Application of remote sensing in civil engineering

Geographic Information System (GIS) is usually carried out to catch, investigate, control, and store to give any kind of geological information. The blend of planning, information base innovation, and factual examination is all that all GIS implies and that is the purpose for its utilization in structural designing. In the development business, it is utilized in the underlying stage (preliminary stage), during spatial situating that will be settled cautiously with checking GIS innovation generally utilized attributable to its potential for offering extraordinary or new ways for settling the issue identified with ecological which bring about the diminishing expense, quality improvement for projects. GIS programming resembles a multitasker that permits so numerous information plans utilized in development improvement permitting structural architects to give out information to numerous organizations in the necessary arrangement while keeping up with information unwavering quality GIS permits to reuse, oversee, share, examine information easily in this manner overseeing time and assets.

Spatial-temporal of fire foci in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Espaço-temporal de focos de fogo no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

This study evaluated the space-time variability of fire foci via environmental satellites for the State of Rio de Janeiro (SRJ) based on statistical procedures. The fire foci in the period of 2000 to 2015 were obtained from the BDQueimadas fire database. Descriptive, exploratory, and multivariate statistical analyses were performed in the software environment R i386 version 3.2.5. The north region had 6760 foci (21.11%), the south-central region had 3020 foci (9.43%), the Middle Paraíba had 6,352 foci (19.84%), the Metropolitan areas had 6671 foci (20.83%), and the Green Coast region had 292 foci (0.91%). The cluster analysis identified three homogeneous groups of fire foci (G1, G2, and G3) but did not include the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes (NA). The G1 group (6.21 ± 0.01 foci, 57.61%) included areas throughout the state and covered the coastal region and lowlands towards the north. The G2 group (6.21 ± 0.01 foci, 34.81%) included the northern, south-central, and coastal shallows regions. The G3 group (6.21 ± 0.01 foci, 9.78%) included the mountain ranges of the state. Environmental characteristics and socioeconomic are crucial in the dynamics of fire foci in Rio de Janeiro.

Este estudo avaliou a variabilidade espaço-temporal de focos de calor via satélites ambientais para o Estado do Rio de Janeiro (SRJ) com base em procedimentos estatísticos. Os focos de calor no período de 2000 a 2015 foram obtidos a partir do banco de dados de focos do BDQueimadas. Análises estatísticas descritivas, exploratórias e multivariadas foram realizadas no ambiente de software R i386 versão 3.2.5. A região Norte tinha 6760 focos (21,11%), a região Centro-Sul tinha 3020 focos (9,43%), o Médio Paraíba tinha 6,352 focos (19,84%), as áreas metropolitanas tinham 6671 focos (20,83%) e a Costa Verde região teve 292 focos (0,91%). A análise de agrupamento identificou três grupos homogêneos de focos de calor (G1, G2 e G3), mas não incluiu o município de Campos dos Goytacazes (NA). Em que se observa no grupo G1 uma forte presença de outliers com valores atípicos, em todos os anos da série temporal, sendo destaque para os anos de 2014 e 2015 que apresentam os maiores números de outliers seguidos dos valores das médias (20.46 e 18.85 focos) acima das medianas (14.00 e 12.50 focos). Comportamentos semelhantes foram observados nos grupos G2 e G3, sendo o grupo G2 com média (81.43 mm e 66.00 focos) e medianas (49.07 e 35.50 focos) com um DP de 27.89 focos de fogo. O grupo G3 com média (314.13 e 361.33 mm) e mediana (204.50 e 76.00 focos) e o maior DP (196,75 focos) em comparação aos demais grupos. Características ambientais e socioeconômicas são cruciais na dinâmica dos focos de calor no Rio de Janeiro.

Environmental risk factors of leishmaniasis in Bahia State, Brazil using NASA Earth observation satellites / Fatores de risco ambientais para leishmanioses no estado da Bahia, Brasil, utilizando satélites da NASA de observação da Terra

NASA's Earth Observing Satellites (EOS) were used to calculate three vegetation indices, extract precipitation and elevation data, and then evaluate their applicability for assessing risk of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Bahia State, Brazil. Regression models showed that either form of leishmaniasis can be predicted by NDVI, NDMI, NDWI data products and TRMM) precipitation data (R2= 0.370; p<0.001). Elevation was not significantly associated with the distribution of either VL or CL. In areas of high annual precipitation, CL was 3.6 times more likely to occur than VL. For vegetative moisture (NDMI), CL was 2.11 times more likely to occur than VL. Odds of CL occurrence increased to 5.5 times when vegetation (NDVI) and 13.5 times when liquid water content of vegetation canopies (NDWI) was considered. Areas at risk of CL and VL were mapped based on the selected explanatory variables. Accuracy of models were assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC=0.72). We propose that statewide scale risk models based on use of EOS products will be a useful tool at 1 km2 spatial resolution to enable health workers to identify and target high risk areas to prevent transmission of leishmaniasis.(AU)

Os satélites de observação da Terra (SOT) da NASA foram usados para calcular três índices de vegetação, extrair dados de precipitação e elevação e avaliar sua aplicabilidade para identificar o risco para leishmaniose visceral (LV) e leishmaniose tegumentar (LT) no Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Modelos de regressão mostraram que ambas as formas de leishmaniose podem ser preditas pelos NDVI, NDMI, NDWI e precipitação TRMM (R2 = 0,370; p<0,001). A elevação não foi significativamente associada à distribuição de LV ou LT. Em áreas de alta precipitação anual, a LT foi 3,6 vezes mais provável de ocorrer do que a LV. Para a umidade vegetativa (NDMI), a LT apresentou 2,11 maior probabilidade de ocorrer do que a LV. As chances de ocorrência de LT aumentaram para 5,5 vezes em relação com a vegetação (NDVI) e 13,5 vezes quando o conteúdo de água líquida dos dosséis da vegetação (NDWI) foi considerado. Áreas em risco de LT e LV foram mapeadas com base nas variáveis explicativas selecionadas. A precisão dos modelos foi avaliada usando a área sob curva característica de operação do receptor (Curva COR=0,72). Propusemos que os modelos de risco em escala estadual baseados no uso de produtos SOT são uma ferramenta útil na resolução espacial de 1 km2 por permitir que profissionais de saúde identifiquem e direcionem áreas de alto risco para evitar a transmissão da leishmaniose. (AU)

Environmental risk factors of leishmaniasis in Bahia State, Brazil using NASA Earth observation satellites / Fatores de risco ambientais para leishmanioses no estado da Bahia, Brasil, utilizando satélites da NASA de observação da Terra

NASA’s Earth Observing Satellites (EOS) were used to calculate three vegetation indices, extract precipitation and elevation data, and then evaluate their applicability for assessing risk of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Bahia State, Brazil. Regression models showed that either form of leishmaniasis can be predicted by NDVI, NDMI, NDWI data products and TRMM) precipitation data (R2 = 0.370; p<0.001). Elevation was not significantly associated with the distribution of either VL or CL. In areas of high annual precipitation, CL was 3.6 times more likely to occur than VL. For vegetative moisture (NDMI), CL was 2.11 times more likely to occur than VL. Odds of CL occurrence increased to 5.5 times when vegetation (NDVI) and 13.5 times when liquid water content of vegetation canopies (NDWI) was considered. Areas at risk of CL and VL were mapped based on the selected explanatory variables. Accuracy of models were assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC=0.72). We propose that statewide scale risk models based on use of EOS products will be a useful tool at 1 km2 spatial resolution to enable health workers to identify and target high risk areas to prevent transmission of leishmaniasis.

Os satélites de observação da Terra (SOT) da NASA foram usados para calcular três índices de vegetação, extrair dados de precipitação e elevação e avaliar sua aplicabilidade para identificar o risco para leishmaniose visceral (LV) e leishmaniose tegumentar (LT) no Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Modelos de regressão mostraram que ambas as formas de leishmaniose podem ser preditas pelos NDVI, NDMI, NDWI e precipitação TRMM (R2 = 0,370; p<0,001). A elevação não foi significativamente associada à distribuição de LV ou LT. Em áreas de alta precipitação anual, a LT foi 3,6 vezes mais provável de ocorrer do que a LV. Para a umidade vegetativa (NDMI), a LT apresentou 2,11 maior probabilidade de ocorrer do que a LV. As chances de ocorrência de LT aumentaram para 5,5 vezes em relação com a vegetação (NDVI) e 13,5 vezes quando o conteúdo de água líquida dos dosséis da vegetação (NDWI) foi considerado. Áreas em risco de LT e LV foram mapeadas com base nas variáveis explicativas selecionadas. A precisão dos modelos foi avaliada usando a área sob curva característica de operação do receptor (Curva COR=0,72). Propusemos que os modelos de risco em escala estadual baseados no uso de produtos SOT são uma ferramenta útil na resolução espacial de 1 km2 por permitir que profissionais de saúde identifiquem e direcionem áreas de alto risco para evitar a transmissão da leishmaniose.

A Fiber-Optic Sensor Based on Plasmon Coupling Effects inGold Nanoparticles Core-Satellites Nanostructures for Detection of Mercury Ions / 分析化学

Based on the plasmon coupling effect in gold nanoparticles core-satellite nanostructures linked by thymine(T)-rich DNA hybridization and the specific Hg2+-mediated T-Hg2+-T base pair, a novel localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) optical fiber sensor was proposed and developed for Hg2+ detection in water.The Hg2+-induced conformational change in T-rich DNA sequence inhibited the DNA hybridization reaction, weakened the plasmon coupling effect and leaded to the change of LSPR resonance wavelength.The concentration of Hg2+ was quantitatively determined by the resonance wavelength redshift.The linear range of Hg2+ detection was about 5-150 nmol/L with LOD about 3.4 nmol/L.The specificity of the sensor was proved great by evaluating the response to other heavy metal ions such as Zn2+, Mg2+, Pb2+ and so on.This sensor was applied in environmental water detection by standard addition method,with the RSD less than 4.8% and recoveries of 94.2%-105.4%.

An A-Train Satellite Based Stratiform Mixed Phase Cloud Retrieval Algorithm by Combining Active and Passive Sensor Measurements.

Aims: To develop a new satellite-based mixed-phase cloud retrieval algorithm for improving mixed-phase cloud liquid water path (LWP) retrievals by combining Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), CloudSat, and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) measurements. Study Design: Algorithm development and evaluation by using collocated NASA A-Train and the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility (ACRF) measurements at the North Slope Alaska (NSA) site. Place and Duration of Study: Collocated MODIS and ground-based measurements at NSA site from March 2000 to October 2004, MODIS measurements and retrievals during July 2006 over Eastern Pacific, and MODIS, CloudSat and CALIPSO measurements on April 04, 2007 over the Arctic Region. Methodology: The stratiform mixed-phase cloudswere treated as two adjunct water and ice layers for radiative calculations with the Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (DISORT) model. The ice-phase properties were provided with the 2C-ICE product, which is produced from CloudSat radar and CALIPSO lidar measurements, and they were used as inputs in DISORT for the calculations. Then, the calculated mixed-phase cloud reflectances at selected wavelengths were compared with MODIS reflectances to retrieve liquid-phase cloud properties. Results: A new algorithm was developed to retrieve LWP in stratiform mixed-phase clouds by using MODIS radiances and ice cloud properties from active sensor measurements. The algorithm was validated separately by using Operational MODIS retrievals of warm marine stratiform clouds and collocated surface measurements of Arctic stratiform mixed-phase clouds. The results show that the new algorithm reduced the positive LWP biases in the Operational MODIS LWP retrievals for stratiform mixedphase clouds from 35 and 68% to 10 and 22% in the temperature ranges of -5 to -10ºC and -10 to -20ºC, respectively. Conclusion: The combined A-Train active and MODIS measurements can be used to improve global mixed-phase cloud property retrievals.

Begomovirus research in India: A critical appraisal and the way ahead.

Begomoviruses are a large group of whitefly-transmitted plant viruses containing single-stranded circular DNA encapsidated in geminate particles. They are responsible for significant yield losses in a wide variety of crops in India. Research on begomoviruses has focussed on the molecular characterization of the viruses, their phylogenetic analyses, infectivities on host plants, DNA replication, transgenic resistance, promoter analysis and development of virus-based gene silencing vectors. There have been a number of reports of satellite molecules associated with begomoviruses. This article aims to summarize the major developments in begomoviral research in India in the last approximately 15 years and identifies future areas that need more attention.

Evaluación de la técnica de MSP-PCR para la caracterización molecular de aislamientos de Rhodotorula mucilaginosa provenientes de la Patagonia noroccidental / Assessment of the MSP-PCR technique for the molecular characterization of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa isolates from northwestern Patagonia

La identificación rápida de levaduras de origen ambiental o clínico es de importancia para el estudio de la biodiversidad de estos microorganismos y para la detección de posibles patógenos. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa es una levadura ubicua y pigmentada, capaz de producir infecciones en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. En este trabajo se evaluó la utilidad de la técnica de fingerprinting conocida como MSP-PCR (Micro/Minisatellite-Primed PCR) en la caracterización e identificación de aislamientos ambientales de R. mucilaginosa provenientes de la Patagonia noroccidental. Sobre la base de sus caracteres fenotípicos, de un total de 200 levaduras pigmentadas se seleccionaron 110 aislamientos que presuntamente corresponderían a la especie R. mucilaginosa. Se evaluaron los iniciadores (GTG)5, (GAC)5 y M13 en aislamientos representativos, y se seleccionó el iniciador (GTG)5 por ser el que permitió una mejor agrupación de los aislamientos pertenecientes a R. mucilaginosa y una mejor diferenciación de éstos con los de especies filogenéticamente próximas. Utilizando dicho iniciador, el 87% de los aislamientos de R. mucilaginosa presentó un perfil de MSP-PCR similar (> 60%) al de la cepa de referencia CBS 316T de R. mucilaginosa. La técnica de MSP-PCR resultó efectiva, tanto para caracterizar e identificar un número elevado de aislamientos ambientales de R. mucilaginosa como para detectar polimorfismos en la especie.

The rapid identification of environmental or clinical yeast isolates is important for biodiversity studies and the detection of probable pathogens. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa is a ubiquitous and pigmented yeast capable of infecting immunocompromised patients. In this study, we evaluated the Micro/mini satellite-primed PCR (MSP-PCR) fingerprinting method for the characterization and identification of R. mucilaginosa isolates from natural environments in northwestern Patagonia. There were selected 110 putative R. mucilaginosa isolates from 200 environmental pigmented yeast isolates on the basis of phenotypic criteria. (GTG)5, (GAC)5 and M13 primers were initially evaluated in representative R. mucilaginosa isolates. (GTG)5 allowed a good grouping of these isolates and, at the same time, a good differentiation among closely related species, and thus was selected for subsequent studies. R. mucilaginosa isolates (87%) presented similar (> 60%) MSP-PCR profiles to those of the reference strain CBS 316T. The MSP-PCR technique was effective, both, for the characterization and identification of a large number of R. mucilaginosa environmental isolates as well as for the detection of polymorphisms within the species.

A Case of Recurrent Pyogenic Granuloma with Multiple Satellites / 대한피부과학회지

Pyogenic granuloma is a common proliferative lesion that often occurs shortly after a minor injury or infection of the skin. Typically the lesion grows rapidly for a few weeks before stabilizing as an elevated, bright red papule, usually not more than 1 to 2 cm in size. Recurrence after surgery or cautery is not rare. The development of multiple satellite angiomatous lesions at and around the site of a previously destroyed pyogenic granuloma is a rare and alarming event. Herein we report a case of recurrent pyogenic granuloma with multiple satellites that developed after excision of a single lesion of pyogenic granuloma in an 8-year-old boy.

Pyogenic Granuloma (Granuloma Pyogenicum) with Multiple Satellites

Granuloma pyogenicum is a benign vascular tumor and usually occurs as a single lesion. But in a few instances, the development of multiple satellite lesions has been observed following excision or irritation of the primary lesion. Multiple satellite granuloma pyogenicum is a very rare variant of granuloma pyogenicum and occurs most commonly on the back, chest, or trunk, particularly in the interscapular region during childhood. We report a case of multiple granuloma pyogenicum which occurred on the unusual site of the scalp in a 70-year-old woman. The patient presented with a reddish pedunculated nodule with multiple satellite lesions on the right temporal area. The histopathologic findings of the primary and satellite lesions showed many newly formed capillaries and characteristic epidermal collarettes. The lesions were treated by surgical excision and electrodesiccation.