Sarcopenic obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Current evidence / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

With the aging of the global population and changes of the lifestyle, the number of patients with comorbid sarcopenic obesity and diabetes mellitus is increasing. The pathogenesis of the two diseases is closely related, and the coexistence of them may lead to more adverse outcomes. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria and epidemiology of sarcopenic obesity, evidence on its relationship with diabetes, and the management of comorbidities, aiming to provide insights for clinical practice.

Correlation between sarcopenia,sarcopenic obesity and osteoporosis in adults of Han nationality in Liaoning province / 解剖学报

Objective To understand the prevalence of sarcopenia,sarcopenic obesity and osteoporosis, and to analyze the influence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity on osteoporosis. Methods After all the people signed the informed research agreement, the experimental subjects were selected from Han people over 20 years old in Liaoning region, and a total of 1266 cases were included. The distribution of muscle mass, fat mass and bone mineral density in different parts of adults were measured by bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA) and bone densitometer, and the correlation between sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and osteoporosis in adults was studied. Results With the increase of age, the muscle mass of limbs, trunk, total muscle mass and body weight of the Han adults in Liaoning showed a trend of increasing at first and then decreasing. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity between men and women, but there was a significant difference in the prevalence of osteoporosis between men and women. The prevalence of all three groups reached the peak in the age group above 60, and the difference was statistically significant.The risk factor for osteoporosis was sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Conclusion Among adults of Han nationality in Liaoning, the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity,sarcopenia and osteoporosis is significantly different in age. Bone condition is affected by fat mass and muscle mass.

Asociación entre el nivel de autovalencia y el estado nutricional en adultos mayores chilenos

RESUMEN Introducción: La malnutrición está relacionada con una disminución de las capacidades funcionales en personas adultas mayores. Estudios en población adulta mayor han demostrado asociación directa entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y las limitaciones funcionales. Objetivo: Determinar la relación existente entre el nivel de autovalencia y el estado nutricional en población de adultos mayores chilenos. Metodología: Este estudio de carácter cuantitativo descriptivo transversal, analizó una muestra de 837 sujetos de la comuna Los Andes en Chile, a través de una base de datos anonimizada con las atenciones realizadas el año 2017. Para análisis estadístico se aplicó la prueba Chi-cuadrado con un nivel de confianza del 95%, y se determinó el OR para observar el tipo de asociación. Resultados: Según los resultados estadísticamente significativos, existe una asociación negativa entre el "estado nutricional normal" y la "autovalencia con riesgo" (OR= 0,62 p= 0,0012), comportándose como factor protector. Por otra parte, existe una asociación negativa entre el "estado nutricional de obesidad" y la "autovalencia sin riesgo" (OR= 0,51 p= 0,0001) y una asociación positiva con la "autovalencia con riesgo" (OR= 1,54 p= 0,0067) y la dependencia (OR= 1,68 p= 0,001). Conclusión: Un estado nutricional normal se asoció a un menor riesgo de dependencia en la población adulta mayor. La malnutrición por exceso podría ser un factor de riesgo de dependencia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Malnutrition is associated with decreased functional abilities in older adults. Studies in the older adult population have shown a direct association between body mass index (BMI) and functional limitations. Objective: To determine the relationship between the level of autovalence and nutritional status in a sample of elderly Chileans. Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive quantitative study analyzed a sample of 837 subjects from Los Andes, Chile, through an anonymized database from 2017. For statistical analysis, the Chi-square test was applied with a confidence level of 95%, and the OR was determined to observe the type of association. Results: We found a statistically significant protective association between "normal nutritional status" and "self-valence with risk" (OR= 0.62 p= 0.0012). In addition, we found a protective association between "obesity nutritional status" and "self-valence without risk" (OR= 0.51 p= 0.0001) and a positive association with "self-valence with risk" (OR= 1.54 p= 0.0067) and dependence (OR= 1.68 p= 0.001). Conclusion: A normal nutritional status was associated with a lower risk of dependency in a sample of older adults. Excess malnutrition could be a risk factor for dependence.

Mortality, sarcopenic obesity, and sarcopenia: Frailty in Brazilian Older People Study - FIBRA - RJ

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk of mortality associated with sarcopenic obesity (SO), obesity (OB), and sarcopenia in elderlies. METHODS We analyzed longitudinal data from 270 participants > 65 years of age of Phase III of the Study on Frailty in Brazilian Older People (FIBRA-RJ-2012). Socioeconomic, demographic, lifestyle, morbidity, and functional data were collected by home based interviews. DXA and body composition assessment was conducted in a laboratory. In women, OB was diagnosed when body fat percentage ≥ 38% and sarcopenia by an Appendicular Lean Mass Index (ALMI) < 6.00 kg/m2 and muscle strength < 16 Kgf. In men, OB was diagnosed when body fat percentage ≥ 27%, and sarcopenia was diagnosed with ALMI < 7.00 kg/m2 and muscle strength < 27 Kgf. SO was assessed by combining variables used to diagnose obesity and sarcopenia. The probabilistic linkage method was used to obtain deaths in the 2012-January 2017 period from the Brazilian Mortality Registry. Cox regression models were tested, and crude and adjusted hazard ratio calculations were conducted. RESULTS After adjusting for sex, age, race/skin color, walking as an exercise, and hypertension, individuals with sarcopenia were 5.7 times more likely to die (95%CI: 1.17-27.99) than others without sarcopenia and obesity. CONCLUSION A high risk of death was observed in individuals with sarcopenia. These results show the need for preventive strategies of early detection and treatment in order to increase survival employing multimodal interventions.

Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity and its association with functionality, lifestyle, biomarkers and morbidities in older adults: the Fibra-RJ study of frailty in older brazilian adults

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity and its association with functionality, lifestyle, biomarkers, and morbidities in older adults. METHODS: The study analyzed cross-sectional data from 270 older adults who participated in phase III of the Frailty in Brazilian Older People Study (Fragilidade em Idosos Brasileiros—Rio de Janeiro, FIBRA-RJ study-2013). They took part in a home interview surveying socioeconomic, demographic, lifestyle, morbidities, and functional data. Blood was collected for biochemical marker analysis and participants' body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. For women, the diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity was defined at a body fat percentage ≥38% and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMMI) <5.45 kg/m2. For men, a fat percentage ≥27% and ASMMI <7.26 kg/m2 was defined as sarcopenic obesity. Multivariate analysis was performed using a multinomial regression model (95% confidence intervals), with sarcopenic obesity as the outcome. RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was 29.3%. In the final fitted model, the variables that displayed statistically significant association with sarcopenic obesity were lower gait speed, self-reported medical diagnosis of arthrosis or arthritis, and high levels of glycemia. CONCLUSION: The study showed a high prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in non-institutionalized older adults in Brazil. The finding that this condition was associated with modifiable risk factors may provide insights into measures directed at prevention and reduction of the risk of sarcopenic obesity in this population subgroup.

Sarcopenic obesity can be negatively associated with active physical activity and adequate intake of some nutrients in Korean elderly: Findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2011)

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the factors related to sarcopenic obesity among the elderly in South Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 3,367 elderly (≥ 65 years) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2011) were included in this analysis. The subjects were assessed to determine their sarcopenia and obesity status. Sarcopenia was assessed by determining their appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM). Obesity was defined by the waist circumference. An association of sarcopenic obesity and the related factors was analyzed using multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: The risk of sarcopenic obesity of the subjects was decreased by active physical activity. After adjusting for age, smoking, and alcohol consumption, the risk of sarcopenic obesity in men of the highest level group (Q4) decreased by 45% (OR = 0.550, 95% CI = 0.334–0.905, P trend 0.018) compared to that in the reference group (Q1). Among the women, the risk of sarcopenic obesity in the Q3 and Q4 groups decreased by 29.0% (OR = 0.710, 95% CI = 0.512–0,984) and 56.7% (OR = 0.433, 95% CI = 0.281–0.668), respectively, compared to that in the Q1 group (P trend < 0.001). The mean daily energy intake was higher in the non-sarcopenia group than in the sarcopenia group. The risk of sarcopenic obesity in subjects not meeting the recommended intakes of energy, riboflavin, and vitamin C increased significantly by 25.4%, and 36.6%, and 32.6%, respectively, compared to that in the subjects meeting the recommended nutrient intake. CONCLUSION: Active physical activity as well as an adequate intake of energy and some vitamins might be negatively associated with the development of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in the elderly.

Application of body composition zones in boys with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

PURPOSE: Screening nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by body mass index (BMI) as a single surrogate measure for obesity has limitations. We suggest considering body composition zones by drawing a body composition chart composed of body composition indices, including BMI and percent body fat (PBF), to visualize the risk of NAFLD in obese children and adolescents.METHODS: Thirty-eight boys diagnosed with NAFLD were selected retrospectively from patients who visited Konkuk University Medical Center from 2006 to 2015. They had gone through body composition analysis by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and biochemical analyses, including a liver function test (LFT) and lipid panel, were performed. Fat-free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) were calculated from body composition analysis and height. We plotted FFMI and FMI of patients on a body composition chart and classified the patients into zones A to D. In addition, we analyzed the correlations between LFT, lipid panel, and body composition indices.RESULTS: Thirty-three of 38 boys (86.8%) were located in zone C, corresponding to high BMI and PBF. Four boys (10.5%) were located in zone D, which correlates with sarcopenic obesity. One boy located in zone B was a muscular adolescent. Alanine aminotransferase level was positively correlated with PBF, FMI, and BMI z-score.CONCLUSION: Body composition zones on a body composition chart might be useful in risk assessment in obesity-related diseases such as NAFLD. Zones on a body composition chart could have practical applications, especially in sarcopenic obese children and adolescents.

Prevalence of dynapenic obesity and sarcopenic obesity and their associations with cardiovascular disease risk factors in peritoneal dialysis patients

BACKGROUND: Dynapenic obesity and sarcopenic obesity increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in nonuremic patients. The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of dynapenic obesity and sarcopenic obesity and their associations with CVD risk factors in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. METHODS: All eligible PD patients in Tehran peritoneal dialysis centers were included in this cross-sectional study. Skeletal muscle mass and fat mass were assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Muscle strength and physical performance were determined using hand grip strength and a 4-meter walk gait speed test, respectively. In addition, a 5-mL blood sample was obtained from each patient. RESULTS: The prevalence of dynapenic obesity and sarcopenic obesity were 11.4% and 3.8% in PD patients, respectively. Serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule type 1, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly higher in PD patients with dynapenic obesity than in dynapenic nonobese and nondynapenic nonobese patients. Similarly, serum concentrations of CVD risk factors in PD patients with sarcopenic obesity were higher than in nonsarcopenic nonobese patients, but these differences were statistically significant only for serum hs-CRP and triglyceride. In addition, muscle strength and skeletal muscle mass percentage were negatively associated with markers of inflammation and dyslipidemia, whereas body fat percentage was positively associated with these CVD risk factors. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that although the prevalence of dynapenic obesity and sarcopenic obesity are relatively low in PD patients, these disorders may be associated with CVD risk factors.

Prevalence of obesity, sarcopenic obesity and associated factors: A FIBRA Network study / Prevalência da obesidade, obesidade sarcopênica e fatores associados: um estudo da Rede FIBRA

Abstract Introduction: Sarcopenic obesity in older adults may lead to an inability to use muscles efficiently and has been associated with functional deficits and disabilities. Objective: To identify the prevalence of obesity and sarcopenic obesity (SO) among community-dwelling older adults, and to characterize associated sociodemographics, health conditions and functional performance. Methods: Study data are from the FIBRA Network database of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. There were 1,373 older adult participants, subdivided into three groups: 1) non-obese; 2) non-sarcopenic obese; and 3) sarcopenic obese (SO). The latter is defined as a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and weak palmar grip strength (PGS). Results: The overall prevalence of obesity and SO among older adults was 25.85% and 4.44%, respectively, with levels of frailty and pre-frailty among at 36.1% and 59%, respectively. Gait speed (GS) was lower in the SO group as well, compared to the other groups. An average increase in GS of 0.1 m/sec reduced the likelihood of SO by 85.1%, in average. Sarcopenic obese older adults were 14.2 times more likely to be pre-fragile and 112.9 times more likely to be fragile than the other groups. Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity found in this study was higher than that in the general population, but similar to national statistics for the sample's mean age and gender. SO was directly associated with frailty in advanced and instrumental activities of daily living as well as gait speed and significantly increased the likelihood of being pre-frail and frail. GS may be an extremely useful tool for monitoring the progress of SO in older adults.

Resumo Introdução: A obesidade sarcopênica é uma condição de saúde que em idosos, pode resultar na incapacidade de utilizar os músculos de forma eficiente e tem sido associada a déficits funcionais e incapacidades. Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência da obesidade e obesidade sarcopênica (OS) e os fatores sociodemográficos, condições de saúde e medidas de desempenho funcional, associadas à OS em idosos comunitários. Métodos: Recorte do banco de dados do polo UFMG da Rede FIBRA. Participaram do estudo 1373 idosos divididos em três grupos 1) Não obesos; 2) Obesos não sarcopênicos; 3) Obesos sarcopênicos. OS foi definida por IMC ≥30 kg/m2 e baixa força de preensão palmar (FPP). Resultados: A prevalência de obesidade foi 25,85% e de OS foi 4,44%. Entre os obesos sarcopênicos a prevalência de fragilidade foi 36,1% e 59% de pré-frágilidade. A velocidade de marcha (VM) no grupo obeso sarcopênico, foi menor quando comparada aos outros grupos. Um aumento médio de 0,1m/seg na VM reduziu em média 85,1% a chance de se ter OS na amostra. Ser obeso sarcopênico aumentou em 14,2 vezes a chance de ser pré-frágil e 112,9 vezes a chance de ser frágil. Conclusão: A prevalência de obesidade foi maior que as taxas gerais, porém semelhante aos dados nacionais para a média de idade e sexo da amostra. OS se associou ao perfil de fragilidade, às atividades instrumentais e avançadas de vida diária e à velocidade de marcha. OS aumentou expressivamente a chance de o idoso ser pré-frágil e frágil e a VM pode ser uma ferramenta útil de acompanhamento da progressão da OS.

Prevalence and Factors Related to Sarcopenic Obesity among Community-dwelling Elderly Women

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to identify prevalence and identify factors related to sarcopenic obesity among community-dwelling elderly women. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of the prospective cohort study. Our analysis included 338 elderly women (≥65 years old) in South Korea as a part of the Community-dwelling Older Adult Health Cohort (COHC) Study (2014-2015). Sarcopenic obesity was defined as the Asian Working Group of Sarcopenia recommendations and upper two quintiles for percentage body fat. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors related to sarcopenic obesity including chronic diseases, medications, stress, fatigue, depression, exercise, level of proteins on body compositions, smoking, and alcohol use. RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was 6.2%. A lower protein on body compositions (OR 0.017, 95% CI 0.003-0.081, p<.001), a larger number of medications (OR 2.104, 95% CI 1.404-3.152, p<.001), and a higher level of fatigue (OR 1.255, 95% CI 1.023-1.541, p=.030) were related factors of sarcopenic obesity. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that nutritional interventions focusing on protein intakes should be needed to prevent sarcopenic obesity among the elderly women. Polypharmacy issue for preventing adverse outcomes and level of fatigue as indicator for early identification are also considered to develop community prevention programs.

Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity and Their Association with Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Postmenopausal Women: Results for the 2008-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the association between sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in Korean postmenopausal women. METHODS: We analyzed data of 2,019 postmenopausal women aged 50-64 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2008-2011 and were free of cardiovascular disease history. Blood pressure, height, and weight were measured. We analyzed the serum concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Waist circumference was used to measure obesity. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Sarcopenia was defined as the appendicular skeletal muscle mass/body weight<1 standard deviation below the gender-specific means for healthy young adults. The estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk was calculated by Pooled Cohort Equation. Subjects were classified as non-sarcopenia, sarcopenia, or sarcopenic obesity based on status of waist circumference and appendicular skeletal muscle mass. RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity was 16.3% (n=317) and 18.3% (n=369), respectively. The 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk in the sarcopenic obesity group was higher (3.82 ± 0.22%) than the normal group (2.73 ± 0.09%) and sarcopenia group (3.17 ± 0.22%) (p < 0.000). The odd ratios (ORs) for the ≥7.5% 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk were significantly higher in the sarcopenic obesity group (OR 3.609, 95% CI: 2.030-6.417) compared to the sarcopenia group (OR 2.799, 95% CI: 1.463-5.352) (p for trend < 0.000) after adjusting for independent variables (i.e., exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) score, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake and hormonal replacement therapy). CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity appear to be associated with higher risk factors predicting the 10-year risks of cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women. These findings imply that maintaining normal weight and muscle mass may be important for cardiovascular disease risk prevention in postmenopausal women.

Algunos aspectos de interés relacionados con la obesidad sarcopénica / Some aspects of interest related to sarcopenic obestiy

Se describen algunos aspectos de interés sobre la obesidad sarcopénica, entre ellos: el concepto, la prevalencia, el diagnóstico y las consecuencias desde el punto de vista clínico. Para ello se revisaron varios artículos sobre el tema en estudio, teniendo en cuenta su calidad y actualidad, según criterio de los autores. La referida obesidad representa los cambios en la composición del músculo, con disminución de su masa, lo que contribuye a aminorar su fuerza y desempeño, asociado a la infiltración grasa de este. Su prevalencia es variable según el criterio aplicado para su diagnóstico (4,4 a 84,0 por ciento en hombres, y desde 3,6 a 94,0 por ciento en mujeres), el que se realiza siguiendo criterios clínicos y complementarios. Sus consecuencias pueden ser escasas al inicio, pero con el tiempo se produce la disminución del rendimiento físico, por lo que se dificulta la realización de actividades habituales de la vida diaria, provoca, por ello, discapacidad y dependencia, un mayor uso de recursos hospitalarios y sociales, y una peor calidad de vida(AU)

Some aspects of interest on sarcopenic obesity were described including concept, prevalence, diagnosis and consequences from the clinical viewpoint. To this end, several articles on this topic were reviewed, taking into account their quality and updating, according to the author's criteria. Obesity represents the changes in the muscle composition with reduction of its mass, which contributes to reduce its strength and performance, associated to fat infiltration in it. Its prevalence is variable according to the criteria applied for its diagnosis (4.4 for 84 percent in men and 3.6 for 94 percent in women) based on clinical and supplementary criteria. Its effects are few at the beginning but as time goes by, the physical performance diminishes, so it is difficult to perform daily activities leading to disability and dependence, greater use of hospital and social resources and low quality of life(AU)

Sarcopenia: Definition, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology

The epidemiological trends that characterize our generation are the aging of the population. Aging results in a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength called sarcopenia, which is Greek for 'poverty of flesh'. Sarcopenia could lead to functional impairment, physical disability, and even mortality. Today, sarcopenia is a matter of immense public concern for aging prevention. Its prevalence continues to rise, probably as a result of increasing elderly populations all over the world. This paper addressed the definition and epidemiology of sarcopenia and its underlying pathophysiology. In addition, we summarized the abundant information available in the literature related to sarcopenia, together with results from Korean sarcopenic obesity study (KSOS) that we performed.

Associação entre sarcopenia, obesidade sarcopênica e força muscular com variáveis relacionadas de qualidade de vida em idosas / Association between sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, muscle strength and quality of life variables in elderly women

OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre sarcopenia, obesidade sarcopênica e força muscular com variáveis relacionadas à qualidade de vida em idosas. MÉTODO: A amostra foi composta por 56 voluntárias do sexo feminino que se submeteram à análise de composição corporal (IMC e absortometria de raios-x de dupla energia DXA). A força de preensão palmar (FPP) foi mensurada pelo dinamômetro Jamar. Para análise de qualidade de vida, usou-se o questionário SF-36; para análise estatística, os dados foram apresentados por meio da estatística descritiva e Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson. O software SPSS, versão 15,0, foi utilizado para realização de todas as análises. RESULTADOS: As idosas apresentaram média de idade de 64,92±5,74 anos. Das 56 voluntárias avaliadas, 19,64% (n=11) foram classificadas com obesidade sarcopênica. Treze voluntárias (23,21%) foram classificadas como sarcopênicas. Os principais achados do presente estudo demonstraram que, embora não fosse encontrada significância estatística entre os parâmetros estudados em idosas classificadas com sarcopenia e obesidade sarcopênica e as dimensões de qualidade de vida, os valores médios foram inferiores nas acometidas. De forma interessante, a variável FPP correlacionou-se positiva e significativamente com todos os domínios do SF-36, com exceção de VIT (p=0,08) e SM (p=0,25). CONCLUSÕES: A FPP é um fator determinante nos aspectos relacionados à qualidade de vida na população estudada. O rastreamento e a identificação de pequenas alterações funcionais por meio de medidas clínicas simples, como a FPP, podem favorecer a intervenção precoce e prevenir incapacidades. Em contraste, sarcopenia e obesidade sarcopênica não foram associadas à qualidade de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and muscle strength and variables related to quality of life in elderly women. METHOD: The sample consisted of 56 female volunteers who underwent body composition analysis (BMI and x-ray absorptiometry dual-energy DXA). Handgrip strength was measured using a Jamar dynamometer. We used the SF-36 health questionnaire to analyze quality of life. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient; SPSS 15.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 64.92±5.74 years; of the 56 volunteers evaluated, 19.64% (n=11) were classified as sarcopenic obese and 45 (80.36%) were not. Thirteen volunteers (23.21%) were classified as sarcopenic while 43 (76.78%) were not. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the studied parameters and quality of life among those with sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity, the values were lower in affected individuals. Interestingly, handgrip strength correlated positively and significantly with all of the SF-36 dimensions except VIT (p=0.08) and SM (p=0.25). Conclusions: Seeing that handgrip strength is a determining factor in quality of life aspects in this population, the screening and identification of small functional changes using simple clinical measures may facilitate early intervention and help prevent disability. In contrast, neither sarcopenia nor sarcopenic obesity were found to be associated with quality of life.

Recent Progression in Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity

One of the important changes of body composition with ageing is the increase of fat mass and visceral fat and the decrease of muscle mass and strength. Sarcopenia, the age-related decrease in skeletal muscle mass, is associated with functional disability, falls, and mortality. Recent studies found that older people with low skeletal muscle mass and obesity (sarcopenic obesity) have a higher risk for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, a consensus of the definition of sarcopenia is lacking in clinical practice. The reported prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenia in Koreans is a wide range. This may be due to differences in study population and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia. The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People proposed a clinical definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia. These diagnostic criteria include the presence of both low muscle mass and low muscle function (strength or performance). Further studies for the clinical application of newly developed criteria for sarcopenia are needed.

Dietary Intake, Serum Lipids, Iron Index and Antioxidant Status by Percent Body Fat of Young Females / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The aim of this study was to measure and compare nutrient intake, anthropometric measurements and serum indices by percent body fat as one of the index of obesity degree in female college students. Additionally we attempted to investigate percentile distribution of fat free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) for developing reference values for these two parameters. The subjects were 91 female college students who were classified to 4 groups according to the percentile of percent body fat (Group1: 25 th or = 75 th). The mean percent body fat and body mass index were 28.2%, 20.5 kg/m2 respectively. The mean energy intake was 1707 kcal(81% of KDRIs) and vitamin C, folate, Ca and Zn intake were 73.9%, 54.7%, 79.6%, 97.5% of KDRIs respectively. Most nutrient intake (energy, carbohydrate, cholesterol, fatty acid, Ca, Fe) of G4 was lower than that of G1, G2 and G3. Serum HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly lower in G4 than G1, G2, G3 and it tended to increase as percent body fat decreased. LDL/HDL, AI of G4 were significantly the highest among the 4 groups and increased as percent body fat increased. The mean fat free mass index and fat mass index were 14.5 kg/m2, 6.0 kg/m2 respectively. The criteria of sarcopenic obesity which has been defined as under 25 th percentile of FFMI and below 75 th percentile of FMI were shown 12.8 kg/m2, 8.2 kg/m2 respectively in this study. In conclusion, we should continue to more systematically research on the studies of new obesity measurement which includes FFMI and FMI as one of the variables. And the public education for weight control that emphasizes both the understanding of body composition and the importance of nutrition balance is also required.