and use of Saposhnikoviae Radix.
ABSTRACT
AIM To study the chemical constituents of the secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi DL02 from Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk.and their biological activities.METHODS The ethyl acetate and methanol extract leavening from S.divaricata was isolated and purified by silica and Sephadex LH-20,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.The antifungal and antibacterial activities were determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration method.RESULTS Seven compounds were isolated and identified as β-sitosterol (1),kojic acid (2),stigmasta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6α-triol (3),uracil (4),allantoin (5),erythritol (6) and adenosine (7).Compound 4 had strong inhibitory effects on pseudomonas aeruginosa with the MIC values of 31.3 μg/mL.CONCLUSION Compounds 2-5 and 7 are isolated from this fungus for the first time.Compounds 4-5 have strong biological activities.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To develop an HPLC-DAD method for the simultaneous determination and comparative analysis on the contents of prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, 4′-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol, cimifugin, sec-O-glucosylhamaudol, psoralen, imperatorin, bergapten, and xanthotoxin in the roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata from Longxi areas. Methods: The extracts were obtained by methanol reflux method and the contents of the eight compounds were determined by HPLC-DAD. The mobile phase, consisting of acetonitrile-water, was programmed for a gradient elution. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, the detection wavelength was 254 nm, and the column temperature was 25°C. Results: Excellent linearity with correlation coefficents (r) of 0.9992-0.9999 was obtained. The average recoveries of the eight compounds were 96.2%-104.1% and all RSD values were less than 3%. The contents of the four coumarins in the roots of S. divaricata were much less than those four chromones. The contents of the four coumarins in the roots of Carum carvi and Peucedahum ledebourielloides were more than those in S. divaricta, while no chromones were detected except sec-O-glucosylhamaudol in P. ledebourielloides. Conclusion: The method appears to be simple, accurate, and well reproducible, which could be used for the simultaneous determination of the above-mentioned eight compounds in S. divaricata. According to the above analysis, C. carvi and P. ledebourielloides could not be used as the succedaneum of S. divaricata on the basis of the eight compound contents.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To study the correlation between the content of volatile oil and the rhizosphere soil from the roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata collected from different regions at different harvest time. Methods: The volatile oil from the roots of S. divaricata was extracted by steam distillation and analyzed. According to the National Standard of the People's Republic of China, we determined the pH value, total nitrogen, hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and organic matter in the rhizosphere soil of S. divaricata. The obtained data were statistically analyzed with SPSS 13.0 software. Results: The content of volatile oil in the roots of S. divaricata presented a trend of decrease with different collection regions from south to north and the main chemical components were significantly different, in which 1-(1-formylethyl)-4-(1-buten-3-yl)-benzene and β-bisabolene were found as the principal components. There was a significantly negative power function relationship between the content of volatile oil and the total nitrogen, a significantly non-linear correlation between the content of volatile oil and the hydrolysable nitrogen, but a good correlation between content of volatile oil and available phosphorus, available potassium, and the content of organic matter was found only in the first sample. There were significant good correlations of the pH value and hydrolysable nitrogen with available phosphorus, hydrolysable nitrogen, and available phosphorus with available potassium, hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium with organic matter in rhizosphere soil (P < 0.01). The significant correlation of hydrolysable nitrogen, available potassium with pH was found (P < 0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant difference among the contents of volatile oil extracted from S. divaricata collected at different harvest time. There is a negative correlation between the total nitrogen content in rhizosphere soil and the content of volatile oil, namely, the productivity of volatile oil decreases with the increase of total nitrogen content, while the optimal contents of hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and organic matter could accumulate the content of volatile oil. On the other hand, pH value may affect the content of volatile oil by modulating the other chemical properties of the rhizosphere soil.
ABSTRACT
Object To investigate the reason of the low germination and sprout rates by studying on inhibitory activities of the crude extracts of the seed of the dried root of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk (DRSD) on Brassica, wheat and the seed of DRSD. Methods The ether extract and residue of the crude extract were prepared and treated by paper chromatography. The inhibitory activities of different fractions with different Rf value were determined. Effect of steeping the seed in warm water at 41 ℃ and 45 ℃ for different periods of time was also studied, respectively. Results There are intrinsic inhibitor in the seed of DRSD with strong activity. The portion of its ether extract with Rf 0.6 showed the strongest inhibitory activity for the germination of Brassica seed. The crude extract of the seed of DRSD also has the stronger inhibitory activity to the germination and growth of tender root of S. divaricata and has the same effect on aerial part of wheat sprouts. Steeping with warm water and solvent can remove most of the intrinsic inhibitor. Conclusion Intrinsic inhibitor in the seed of DRSD is the main factor that results in the low germination and sprouting slowly after seeding.
ABSTRACT
Objective: A reversed phase HPLC method was described for determination of prim O glucosylcimifugin and 4′ O ? D glucosyl 5 O methylvisamminol in Ganmaoqingre Granules. Methods:The sample was separated on ODS column with mobile phase of methanol 40 mmol?L -1 sodium acetate pH 6.9 (35∶65) for prim O glucosylcimifugin and H 2O methanol THF(62∶38∶1) for 4′ O ? glucosyl 5 O methylvisamminol. The flow rate was 0.8 mL?min -1 , and the detection was set at 254 nm. Results: The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.72 ?g?mL -1 ～6.5?g?mL -1 for prim O glucosylcimifugin and 0.92?g?mL -1 ～16.5?g?mL -1 for 4′ O ? D glucosyl 5 O methylvisamminol( r =0.9999). The average recovery was 100.3% and 94.7%. The content of prim O glucosylcimifugin and 4′ O ? D glucosyl 5 O methylvisamminol in Ganmaoqingre Granules was 0.133 mg?g -1 and 0.167 mg?g -1 , respectively. Conclusion: The method is fast and specific for both constitutents of Ganmaoqingre Granules.