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1.
Rev. cient. (Maracaibo) ; 20(5): 546-554, oct. 2010. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-631096

ABSTRACT

El objetivo del presente estudio fue la evaluación de los parámetros físicos y químicos en sardinas (Sardinella aurita) recién capturadas, durante los meses de mayo, junio y julio. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: análisis proximal (humedad, proteína, grasa y ceniza), hierro, calcio, fósforo, cloruros, mercurio, cadmio, plomo, pH, ácido láctico (AL), bases volátiles totales (BVT), trimetilamina (TMA), solubilidad de proteínas en soluciones salinas (SPs), líquido exprimible (LE), color (L, a y b), degradación de nucleótidos, valor K%, Hx/Ino, aminas biógenas y perfil de ácidos grasos. Los resultados más relevantes son los siguientes: el análisis proximal mostró diferencias significativas entre los meses evaluados (P<0,05). Los valores de pH (5,94 a 5,96), ácido láctico (17,82 a 24,28 µmol/g), color: a (6,19 a 6,61) y L (40,54 a 46,10), reflejan una buena condición del tejido muscular y apariencia visual. Los valores de SPs (74,3 a 78,7%) y LE (15,0 a 18,5%) son indicativos de una excelente integridad de la proteína. Los parámetros de pH, ácido láctico, SPs y LE no mostraron diferencias significativas (P>0,05) entre los meses. El valor K obtenido (12,05 a 24,12) y el bajo contenido de aminas biógenas son indicativos también de una materia prima con alto grado de frescura. El perfil de ácidos grasos mostró una alta proporción de ácidos poliinsaturados (31,58 a 37,00%), especialmente de los ácidos eicosapentaenoico (14,19 a 16,06%) y docosahexaenoico (12,00 a 15,80%), lo cual puede ser beneficioso para consumo humano y para la prevención de algunas enfermedades. Todos los valores determinados (físicos y químicos) pueden ser considerados como representativos y típicos para esta especie de sardina (Sardinella aurita) recién capturada, unido a una correcta manipulación y almacenamiento en hielo.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical parameters of sardines (Sardinella aurita) recently captured during the months of May, June and July. The parameters evaluated were: proximate analysis (moisture, protein, fat and ash), iron, calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, mercury, cadmium, lead, pH, lactic acid (LA), total volatile bases (TBV), thrimethylamine (TMA), proteins solubility in saline solutions (SPs), water-binding capacity (WBC), color (L, a and b), nucleotide degradation, %K-value, Hx/Ino, biogenic amines, and fatty acids profile. The main results were: proximate analysis showed significant differences between the evaluated months (P<0.05). The pH values (5.94 to 5.96), lactic acid (17.92 to 24.28 µmol/g), color: a (6.19 to 6.61) and L (40.54 to 46.10), reflect good muscle condition and visual appearance. The SPs (74.3 to 78.7%) and LE (15.0 to 18.5%) were indicative of excellent protein integrity. The pH, lactic acid, PSs and LE not showed significant differences (P>0.05) between months. The K-value (12.05 to 24.12) and the low levels of biogenic amine were also indicative of a high freshness raw material. The fatty acid profile showed a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (31.58 to 37.00%), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (14.19 to 16.06%) and docosahexaenoic acid (12.00 to 15.80%) which can be beneficial for human consumption and for the prevention of some risk illness. All these present values (physical and chemical) could be considered as representative and typical for this specie of sardine (Sardinella aurita) in fresh condition, together with proper handling and ice storage.

2.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 59(3): 310-317, sept. 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-588645

ABSTRACT

El Análisis de Peligros y Puntos de Control Críticos (HACCP) es un sistema para identificar, evaluar y controlar los peligros relacionados con producción, procesamiento, distribución y consumo a fin de obtener alimentos inocuos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue diseñar un plan HACCP para implementarlo en la línea de sardina (Sardinella aurita) entera congelada. La metodología se basó en la evaluación del cumplimiento de los programas pre-requisitos (POES/BPF en estudio previo), aplicación de los principios del HACCP y la secuencia de etapas establecidas por la norma venezolana COVENIN N° 3802. Se efectuaron registros de tiempo y temperatura en cada etapa del proceso. Se determinó histamina mediante VERATOX® NEOGEN. Los resultados mostraron que algunos lotes de sardinas llegaron a la planta con altos registros de tiempo-temperatura, encontrándose hasta 5 ppm de histamina debido a abuso de temperatura durante el transporte. Se propone un plan HACCP con el alcance, selección del equipo, descripción del producto y su uso previsto, diagrama de flujo del proceso, análisis de peligros, identificación de PCC y límites críticos, sistema de vigilancia, acciones correctivas, verificación y registros. Los peligros potenciales hallados fueron el crecimiento de patógenos, presencia de histamina y objetos físicos en las sardinas. Las medidas de control de los PCC se refieren al control de tiempo-temperatura durante el transporte y procesamiento, vigilancia del suministro de hielo y de las condiciones de saneamiento en el proceso.


The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a system to identify, assess and control the hazards related with production, processing, distribution and consumption in order to get safe food. The aim of this study was to design a HACCP plan for implementing in processing line of frozen whole sardine (Sardinella aurita). The methodology was based in the evaluation of the accomplishment of the pre-requisite programs (GMP/SSOP in a previous study), the application of the principles of the HACCP and the sequence of stages settles down by the COVENIN Venezuelan standard N° 3802. Time-temperature was recorded in each processing step. Histamine was determined by VERATOX® NEOGEN. Results showed that some sardine batches arrived to the plant with high time-temperature records, finding up to 5 ppm of histamine due to the abuse of temperature during transportation. A HACCP plan is proposed with the scope, the selection of the team, the description of the product and the intended use, the flow diagram of the process, hazard analysis and identification of CCP, monitoring system, corrective actions and records. The potential hazards were identified as pathogen growth, presence of histamine and physical objects in the sardines. The control measures of PCC are referred as control of time-temperature during transportation and processing, monitoring of ice supplies and sanitary conditions in the process.


Subject(s)
Frozen Foods/standards , Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points , Fishing Industry , Food Production , Food Planning/standards
3.
Rev. biol. trop ; 56(4): 1813-1824, Dec. 2008. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-637779

ABSTRACT

Reproduction of the Spanish sardine, Sardinella aurita (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) from the south-eastern area of Margarita Island, Venezuela. Sex ratio, sexual maturity, fecundity and time of spawning of the Spanish sardine (Sardinella aurita) from the south-eastern area of Margarita Island were determined through monthly samplings of commercial fisheries, from January 2004 to April 2005. A total of 3 736 individuals were examined. Sex ratio was 55.47% females and 44.53% males, with a 1:1.25 sexual proportion (χ2 = 44.454, p < 0.05). Length at first sexual maturity (L50) was 20 cm. Spawning of the species was confirmed to be partial and continuous throughout the year, with two peaks of intensity during the first and last quarters. Absolute fecundity ranged from 10 530 to 83 779 oocytes and it was proportional to body length (F = - 100 900 + 6 696.2 * L) and to body weight (F = 13 327 + 5 666.3 * P). Relative fecundity ranged from 149 to 1 020 oocytes/g and also was proportional to body length and weight. We concluded that the Spanish sardine exhibits two peaks of spawning activity per year with a very fluctuating partial fecundity which could possibly be explained by environmental variability. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1813-1824. Epub 2008 December 12.


Se determinó la proporción y madurez sexual, fecundidad y época de desove de la sardina, Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847 del sureste de la Isla de Margarita, Venezuela; a través de muestreos mensuales provenientes de la pesca comercial desde enero 2004 hasta abril 2005, examinándose un total de 3 736 individuos. La composición global por sexos fue de 55.06% hembras y 44.19% machos, siendo la proporción sexual 1:1.25 (χ² = 44.454, p < 0.05). La talla de primera madurez sexual del 50% de la población fue de 20 cm de longitud. Se corroboró el carácter parcial y continuo del desove de la especie, cuyo periodo ocurrió durante todo el año, con dos periodos de relativa intensidad, correspondientes al primer (enero, febrero, marzo) y último trimestre (octubre, noviembre, diciembre) del año. La fecundidad absoluta osciló entre 10 530 a 83 779 óvulos, y la relativa varió entre 149 a 1 020 óvulos/g; siendo la fecundidad proporcional a la talla (F = - 100 900 + 6 696.2 * L) y al peso (F = 13 327 + 5 666.3 * P). Se concluye que la sardina presenta un potencial reproductivo alto y fluctuante, atribuida posiblemente, a la variabilidad ambiental.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Fertility/physiology , Fishes/physiology , Sexual Maturation/physiology , Fishes/classification , Seasons , Sex Ratio , Venezuela
4.
Rev. biol. trop ; 55(1): 279-286, Mar. 2007. mapas, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-501474

ABSTRACT

The present research is an analysis of Spanish sardine fishing (Sardinella aurita) associated with some climatic and meteorologic parameters of the ecosystem from El Morro Nueva Esparta, Venezuela. The catch and environmental data from the area were taken in the period 1996-2000. Catch data as a function of wind speed, sea surface temperature, air temperature and rain were analyzed by means of simple lineal regression and multiple models. We found a positive correlation of catch with wind speed, and a negative correlation with sea surface temperature, air temperature, and rain. The multiple regression model with intercept had a poor fit, therefore, we made a model without intercept, which improve greatly the fit. A selection of the variables using the forward procedure verified that the independent variables "wind speed" and "air temperature" have a significant relation with catch (p < 0.001) at real time. This method suggests that sea surface temperature and rain have little influence on the catch, and suggests a major availability of resources in the months with low air temperature and the highest wind speed (January-June). Rev.


Subject(s)
Animals , Ecosystem , Fishes/classification , Fisheries/statistics & numerical data , Population Density , Seasons , Temperature , Venezuela , Wind , Seawater
5.
Rev. cient. (Maracaibo) ; 16(2): 176-185, mar. 2006. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-630949

ABSTRACT

Los cambios físicos, químicos y sensoriales fueron evaluados en filetes de sardina (Sardinella aurita), almacenados en congelación a -18°C por seis meses. Se tomaron muestras mensualmente con el propósito de determinar: pH, color (L, a y b), líquido exprimible (LE), solubilidad de proteínas solubles en soluciones salinas (SPs), ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA), ácido láctico, perfil de ácidos grasos, humedad y evaluación sensorial. En este estudio el tiempo de almacenamiento mostró diferencias significativas (P < 0,05) con respecto a: color (L, a y b), evaluación sensorial, SPs y LE. La evaluación sensorial resultó ser el parámetro más idóneo para medir la estabilidad de los filetes congelados, los cuales mostraron un excelente grado de frescura, hasta el segundo mes de almacenamiento a partir del cual comienza a decrecer, pero conservando buenas condiciones sensoriales hasta el quinto mes. Al sexto mes se manifestaron alteraciones en el color del músculo, con la aparición de manchas amarillas, debido posiblemente a la oxidación de lípidos. Estos cambios sensoriales fueron confirmados por el índice de TBA, el cual se incrementó de 0,024 (Ab.Und/g), hasta 0,22 al sexto mes. La frescura inicial de las sardinas crudas, su bajo contenido de grasa y una correcta manipulación, fueron los factores que influyeron en la estabilidad del producto final.


Physical, chemical and sensorial changes were evaluated in sardine (Sardinella aurita.) fillets under frozen storage at -18°C for six months. Samples were taken monthly in order to evaluate: pH, colour (L,a, and b), water binding capacity (WBC), solubility of proteins in saline solutions (SPs), thiobarbituric ácid test (TBA), lactic acid, fatty acid profile, moisture and sensory evaluation. In this research the storage time shows significant differences (P < 0.05) with: colour (L,a and b), sensorial evaluation, SPs and WBC. Sensorial evaluation was the most suitable parameter in measurement frozen fillets stability. Fillets showed an excellent grade of freshness, until second month of frozen storage. After that, quality decrease, but also can reach until fifth month, with good sensorial conditions, meanwhile at sixth month, muscle colour was alterate with yellow spots, maybe due by lipid oxidation. These sensorial changes were confirmed by TBA index, which increase from 0.024 (Ab.Und/g) at the beginning of this experience, until 0.22 al sixth month. The initial freshness of raw sardine, the low fat level (2.5%), and good manipulation were important factors that influence in the stability of the end product.

6.
Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz ; 46(1/2): e36876, jun.-dez. 1986. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, ColecionaSUS, SES-SP, CONASS, SESSP-IALPROD, SES-SP, SESSP-IALACERVO | ID: lil-65685

ABSTRACT

Foram analisadas 62 amostras de sardinhas inteiras, salgadas e prensadas, coleta das e industrializadas nos Estados de São Paulo, Rio de .Janeiro, Santa Catarina e Paraná. Para a verificação das condições higiênico-sanitárias e do estado de conservação do produto final, foram efetuadas análises microbiológica, microseôpíca e química. A avaliação do valor nutritivo das sardinhas foi efetuada através da determinação de sua composição centesimal. O exame microbiológico demonstrou que 96,77% das amostras analisadas estavam satisfatórias para o consumo, e somente 3,23% apresentavam leveduras acima do limite, permitido pela legislação brasileira. Não foram encontrados insetos, ovos ou larvas de insetos, ácaros e nematóides. Os resultados das reações de Êber, para amoníaco, e de gás sulfídrico executadas nestas amostras coincidiram com os dos exames microbiológicos. Com base neste estudo, os autores sugerem revisão na legislação brasileira vigente referente a este tipo de alimento (AU).


Subject(s)
Quality Control , Brazil , Fish Products , Fishes , Food Preservation , Nutritive Value
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