Crescimento e teor de cromo em mamoneira cultivada em solo receptor de resíduos de curtume e carboníferos / Growth and chrome content of castor bean plants cultivated in soil with application of tannery residues and coal mining waste

RESUMO A produção de resíduos tem aumentado em proporção direta com a industrialização dos países. Sendo assim, a disposição adequada desses resíduos é uma questão largamente discutida entre os órgãos ambientais. Por isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito residual de adições sucessivas de resíduos de curtume e da mineração de carvão sobre as propriedades químicas do solo e o acúmulo de cromo (Cr) em mamoneira. Os tratamentos aplicados em condições de campo foram: T1 - controle, ou seja, solo sem adubação; T2 - solo adubado com nitrogênio-fósforo-potássio (NPK) + calcário para atingir pH 6,0; T3 - solo misturado com lodo de curtume em dose adequada para se atingir pH 6,0 + PK; T4 - solo receptor de duas vezes a dose de lodo de curtume utilizada no T3 + PK; T5 - solo misturado com resíduo carbonífero + NPK + calcário em quantidade adequada para atingir pH 6,0; T6 - solo misturado com resíduo carbonífero + lodo de curtume em dose adequada para atingir pH 6,0 + PK; T7 - solo misturado com serragem cromada + NPK + calcário em quantidade adequada para atingir pH 6,0; T8 - solo misturado com Cr mineral + lodo de curtume em dose adequada para se atingir pH 6,0 + PK. Em campo, o solo recebeu os diferentes tratamentos. Posteriormente, amostras desse solo foram acondicionadas em vasos e o experimento com as plantas foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições por tratamento. O rendimento de matéria seca mostrou que a aplicação de serragem cromada (T7) proporcionou o maior crescimento da mamoneira, bem como os maiores teores de P no seu tecido. Os teores de Cr na parte aérea das plantas não atingiram níveis que podem ser considerados de contaminação desses vegetais. A distribuição desse elemento nas diferentes partes das plantas de mamoneira demonstrou a possibilidade de utilização futura dos grãos para produção de biodiesel.

ABSTRACT The production of waste has been increasing in direct proportion to the industrialization of the countries. Therefore, the adequate disposal of these wastes is an issue widely discussed among environmental agencies. Thus, the aim of this work was to study the residual effect of successive additions of tannery and coal mining waste on the chemical properties of the soil and the accumulation of chromium in castor bean plants. The treatments applied under field conditions were: T1 - control, that is, soil without fertilization; T2- soil fertilized with nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) + limestone to reach pH 6.0; T3 - soil mixed with tannery sludge at a dose adequate to reach pH 6.0 + PK; T4 - soil receptor of twice the dose of tannery sludge used in treatment 3 + PK; T5 - soil mixed with coal residue + NPK + limestone in an amount adequate to reach pH 6.0; T6 - soil mixed with coal residue + tannery slurry at a dose adequate to reach pH 6.0 + PK; T7 - soil mixed with chrome sawdust + NPK + limestone in adequate quantity to reach pH 6.0; T8 - soil mixed with mineral Cr + tannery sludge at a dose adequate to reach pH 6.0 + PK. In the field, the soil received the different treatments. Subsequently, samples of this soil were conditioned in pots and the experiment with the plants was conducted in a completely randomized design, with three replicates per treatment. Subsequently, samples of this soil were placed in pots and the experiment with plants was conducted in a completely randomized design, with three replications per treatment. The dry matter yield showed that the application of chrome sawdust (T7) provided the highest growth of the castor bean, as well as the higher levels of P in its tissue. Chromium content in the aerial part of the plants did not reach levels that can be considered as contamination of these plants. The distribution of chromium in the different parts of the castor bean plants demonstrated the possibility of future use of the grains to produce biodiesel.

Efeitos da estabulação sobre o trato respiratório de equinos em dois tipos diferentes de camas e a pasto / Stabling effects on equine respiratory tract using two different types of stable beds and pasture

As afecções do sistema respiratório são a segunda causa de queda de desempenho e afastamento dos equinos do esporte ou trabalho, as quais estão atrás somente das desordens musculoesqueléticas. A estabulação e a alimentação à base de fenos predispõem os equinos à inalação de grande número de agentes irritantes às vias aéreas. No intuito de avaliar a influência dos tipos de cama utilizados em baias, estudaram-se três grupos de cinco equinos cada, durante 45 dias. Dois grupos foram mantidos em cocheiras com forrações diferentes à base de madeira (maravalha de pínus autoclavada-MA e serragem-SE) e o terceiro grupo permaneceu no pasto. Foram realizadas avaliações quinzenais, que incluíram exame físico, hemograma, hemogasometria e lavado broncoalveolar. Ao exame físico, notou-se a presença de tosse e espirros em animais do grupo SE. No lavado broncoalveolar, a contagem de células nucleadas totais apresentou maiores valores nos animais a pasto, seguido do grupo SE e, por último, o MA. Concluiu-se que as duas camas testadas neste estudo não apresentaram diferença com relação à capacidade irritativa das vias aéreas superiores no período analisado.(AU)

Respiratory system affections in horses are the second cause of decrease in performance and removal from the sport or farm work, which are behind only the musculoskeletal disorders. Stabling and hay feeding predisposes horses' airways to inhalation of large numbers of irritating agents. To evaluate the influence of bed types used in bays, 3 groups of 5 horses each were studied for 45 days. Two groups were kept in stables with different wood beds - based rafters (autoclaved pine - MA and sawdust - SE) and the third group remained in the pasture. Biweekly evaluations with physical examination, hemogram, hemogasometry and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed. On physical examination, the presence of cough and sneezing was observed in animals of the SE group. In the bronchoalveolar lavage, the total nucleated cell count presented higher values in the animals in the pasture, followed by the SE group and finally the MA. It was concluded that the different beds used presented no difference with respect to the irritative capacity of the upper airways.(AU)

Reciclagem de éter-aminas, utilizadas na flotação de minério de ferro, por meio da adsorção / Recycling of éther-amines, used in iron ore flotation, by adsorption

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar uma possível rota de reciclagem para as éter-aminas, utilizadas para aumentar a eficiência do processo de flotação catiônica reversa do minério de ferro. Estudou-se um método de separação físico-química utilizando TANFLOC como floculante. As águas de rejeito contêm, em sua maior parte, amina e sílica, e o objetivo desse método era separar a sílica do rejeito. A separação físico-química, porém, não foi eficaz, visto que o processo não foi capaz de flocular somente a sílica, floculando também parte da éter-amina. Foi avaliado também o processo de adsorção e, para tanto, utilizaram-se como materiais adsorventes a serragem Angelim e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, ambos in natura. Esses materiais foram capazes de remover aproximadamente 95 e 90% de éter-amina, com capacidades adsortivas de 4,2 e 2,7 mg.g-1, respectivamente, utilizando massa de 1,5 g e estabelecendo tempo de equilíbrio de 30 minutos. Verificou-se que a eficiência de remoção é maior em pH próximo a 10. Pelos estudos termodinâmicos foi possível concluir, para a serragem, que o processo é termodinamicamente favorável e exotérmico. Para o bagaço de cana não foi possível analisar o comportamento termodinâmico. Além disso, o processo de dessorção permitiu recuperar em torno de 80% de éter-amina, além da possibilidade de regeneração e reutilização dos materiais adsorventes, o que mostra a viabilidade de reciclar a éter-amina pelo mecanismo de adsorção.

ABSTRACT The present work has the objective of investigating the possible recycling route for ether-amines, used for improving the efficiency of the process of iron ore's reverse flotation. A physical-chemical separation method has been studied using TANFLOC as flocculant. The wastewater contains, mainly, amine and silica, and the objective of this method was to separate the silica from the waste by flocculation. However, this method was not effective, as flocculation was not able to flocculate only silica, but also part of the ether-amine. Furthermore, the process of adsorption was assessed, and for this it was used as materials adsorbents Angelim's sawdust and sugar cane bagasse, both in natura, with which it was possible to remove approximately 95 and 90% of ether-amines, with adsorptive capacity of 4,2 and 2,7 mg.g-1, respectively, by using a mass of 1.5 g and a settling time of 30 minutes. It was verified that the removal efficiency is greater at a pH around 10. Thermodynamic studies were carried out and they were able to state, for sawdust, that this process is thermodynamically favorable and exothermic. In the case of sugar cane bagasse, it was not possible to analyze its thermodynamic behavior. In addition, the use of desorption revealed the possibility of regaining around 80% of the ether-amines. This proved that it is possible to recycle ether-amines by the adsorption mechanism.

Tijolos leves para alvenaria produzidos a partir de resíduos da indústria madeireira / Lightweight masonry bricks produced from wood industry waste

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a possibilidade de utilização de compósitos cimento-madeira na fabricação de componentes leves para alvenaria, visando reduzir os prejuízos ambientais causados pela disposição final da serragem proveniente do desdobro da madeira. Primeiramente foram analisadas as propriedades físicas (teor de umidade, absorção de água, índice de vazios e massa específica) e mecânicas (resistência à compressão e módulo de elasticidade dinâmico) de diferentes traços cimento:areia, cimento:areia:serragem e cimento:serragem. A partir de traços selecionados foram fabricados tijolos maciços de alvenaria com dimensões 90 × 90 × 190 mm, submetidos a ensaios para determinação da massa específica, teor de umidade, absorção de água e resistência à compressão. As propriedades físicas e mecânicas desses componentes foram comparadas com as exigências de normas brasileiras prescritivas referentes a componentes de alvenaria. Foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios, indicando que resíduos da indústria madeireira têm potencial para serem utilizados na produção de componentes leves de alvenaria, podendo ser aplicados como material de construção alternativo.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this work was to investigate the use of cement-wood composites to produce lightweight masonry elements, aiming to reduce environmental damages arising from the disposal of the sawdust originated from wood sawing process. Physical (moisture content, water absorption, void ratio and specific gravity) and mechanical (compressive strength and dynamic Young's modulus) properties of different cement:sand, cement:sand:sawdust and cement:sawdust mix proportions were evaluated. Specific gravity, moisture content, water absorption and compressive strength of 90 × 90 × 190 mm bricks, produced from selected mix proportions, were determined and compared to the requirements of the Brazilian standards for masonry elements. The satisfactory results obtained indicate that lightweight masonry bricks produced with wastes from wood industry have the potential to become an alternative for traditional building materials.

Composted slaughterhouse sludge as a substitute for chemical fertilizers in the cultures of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Abstract Flotation sludge (FS) is produced in huge amounts at slaughterhouses in western Santa Catarina, Brazil. This waste is rich in plant nutrients and a valuable resource for soil amendments. Five FS composts were tested as a replacement for chemical fertilizers (QF), namely T1 (75% poultry manure (PM) and 25% sawdust (SD)); T2 (50% PM and 50% SD); T3 (25% PM and 75% SD); T4 (100% PM and 0% SD); and T5 (0% PM x 100% SD). For lettuce plants, treatments containing composted FS resulted in an increased number of leaves, leaf area and leaf fresh weight (LFW). T1 presented the best results with increases of 1.4 fold in LFW compared to plants supplemented with QF. T2 was the most effective treatment for radish with the best results of root fresh weight and root diameter. Although T4 had the highest nitrogen content, it did not present the best results in growth performance for lettuce or radish. The presence of higher proportions of SD in composts (25% for lettuce and 50% for radish) improved the physical characteristics of the soil and proved to be a more balanced compost.

Adsorción de diésel en solución acuosa sobre aserrín cedro (cedrela odorata l) en columna de lecho fijo

Se evaluó el uso de aserrín de Cedro (Cedrela odorata L.) en la adsorción de diésel en solución acuosa. El potencial del aserrín como adsorbente en sistema continuo fue investigado, variando la cantidad de biomasa y el caudal, usando columnas de plástico transparente de diámetro 3,5 cm y una altura de 18,5 cm, con tiempo de contacto de 180 min, tomando alícuotas de 50 mL en diferentes intervalos. La medición de la concentración residual fue realizada por cromatografía de gases, donde se estableció la saturación de la columna a las mejores condiciones; se determinó que a los 600 minutos se llega a un equilibrio, en el cual posiblemente se produce una alta saturación de la biomasa, que alcanza una capacidad de 62,93mg/g. Esta fue determinada con el modelo de Thomas a un flujo de 0,1 mL/s y 4 g de aserrín de cedro.

The use of Cedar sawdust (Cedrela odorata L.) in the adsorption of diesel in aqueous solution was evaluated. Sawdust adsorbent potential in continuous system was analyzed, varying the amount of biomass and the flow rate, using transparent plastic columns of diameter 3.5 cm and 18.5 cm height, with a contact time of 180 min, taking aliquots of 50 mL in different intervals; the measurement of residual concentration was made through gas chromatography, finally, saturation of the column at the best conditions was established. Determining that at 600 minutes balance is reached, in which a high saturation of the biomass possibly occurs, reaching a capacity of 62.93mg / g determined with the Thomas model at a flow of 0.1 mL / s. 4 g of cedar sawdust.

Avaliou-se o uso de serragem de cedro (Cedrela odorata L.) na ad-sorção de diesel em solução aquosa. O potencial da serragem como adsorvente em um sistema contínuo foi investigado através da variação da quantidade de biomassa e a taxa de fluxo, utilizando colunas de plástico transparente de diâmetro de 3,5 cm e uma altura de 18,5 cm, com o tempo de contato de 180 minutos, tendo alíquotas de 50 mL em diferentes intervalos; a medição da concentração residual foi feita por cromatografia gasosa; finalmente, a saturação da coluna foi estabelecida nas melhores condições. Determinou-se que aos 600 minutos é alcançado um equilíbrio, no qual possivelmente ocorre uma alta saturação da biomassa, atingindo uma capacidade de 62,93mg / g, determinada com o modelo de Thomas a um fluxo de 0,1 mL / s. 4 g de serradura de cedro.

Complementing firewood with alternative energy sources in Rio Pardo Watershed, Brazil / Fontes alternativas para energia em complementação a lenha na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pardo, Brasil

ABSTRACT: Wood is the primary energy source for grains and Tobacco drying in the Rio Pardo Watershed (RPW). The amount of firewood produced in the RPW is not enough to supply the demand. Recently, an automatized supply system was introduced in the region enabling the use of sawdust and pellets. In this context, this study aims to compare firewood, sawdust and pellets as energy sources for Tobacco curing in air-forced curing systems. Energetic density was used to estimate the biomass consumption in Tobacco curing. The consumption of biomass is lower for pellet, followed by firewood and sawdust. Pellets and sawdust could complement firewood in the region; however, research is necessary to ascertain the economic feasibility.

RESUMO: A madeira é fonte fundamental de energia na secagem da produção agrícola na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pardo. A lenha disponível na região não é suficiente para suprir a demanda. Recentemente, um sistema de alimentação automatizado possibilitou o uso de materiais como serragem e pellets na secagem da produção. Portanto, nesse estudo comparou-se a energia consumida na cura do tabaco para lenha, serragem e pellets em unidades de cura de ar-forçado. A densidade energética foi utilizada para estimar o consumo de biomassa das fontes de energia utilizadas na cura do tabaco. Constatou-se que o consumo de biomassa é menor para o pellet, seguido da lenha e por último a serragem. Serragem e pellets podem ser alternativas energéticas na região. No entanto, estudos são necessários para afirmar se há viabilidade econômica.

Microbial diversity and digestive enzyme activities in the gut of earthworms found in sawmill industries in Abeokuta, Nigeria / Diversidad microbiana y actividad de enzimas digestivas en el intestino de las lombrices de tierra en los aserraderos de Abeokuta, Nigeria

The growing demand for wood has resulted in large volumes of wood wastes that are daily released to the soil from the activities of sawmills in South-Western Nigeria. In an attempt to setup a bioremediation model for sawdust, this study therefore aimed at evaluating microbial diversity, and the level of digestive enzymes in the gut of earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae, Libyodrilus violaceous and Hyperiodrilus africanus) of sawmill origin. Four major sawmills located in Abeokuta (7o9’12” N - 3o19’35” E), namely Lafenwa, Sapon, Isale-Ake and Kotopo sawmills were used for this study. The arboretum of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta was used as control. Gut microbial analysis was carried out using the pour-plate method while digestive enzyme activities in the earthworm guts were done by the spectrophotometric method. Higher microbial counts (28.5±0.1x10³-97.0±0.1x10³cfu for bacteria and 7.0±0.1x10³-96.0±0.1x10³cfu for fungi) and microbial diversity were recorded in the gut of earthworms of the sawmill locations than those of the control site (17.5±0.1x10³cfu for bacteria and 4.5±0.1x10³cfu for fungi). Streptococcus mutans and Proteus spp.were common in the gut of E. eugeniae, and L. violaceous from the study sawmills, while Streptococcus mutans were also identified in H. africanus, but absent in the gut of E. eugeniae from the control site. Cellulase (48.67±0.02mg/g) and lipase (1.81±0.01mg/g) activities were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the gut of earthworms from the control site than those of the study sawmills. Furthermore, amylase (α and β) activity was highest in the gut of earthworms from the sawmills. Variations observed in the gut microbial and digestive enzyme activities of earthworms from the study sawmills as compared to the control site suggests that earthworms, especially E. eugeniae, could be a better organism for use as bioremediator of wood wastes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (3): 1241-1249. Epub 2014 September 01.

La creciente demanda de madera ha resultado en grandes volúmenes de residuos de madera que se lanzan diariamente a la tierra, procedentes de las actividades de los aserraderos en el suroeste de Nigeria. Se realizó este estudio en un intento de configurar un modelo de biorremediación de aserrín, con el objetivo de evaluar la diversidad microbiana y el nivel de las enzimas digestivas en el intestino de las lombrices de tierra (Eudrilus eugeniae, Libyodrilus violáceo y Hyperiodrilus africanus) de origen aserradero. Para este estudio se utilizaron cuatro grandes aserraderos ubicados en Abeokuta (7°9’12 ‘’ N - 3°19’35 ‘’ E), a saber: Lafenwa, Sapon, Isale-Ake y Aserraderos Kotopo. El arboreto de la Universidad Federal de Agricultura, Abeokuta se utilizó como control. El análisis microbiano se llevó a cabo utilizando el método de vertido de placa, mientras que las actividades de enzimas digestivas en los intestinos de las lombrices se realizaron por el método espectrofotométrico. Los recuentos microbianos más altos fueron 28.5±97.0±0.1x10³-0.1x10³cfu para las bacterias y 7.0±0.1x10³-96.0±0.1x10³cfu para los hongos y la diversidad microbiana registrada en el intestino de las lombrices de tierra de los lugares de aserraderos y las del sitio de control fueron: 17.5±0.1x10³cfu para bacterias y 4.5±0.1x10³cfu para hongos. Streptococcus mutans y Proteus spp. eran comunes en el intestino de E. eugeniae, y L. violaceous de los aserraderos de estudio, mientras que también se identificaron Streptococcus mutans en H. africanus, que estuvieron ausentes en el intestino de E. eugeniae en el sitio de control. Actividades de celulasa (48.67±0.02mg/g) y lipasa (1.81±0.01mg/g) fueron significativamente mayores (p<0.05) en el intestino de las lombrices de tierra en el sitio de control que las de los aserraderos de estudio. Por otra parte, la actividad de la amilasa (α y β) fue mayor en el intestino de las lombrices de tierra de los aserraderos. Las variaciones observadas en la microbiota intestinal y la actividad de las enzimas digestivas de las lombrices de tierra de los aserraderos de estudio, en comparación con el sitio de control, sugieren que las lombrices de tierra, especialmente E. eugeniae, podrían ser un mejor organismo para su uso como biorremediador de residuos de madera.

Enhancement of beta-Glucan Content in the Cultivation of Cauliflower Mushroom (Sparassis latifolia) by Elicitation

The effectiveness of three kinds of enzymes (chitinase, beta-glucuronidase, and lysing enzyme complex), employed as elicitors to enhance the beta-glucan content in the sawdust-based cultivation of cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis latifolia), was examined. The elicitors were applied to the cauliflower mushroom after primordium formation, by spraying the enzyme solutions at three different levels on the sawdust-based medium. Mycelial growth was fully accomplished by the treatments, but the metabolic process during the growth of fruiting bodies was affected. The application of a lysing enzyme resulted in an increase in the beta-glucan concentration by up to 31% compared to that of the control. However, the treatment resulted in a decrease in mushroom yield, which necessitated the need to evaluate its economic efficiency. Although we still need to develop a more efficient way for using elicitors to enhance functional metabolites in mushroom cultivation, the results indicate that the elicitation technique can be applied in the cultivation of medicinal/edible mushrooms.

Evaluating Carriers for Immobilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Ethanol Production in a Continuous Column Reactor

We evaluated a more practical and cost-effective immobilization carriers for ethanol production using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Three candidate materials-rice hull, rice straw, and sawdust-were tested for their cell-adsorption capacity and operational durability. Derivatizations of rice hull, rice straw, and sawdust with the optimal concentration of 0.5 M of 2-(diethylamino)ethyl chloride hydrochloride (DEAE . HCl) resulted in > 95% adsorption of the initial yeast cells at 2 hr for DEAE-rice hull and DEAE-sawdust and in only approximately 80% adsorption for DEAE-rice straw. In addition, DEAE-sawdust was found to be a more practical carrier for immobilizing yeast cells in terms of operational durability in shaking flask cultures with two different speeds of 60 and 150 rpm. Furthermore, the biosorption isotherms of DEAE-rice hull, -rice straw, and -sawdust for yeast cells revealed that the Qmax of DEAE-sawdust (82.6 mg/g) was greater than that of DEAE-rice hull and DEAE-rice straw. During the 404-hr of continuous column reactor operation using yeast cells immobilized on DEAE-sawdust, no serious detachment of the yeast cells from the DEAE-sawdust was recorded. Ethanol yield of approximately 3.04 g/L was produced steadily, and glucose was completely converted to ethanol at a yield of 0.375 g-ethanol/g-glucose (73.4% of the theoretical value). Thus, sawdust is a promising practical immobilization carrier for ethanol production, with significance in the production of bioethanol as a biofuel.

EFECTO DE RESIDUOS AGROFORESTALES PARCIALMENTE BIODEGRADADOS POR Pleurotus Ostreatus (PLEUROTACEAE) SOBRE EL DESARROLLO DE PLÁNTULAS DE TOMATE / Effect of Agroforestry Residues Partially Biodegraded by Pleurotus Ostreatus (Pleurotaceae) on Tomato Seedlings Development

Se evaluó el desarrollo de plántulas de tomate (planta bioindicadora de toxicidad) en suelos con aserrín y cascarilla de arroz parcialmente biodegradados por Pleurotus Ostreatus bajo condiciones de invernadero. Se determinaron los componentes orgánicos (carbono, celulosa, lignina, extraíbles y materia orgánica) e inorgánicos (nitrógeno, fósforo y pH) antes y después de inocular el hongo en el aserrín y la cascarilla de arroz. Se realizaron mezclas de cada sustrato con un suelo pobre en nutrientes en proporciones iguales (1:1) y se les determinó el porcentaje de humedad. El experimento estuvo constituido por un diseño completamente aleatorio, con dos grupos de seis tratamientos para cada sustrato, a los 30 días se determinaron los parámetros de crecimiento y desarrollo de las plántulas. Los sustratos biodegradados reportaron bajo contenido de C, N y P. El tratamiento aserrín biodegradado + suelo fertilizado (ASB + SF), presentó los mejores resultados en número de hojas (12,9), altura de las plantas (25,94 cm), longitud radical (5,92 cm), peso seco (0,138 g) y peso fresco (1,012 g). El sustrato ASB + SF puede funcionar como sustrato favorable para el cultivo de plántulas de tomate debido a que aporta los nutrientes necesarios para el buen crecimiento de las plántulas. En la cascarilla de arroz las plantas no crecieron adecuadamente para conseguir ser trasplantadas.

It was evaluated the development of tomato seedlings (plant bioindicator of toxicity) in soils with sawdust and rice husk partially biodegraded by Pleurotus Ostreatus in greenhouse conditions. Both organic compounds (carbon, cellulose, lignin, extractives, and organic matter), and inorganic compounds (nitrogen, phosphorus and pH) were determined, before and after fungus inoculation on sawdust and rice husk. Mixtures were held of each substrate with a nutrient poor soil in equal proportions (1:1) and the moisture content was determined. The experiment consisted of a completely randomized, with two groups of six treatments for each substrate, and 30 days later, parameters of growth and development were identified. Biodegraded substrates presented low C, N and P. BSA + SF treatment (biodegraded sawdust + fertilized soil) presented the best results in the number of leaves (12.9), plant height (25.94 cm), root length (5.92 cm), dry weight (0.138 g), and fresh weight (1.012 g). BSA + SF substrate can work as favorable substrate for growing tomato seedlings, BSA + SF substrate can work as favorable substrate for growing of tomato seedlings, since it provides the nutrients necessary for a good growth. Plants in rice bran did not grow adequately for transplanting.

Effects of Aeration of Sawdust Cultivation Bags on Hyphal Growth of Lentinula edodes

The effects of aeration through lid filters on the hyphal growth of Lentinula edodes (oak mushroom) in sawdust cultivation bags were investigated. The aeration treatment levels were traditional 27 mm hole cotton plugs, cotton balls and combinations of seven hole sizes x two hole positions (up and under) in the lids covering plastic bags containing 1.4 kg sawdust medium at 63% moisture that had been autoclaved for one hour and inoculated with sawdust spawn of L. edodes strain 921. Aeration treatment effects were measured based on the CO2 concentration at the 15th wk, as well as the hyphal growth rate and degree of weight loss of bags every 14 days for 15 wk. In bags with traditional cotton plugs, the CO2 concentration was 3.8 +/- 1.3%, daily mean hyphal growth was 2.3 +/- 0.6 mm and daily mean weight loss was 0.84 +/- 0.26 g. In the bags with 15 mm diameter holes, the CO2 concentration was 6.0 +/- 1.6%, daily hyphal growth was 2.8 +/- 0.2 mm and daily weight loss was 0.86 +/- 0.4 g. The bags with 15 mm holes had a higher CO2 concentration and lower water loss than bags with other hole sizes, but the hyphal growth was not significantly different from that of other bags. The weight loss of bags increased proportionally relative to the lid hole sizes. Taken together, these results indicate that traditional cotton plugs are economically efficient, but 15 mm hole lids are the most efficient at maintaining hyphal growth and controlling water loss while allowing CO2 emissions.

Antimicrobial activity and mineral composition of shiitake mushrooms cultivated on agricultural waste

The antimicrobial activity and mineral composition of shiitake mushrooms were evaluated in four isolates of Lentinula edodes. Mushrooms were cultivated on artificial logs, based on eucalyptus sawdust enriched with 20 percent rice, wheat, or soybean bran, or combination of 10 percent of two of these supplements. The substrates were humidified with a 0.1 percent mate tea extract or water. Logs of Eucalyptus grandis were also used to cultivate the shiitake mushrooms. The antimicrobial activity of an aqueous extract, corresponding to 40 mg of mushroom dry matter, was in some cases, depending on the isolate, able to inhibit both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli K-12, independent of substrate composition or the growth stage of the mushrooms. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium concentrations varied according to the substrate on which the mushrooms were cultivated, being, generally, higher with cultivation on artificial rather than natural eucalyptus logs. It could be concluded that, in addition to the fungal isolate, substrate composition and, processing methods must be considered during the production of antimicrobial substance(s) as well as in the mushroom nutritional composition.

Aproveitamento de resíduos madeireiros para o cultivo do cogumelo comestível Lentinus strigosus de ocorrência na Amazônia / Use of wood residues for the cultivation of edible mushroom Lentinus strigosus in the Amazon

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a utilização de resíduos madeireiros do estado do Amazonas para o cultivo de Lentinus strigosus. de ocorrência na região. A linhagem foi procedente da coleção do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA. Utilizou-se separadamente serragens de Simarouba amara (marupá), Ochroma piramidale (pau de balsa) e Anacardium giganteum (cajuí) suplementadas com farelo de arroz e de trigo e CaCO3 (80:10:8:2), respectivamente, ajustando-se a umidade em torno de 75 por cento. Os substratos (500g) foram acondicionados em sacos de polipropileno, esterilizados a 121 ºC , durante 30 minutos, inoculados e incubados em câmara climatizada a 25 ± 3 ºC e UR de 85 por cento, até emissão dos primórdios, com redução de temperatura de 25 para 23 ± 1 ºC e aumento de UR para 85-90 por cento, no período de "frutificação". O crescimento micelial ocorreu de 12 a 20 dias, com surgimento de primórdios com cerca de 15 a 25 dias após a inoculação. A produção de basidiocarpos ocorreu três a cinco dias após a emissão dos primórdios. Foram avaliados: eficiência biológica (EB, por cento), rendimento (g kg-1) e perda da matéria orgânica (PMO, por cento). As serragens suplementadas foram eficientes no cultivo de L. strigosus, apresentando EB de 38, 48 e 59 por cento; rendimento de 98, 119 e 177 g kg-1; e PMO de 42, 59 e 48 por cento, para marupá, pau de balsa e cajuí, respectivamente. Assim, há um potencial de aproveitamento desses resíduos na Amazônia, bem como uma provável utilização da linhagem selvagem, podendo contribuir para melhoria das condições sócio-econômicas da população regional e sustentabilidade dos recursos da biodiversidade.

The objective of this work was to use wood residues from the state of Amazonas for the cultivation of Lentinus strigosus. found in that region. The strain came from the collection of the National Institute of Amazonian Research. Sawdust species Simarouba amara, Ochroma piramidale and Anacardium giganteum were separately used in the preparation of the substrates, supplemented with rice and wheat bran and CaCO3 (80:10:8:2), respectively, with humidity adjusted to approximately 75 percent. Substrates (500 g) were packed using bags polypropylene, sterilized at 121 ºC for 30 minutes, inoculated and incubated in an acclimatized chamber at 25 ± 3 ºC and relative air humidity of 85 percent until primordia emission, with temperature reduced from 25 to 23 ± 1 ºC and air relative humidity increased to 85-90 percent in the fruiting period. Micelial growth occurred within 12 to 20 days and primordia appeared within 15 to 25 days after the inoculation. Harvest occurred three to five days after primordia emission. Biological efficiency (BE, percent), yield (g kg-1) and loss of organic matter (PMO, percent) were evaluated. Supplemented sawdust were efficient in the cultivation of L. strigosus, presenting BE of 38, 48 and 59 percent, yield of 98, 119 and 177 g kg-1 and PMO of 42, 59 and 48 percent for Simarouba amara, Ochroma piramidale and Anacardium giganteum, respectively. The results show the potential use of those residues in the Amazon, as well as the possibility of using the wild strain, to contribute to the improvement of the social and economical conditions of the regional population and sustainability of the biodiversity resources.

Remoción de níqeel presente en aguas efluentes ndustriales mediante utilizacióón de sustratos de aserrín de pino / Removal of nickll from industrial waste water using pine sawdust / Eliminação de nqquel de águas residuais industriais usando serragem do pinheiro

Se evaluaron dos variedades de aserrín de pino (Pinus cupresus, Pinus caribeae) para la remoción de Ni2+ presente en efluentes industriales. Un estudio comparativo a través de operaciones batch permitió establecer la influencia de la concentración inicial del metal, la relación adsorbente a efluente y la velocidad de agitación en el proceso de remoción. La variedad Pinus cupresus arrojó la mayor adsorción, 0,53 mgNi/g, y esto, sumado a su fácil adquisición y bajo costo, lo hacen un adsorbente con gran potencial. Se ajustó un modelo cinético para la adsorción del metal y de modo paralelo se demostró que el fenómeno se da principalmente por intercambio iónico con Ca2+ y Mg2+ presentes en el aserrín. La torta húmeda residual puede disponerse por incineración ya que aproximadamente el 44% del níquel queda depositado en las cenizas. Finalmente se implementó una columna de adsorción piloto y se alcanzó una eficiencia de remoción del 57%.

Sawdust of two varieties of pine (Pinus cupresus, Pinus caribeae) have been studied for the removal Ni2+ from industrial wastes. A comparative study using batch operations allowed establishing the influence of initial metal concentration, amount of adsorbent and stirring rate in the removal process. Pinus cupresus variety shows the biggest adsorption, 0,53 mgNi/g; and considering its availability and low cost, it becomes a potential commercial adsorbent. A kinetic model was fitted for the metal adsorption. The experimental results provided evidence for ionic exchange with Ca2+ and Mg2+ as the major adsorption mechanism. The residual wet cake can be disposed by incineration, because about 44% of nickel is deposited in the ashes. Finally an adsorption column was developed achieving an efficiency of 57% in the removing process.

Duas variedades da serragem de pinheiro (Pinus cupresus, Pinus caribeae) foram investigadas para a remoção de Ni2+ de resíduos industriais.Umestudo comparativo usando operações de lote permitiu estabelecer a influência da concentração metálica inicial, a quantidade de adsorvente e a velocidade de agitação no processo de eliminaçao. A variedade Pinus cupresus mostra a adsorção maior, 0,53 mgNi/g. Considerando a sua disponibilidade e baixo preço, ele vira um adsorvente comercial potencial. Um modelo cinético foi ajustado para a adsorção metálica. Os resultados experimentais forneceram evidência da troca iônica com principalmente Ca2+eMg2+ como o mecanismo de adsorção principal. O bolo úmido residual pode ser disposto pela incineração, porque aproximadamente 44% de níquel é depositado nas cinzas. Finalmente, uma coluna de adsorção foi desenvolvida logrando uma eficiência de 57% no processo de remoção.

O uso da serragem no processo de minicompostagem / The use of sawdust in a little compounder system

Neste trabalho utilizou-se quatro minicomposteiras de PVC cilíndricas e idênticas, com 40 cm de diâmetro, 75 cm de comprimento e com as extremidades abertas. Cada minicomposteira recebeu 35,5 kg de resíduos sólidos orgânicos, previamente triturados e 6 kg de serragem. Foi acompanhado o processo através de análises de C/N, variação da temperatura, grau de umidade e pH. Os resultados mostraram que o uso do resíduo serragem como palhoso, nas minicomposteiras desenvolvidas, utilizando pequena quantidade de resíduos orgânicos, atingiu temperaturas de até 65º C, permanecendo na faixa termofílica por aproximadamente 6 dias. Após 18 dias a massa em degradação atingiu a temperatura ambiente, sendo então, deixada para maturar por 55 dias. A umidade no sistema foi próxima de 60 por cento no início e o pH final ficou na faixa de 8,0 a 8,5. A relação C/N inicial foi 30/1 e chegou a 12/1 após 73 dias.

In this work used four cylindrical PVC (polyvinyl chloride) mini compost bins, they all had the same size and were identical, with 40 cm diameter and 75 cm length, they also were opened on both sides. Each mini compost bean received 35,5 kg of solid organic wastes, which were previously crushed and 6 kg of sawdust. It was evaluated during the composting process the C/N analyses, temperature measurement, humidity and pH. Results showed that the use of sawdust as a source of high carbon inputs on the mini compost beans and using low quantities of organic solid wastes reached temperatures as high as 65º C, keeping on the thermophilic phase for almost 6 days. After 18 days the environmental temperature was reached, the organic wastes were then laid to reach full maturity for 55 more days. The C/N ratio was initially around 30/1 and after 73 days it was around 12/1.

The Artificial Cultivation of Oudemansiella mucida on the Oak Sawdust Medium

To produce fruiting bodies of Oudemansiella mucida, porcelain fungus, on the oak sawdust medium, additives suitable for the mycelial growth and fruiting body formation were screened. In general, the mycelial growth of the three strains of O. mucida used in this study have been good on oak sawdust mixed rice bran of 20~30%. The mycelia incubated in potato dextrose broth for 7 days were inoculated on oak sawdust medium supplemented with various ratios of rice bran and incubated for 30 days at 25degrees C in the dark condition until the mycelia of O. mucida fully colonized the media from top to bottom. Then, top surface of the media in the bottles were horizontally scratched with a spatula and filled with tap water for 3 hours. To induce the primordial formation of O. mucida, the bottles were transferred to the mushroom cultivating room under 12 hrs of light (350 lux) and dark condition with relative humidity of 95% at 17degrees C. The primordia of O. mucida were formed on the surface of oak sawdust media after 7 days of incubation. The mature fruiting bodies were observed 5 days after primordial formation. The fruiting bodies O. mucida were formed on oak sawdust medium mixed with 5 to 30% rice bran. However, abundant fruiting-bodies of O. mucida were produced in oak sawdust medium supplemented with 20% rice bran. This is the first report associated with an artificial fruiting body production of O. mucida in Korea.

Effect of Various Sawdusts and Logs Media on the Fruiting Body Formation of Phellinus gilvus

Present experiments were conducted to determine the possibility of artificial culture with various sawdust of P. gilvus. The pH value was 6.0 of oak sawdust, 6.5 of mulberry sawdust, 6.6 of elm sawdust, 6.3 of acacia sawdust and 6.1 of apple tree sawdust. Mycelial density on elm sawdust and acacia sawdust were lower than those of oak sawdust, and apple sawdust. Weight of fresh fruiting body showed that 179 g on oak tree, 227 g on oak sawdust, 21 g on elm tree, 76 g on elm sawdust, 106 g on apple tree, and 170 g on apple sawdust. Among them, the yield of oak substrates was the highest whereas acacia sawdust was the lowest, and it is concluded that the yields of sawdust substrates were higher than log substrates. P. gilvus grown on various sawdusts and logs used in this study have shown similar in anti-tumor activity against P388.

Removal of Sawdust Aspiration and Anesthetic Management: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

The aspiration of a tracheobronchial foreign body can be a life-threatening incident. Early diagnosis and the bronchoscopic removal of the foreign bodies can protect a patient from serious morbidity and even mortality. We report an unusual case of a 28-year-old man who inhaled sawdust that required emergency airway management and bronchoscopic removal of the sawdust fragments. Anesthesia for a rigid bronchoscopy is a challenging procedure for an anesthesiologist who must share the airway with the bronchoscopist and maintain the adequate depth of anesthesia. Most of the sawdust fragments were extracted successfully using a rigid bronchoscope. The patient was discharged uneventfully within one week of hospitalization.

An Improved Compost Using Cotton Waste and Fermented Sawdust Substrate for Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom

A composting technique was assessed to enhance efficiency in oyster mushroom substrate. Poplar sawdusts and by-product of winter mushroom added by 10% of rice bran were composted outdoors at 20degrees C to 28degrees C for 12 days. The duration of fermentation was shortened 3 days in fermented sawdust plot. The yield obtained from waste cotton substrate with fermented poplar sawdust was 742 g, whereas the yield from control 663 g. In addition, the substrate with by-product of winter mushroom was the most effective to composting. It was useful to apply the fermented sawdust and by-product to waste cotton for compost and sporophore production of oyster mushroom.