Esquemas desadaptativos Iniciales como predictores de conductas disfuncionales: una revisión de la literatura / Esquemas iniciais desadaptativos como preditores de comportamentos disfuncionais: uma revisão de literatura / Early maladaptive schemes as predictors of dysfunctional behaviors: a literature review

Este artigo pretende verificar a quantidade de pesquisas publicadas no mundo nos últimos cinco anos e sua predição para com o comportamento humano. Foram encontrados 75 artigos nas bases de dados Scielo, Medline e Lilacs, a través de uma busca utilizando descritores em português e na língua inglesa no Portal Periódicos.capes. Os resultados apontaramque os estudos encontrados tiveram relação aos transtornos da personalidade, referindode forma direta a comportamentos relacionados aos esquemas desadaptativos como preditores dos transtornos da personalidade. Outros temas considerados foram o suicídio, o divórcio, a violência conjugal, patologias orgânicas e/ou dor crônica, a parentalidade,comportamentos erráticos, saúde e validação de escalas. Conclui-se que esta revisão tem sua importância na análise criteriosa dos estudos sobre os EIDs e sua relação com a personalidade, já que a teoria cognitiva traz a priori que os comportamentos disfuncionais estão relacionados com os Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos AU

Este artículo tiene como objetivo verificar la cantidad de investigaciones publicadas en el mundo en los últimos cinco años y su predicción para el comportamiento humano. Se encontraron un total de 75 artículos en las bases de datos Scielo, Medline y Lilacs, a través de una búsqueda con descriptores en portugués e inglés en el Portal Periódicos.capes. Los resultados mostraron que los estudios encontrados estaban relacionados con los trastornos de personalidad, refiriéndose directamente a conductas relacionadas con esquemas desadaptativos como predictores de trastornos de personalidad. Otros temas considerados fueron suicidio, divorcio, violencia conyugal, patologías orgánicas y/o dolor crónico, crianza, comportamiento errático, salud y validación de escalas. Se concluye que esta revisión es importante en el análisis cuidadoso de los estudios sobre las EID y su relación con la personalidad, ya que la teoría cognitiva muestra a priori que las conductas disfuncionales están relacionadas con los Esquemas Desadaptativos Iniciales AU

This article aims to verify the amount of research published in the world in the last five years and its prediction for human behavior. A total of 75 articles were found in the Scielo, Medline and Lilacs databases, through a search using descriptors in Portuguese and English on the Portal Periódicos.capes. The results showed that the studies found were related topersonality disorders, referring directly to behaviors related to maladaptive schemas as predictors of personality disorders. Other topics considered were suicide, divorce, marital violence, organic pathologies and/or chronic pain, parenting, erratic behavior, health and validation of scales. It is concluded that this review is important in the careful analysis of studies on EIDs and their relationship with personality, since the cognitive theory shows a priori that dysfunctional behaviors arerelated to Initial Maladaptive Schemas AU

Government Health Insurance Schemes and Their Benefits to The Indian Population: An Overview

In today’s scenario accelerating cost of health significantly impact the health of people and the populace creat-ing a monetary burden on poor households. One of the key concerns while tackling healthcare disparities is out-of-pocket expenses (OOPE). Providing financial safety and provide universal coverage to the entire popu-lace are the main goal of health schemes. Health policies in India are based on equity prioritising the needs of the poor and underprivileged. Likewise, there is a discrepancy in the consistency of information and knowledge regarding the scheme among the beneficiaries. A review was created to help medical and nursing professionals to gain comprehensive knowledge of various health schemes. We tried to give an overview of various health schemes including Ayushman Bharat Yojana, Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana (AABY), Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), Rashtriya Swasthya BimaYojana (RSBY), Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS), Employees State Insurance Scheme (ESIC), Employee Health Scheme and various state-level health schemes. include, Yeshasvini Health Insurance Scheme, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya Yojana, Chief Min-ister Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme, Mukhyamantri Amrutum Yojana, Karunya Health Scheme, Awaz Health Insurance Scheme, Telangana State Govt Employees and Journalist Health Scheme, Dr Ysr Aarog-yastri Health Care Trust, Mukhyamantri Chiranjeevi Yojana, Rajasthan Government Health Scheme (RGHS), and Aarogya Raksha.

Esquemas disfuncionales tempranos y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas como riesgo a VIH/Sida en adolescentes en conflicto con la ley penal / Early dysfunctional schemes and consumption of psychoactive substances as a risk for HIV/AIDS in adolescents in conflict with the criminal law

Este estudio no experimental de tipo transversal y descriptivo tuvo como objetivo identificar los esquemas disfuncionales tempranos (EDT) en adolescentes infractores de los Centros Juveniles de Diagnóstico y Rehabilitación. Asimismo, se buscó analizar los EDT como factores predictores del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) y el riesgo de VIH/Sida por comportamiento sexual. Se aplicaron: ficha de datos sociodemográficos, encuesta de Riesgo Sexual (Sexual Risk Scale - SRS) y cuestionario de esquemas de Young- versión reducida (Young Schema Questionare ­ Short Form: YSQ-SF) a 388 adolescentes infractores de ambos sexos (H=316 y M=72), escogidos con un muestreo no probabilística y de tipo intencional; los resultados indicaron asociación estadisticamentes significativa entre la variable "Riesgo de VIH/Sida por comportamiento sexual" y EDT: subyugación, privación emocional y autosacrificio, con mayor prevalencia en adolescentes infractores con comportamiento riesgoso. Sugieren que, los y las adolescentes infractores con los EDT de privación emocional, autocontrol insuficiente y subyugación tienen, más probabilidades de mostrar comportamientos de riesgo a VIH/Sida. Mientras que, no se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la variable "Consumo de SPA" y "Riesgo de VIH/Sida por comportamiento sexual" en los y las adolescentes infractores, lo cual evidencia que el consumo de SPA se encuentra presente y de manera equitativa en los grupos con riesgo bajo y alto de de VIH/Sida por comportamiento sexual. Se recomienda realizar abordaje psicológico, estrategias de intervención educativa en materia de educación sexual y despistaje con pruebas diagnóstica para VIH en los diferentes CJDR estudiados(AU)

This non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive study aimed to identify early dysfunctional schemes (EDT) in adolescent offenders at Juvenile Diagnosis and Rehabilitation Centers. Likewise, it was sought to analyze the EDT as predictive factors of the consumption of psychoactive substances (PAS) and the risk of HIV/AIDS due to sexual behavior. The following were applied: sociodemographic data sheet, Sexual Risk Scale - SRS survey and Young Schema Questionnaire - Short Form: YSQ-SF) to 388 adolescent offenders of both sexes (H= 316 and M=72), chosen with a non-probabilistic and intentional sampling; The results indicated a statistically significant association between the variable "Risk of HIV/AIDS due to sexual behavior" and EDT: subjugation, emotional deprivation and self-sacrifice, with a higher prevalence in adolescent offenders with risky behavior. They suggest that adolescent offenders with the EDTs of emotional deprivation, insufficient self-control and subjugation are more likely to show risk behaviors for HIV/AIDS. While, no statistically significant association was found between the variable "PA Consumption" and "Risk of HIV/AIDS due to sexual behavior" in the adolescent offenders, which shows that the consumption of SPA is present and in an equitable manner. in groups with low and high risk of HIV/AIDS due to sexual behavior. It is recommended to carry out a psychological approach, educational intervention strategies in terms of sexual education and despitaje with diagnostic tests for HIV in the different CJDR studied(AU)

SARS-CoV-2 infection rates after different vaccination schemes: An online survey in Turkey

Objective: To identify effects of various nationwide vaccination protocols on the evolution of new SARS-CoV-2 infections among adult population and to evaluate the safety of mRNA (BioNTech/ Pfizer) vaccine. Methods: Totally 10 735 adult volunteers that received at least one dose of BioNTech/Pfizer or triple doses of CoronaVac participated in this cross-sectional-online survey between 1 and 10 September 2021. The information was collected covering a 5-month period from April 2021 to September 2021. Information about people who were vaccinated with only single and double dose CoronaVac were not included in this study. Results: At least one side effect after single and double dose of BioNTech/Pfizer and triple doses of CoronaVac were observed in 42.1%, 42.5% and 10.9%, respectively. The most common side effects were shoulder/arm pain, weakness/fatigue, muscle/joint pain and headache. The side effects were the most frequent in single BioNTech/Pfizer, while it was the least in triple CoronaVac. The rate of positive PCR tests before vaccination was 17.6%, and decreased to 3.0% after vaccination. The rates of positive SARS CoV-2-PCR were 18.8%, 3.5%, 3.1%, 0.5% and 4.6% in single BioNTech/Pfizer, double BioNTech/Pfizer, double CoronaVac+single BioNTech/Pfizer, double CoronaVac+double BioNTech/Pfizer and triple CoronaVac, respectively. While 1.8% of PCR positive COVID-19 cases needed intensive unit care in the pre-vaccination period, intensive care unit was required in 0%, 1.5%, 2.4%, 0% and 4.2% after single BioNTech/ Pfizer, double BioNTech/Pfizer, double CoronaVac+single BioNTech/ Pfizer, double CoronaVac+double BioNTech/Pfizer and triple CoronaVac, respectively. Reinfection rate after vaccination was 0.4%. Conclusions: The rarity of COVID-19 infection after vaccination suggests that efficacy of vaccines is maintained. On the other hand, the data underscore the critical importance of continued public health mitigation.

Awareness and sources of the digital transactions schemes: a cross sectional study in a rural block of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

Background: India is a developing country and is on the road of rapid progress, in every aspect. So, to further boost the development process, India joined many other developing countries and showed an intent to promote a cashless economy. However, this penetration is not much in the rural areas which constitute the building blocks of the country. Awareness regarding digital transaction schemes of government of India is imperative to success of such schemes. Hence, the current study for assessing the awareness of the digital transaction schemes and finding out the sources in their implementation will help cater these issues.Methods: A  descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among 60 respondents belonging to different age groups, socio economic strata and with different education status, to explore the awareness and acceptance percentage of respondents in rural block Paragraph  in relation to digital transaction schemes and methods and the their sources of information. Study was done in three-month duration from1st July 2018 to 30th September 2018.Results: It was found that the awareness for mobile banking among all the age groups was  a massive 93.36% while that of the Digital Dakiya scheme is a meagre 8.30%.It was inferred from the study that social interaction  was the major information source (51%) and there was a significant association between the use of mobile banking and younger age of the individual.Conclusions: Awareness among the older population and rural females is lesser as compared to counterparts and was massive for mobile banking. Disparity about awareness the of schemes points that overall usage needs to be promoted.

General practitioner as a gatekeeper and medical scheme benefit design in South Africa

General Practitioners (GPs) serve a gatekeeper function in many healthcare systems. Cost containment strategies in the health care ecosystem usually focus on the role of GPs as the point of entry. The healthcare expenditure as the proportion of total healthcare spent on medi-cal schemes in South Africa has been declining over time. This could be attributed to a shift in benefit design and product development employed by schemes. The aim of this study was to investigate GP health spending by medical schemes, the average spent per GP visit, the level of co-payment that members are subjected to and the GP to member ratio in South Africa. The study design was a cross-sectional study which was performed by linking annual statutory returns data, claims data and provider distribution data collected on an annual basis by the Council for Medical Schemes. The data was further mirrored to the Practice code numbering data received from the Board of Healthcare Funders (BHF). A total of 79 medical schemes claims data was included in the analysis. The average number of visits per beneficiaries was 3. The distribution of GPs claiming from medical schemes follow the distribution of beneficiary by province. The ratio of claiming GPs per 1000 beneficiaries was 2. These results further revealed a shift in benefit design and that medical scheme members bypass GPs directly to specialist services which is a secondary level of care, thus undermining the role of GPs as gatekeepers. It is concerning that GP consultation is attracting a co-payment of as high as 39%. Repriori-tisation and emphasis on the role of a GP as gatekeepers as a function of the benefit design process is key to improving quality of care.

Health insurance in its way to combat financial crisis in breast cancer treatment

Background: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women, along with its diagnosis it brings disarray and economic burden on family. Its treatment is costliest compared to any other cancers. Health policies and health insurances are introduced to bridge the gap between patients and quality cancer care. We aim to understand the level to which health insurance help the breast cancer patients in reducing economic burden due to cancer Methodology: Cross sectional study done in Justice K.S Hegde Hospital in month June, 2018 to August, 2018 with participants being patients with breast cancer. Patients were contacted over the phone and a questionnaire was introduced to those willing to talk on their economic expenditure. Results: 73% of people had insurance to treat breast cancer of which 52% had advantage of Vajpayee Arogya Shree. 24% of people had insurance paid fully for treatment and 34% received partially, it reduced their burden by 51-75%. 46% of people had the cost >1 lakh for treatment which could be burden for 27% who didn’t have insurance, and this was among patients from neighboring state for treatment. Conclusions: Insurance reducing the burden is ensured; but choice of hospital for treatment is not with the patient, which is a burden.

Stakeholders’ View of Sustainability of Public Water Supply Schemes in a Rural Area: The Case of Muyuka Subdivision, Cameroon

Background:Typhoid is a vital health hazard globally but its incidence is greater in developing compared to developed countries owing to low sanitation, poor hygiene practices, unsafe food and drinking water.Objective:This study was designed to determine the changes in renal parameters associated with male and female Typhoid patients.Materials and Methods:A hundred and twenty male and hundred and twenty female Typhoid patients were divided into four groupsmade up of sixty Typhoid positive male, sixty Typhoid negative male, sixty Typhoid positive female and sixty Typhoid negative females. The renal parameters were evaluated using Spectrophotometer. The results were analyzed using statistical package for social science version 20 statistical software.Results:The result of renal changes associated with male and female Typhoid fever patient Original ResearchArticle showed insignificant increase (p < 0.05) in Total serum Protein and significant increase (p < 0.05) in Creatinine level of both male and female patient compared to their control. It showed insignificant increase (p < 0.05) in potassium ion and sodium ion of the Typhoid positive male patient, significant decrease in sodium ion and insignificant decrease in potassium ion of the Typhoid positive female compare to their controls. Similarly, the result of the Typhoid positive male patients showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in Chloride ion and insignificant decrease (p < 0.05) in Chloride ion of Typhoid positive female compare to their control. Furthermore, it showed insignificant decrease (p < 0.05) in Urea level of the Typhoid positive males and insignificant increase (p < 0.05) in Urea level of the Typhoid positive females. Conclusions:Renal parameters as a tool for examining cases of early typhoid infections may aid in detecting early complications related to typhoid fever so as to aid in patients care and avert death that may come from such complication

Treatment non-compliance and government aided health schemes : a boon or a curse

Purpose: In this study we tried to analyze the prevalence of non-adherence to radiation treatment, the factors behind the unplanned breaks and the evaluation of strategies to overcome such breaks. Materials and Methods: Between January 2017 to October 2017, 486 patients were registered for radical radiotherapy of which 91 patients with unplanned treatment break were identified. We analyzed the social, economic, educational, and therapeutic barriers that led to treatment interruptions. Results: 91 patients of 486 patients registered for radical radiotherapy with unplanned treatment break were identified. The age of such patients ranged from 30 to 85 years with a median age of 52.5 years. 61 were males and 30 were females. 39 patients were from urban areas and 52 belonged to rural area. Of these 91 patients 85 patients were receiving cashless treatment based on BPL cards and 6 were cash paying patients. 52 Patients had Head and neck, 23 had gynecological, 7 with breast and 4 patients had esophageal cancers. Majority of patients in our study had treatment breaks during the mid to end phase of a radical radiotherapy schedule with the onset of Grade II or III acute reactions. Conclusion: As majority of patients were supported by government schemes without any binding factor, some compelling factors like blocking the BPL cards to avail other benefits, or to impose some kind of penalties to avoid wastage of government efforts and resources.

Efficacy and Safety of Different Infusion Schedules of High-dose Methotrexate in the Treatment of Osteosarcoma ：A Meta- analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety for different infusion schemes of large-dose （＞500 mg/m2） of methotrexate in the treatment of osteosarcoma， and to provide evidence-based reference for clinical treatment. METHODS： Retrieved from Medline， Embase， clinicaltrials.gov， CJFD， Wanfang database and CBM database， observational studies and randomized/non-randomized controlled trials about therapeutic efficacy and safety for different infusion schemes （different doses and infusion time） of large-dose of methotrexate in the treatment of osteosarcoma were included during the establishment of the database to Mar. 2018. After data extraction and quality evaluation with methodological evaluation index of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale， Cochrane 5.1.0 bias risk evaluation tool and non-randomized controlled trials， Meta-analysis or descriptive analysis for blood drug concentration （c）， related toxicity （e.g. incidence of hepatotoxicity， incidence of hemotoxicity） were performed by using Rev Man 5.3 software. RESULTS： Totally 5 studies were included， involving 310 cases. Results of Meta-analyses indicated c0 h [MD＝－240.11， 95％CI（－271.47， －208.75）， P＜0.001]， c24 h [MD＝－0.09， 95％CI （－0.11， 0.08）， P＜0.001]， c48 h [MD＝－0.07， 95％CI （－0.10， －0.05）， P＜0.001]， c72 h [MD＝－0.05， 95％CI （－0.06， －0.03）， P＜0.001] and the incidence of liver toxicity [OR＝0.26， 95％CI （0.10， 0.67）， P＜0.005] in 8 g/m2 group were significantly lower than 10 g/m2 group. Results of descriptive analysis showed that when both groups were given 8 g/m2， c24 h of patients with 2 and 4 h infusion time was significantly lower than that of patients with 6 h infusion time. The incidence of leukopenia and thrombo- cytopenia in 8 g/m2 group was significantly lower than 10 g/m2 group. CONCLUSIONS： In the treatment of osteosarcoma with high-dose of methotrexate， appropriate dosage reduction （e.g. 8 g/m2） and appropriate prolongation of infusion time   （e.g. 6 h） may lead to a better efficacy and safety.

Knowledge of orthopaedic implant costs and healthcare schemes among orthopaedic residents

There is a paucity of available research on knowledge of orthopaedic implant costs and healthcare schemes among orthopaedic residents. With the rising healthcare costs in Singapore, it is imperative for residents, who are the future surgeons, to understand these issues in order to provide proper counselling and cost-effective management. This study aimed to quantify how accurately they understood these issues and determine if senior residents had better knowledge given their increased experience. An online survey was administered to all orthopaedic residents within a residency programme. There was poor knowledge of implant costs and healthcare schemes among residents. Junior residents fared better at healthcare schemes, while senior residents fared better at estimation of implant costs. Education on these issues should be incorporated into the residency programme to bring about more holistic and cost-conscious clinicians.

O corpo como meio de aceitação e inserção social: contribuições a partir de Jeffrey Young / The body as a means of acceptance and social insertion: contributions from Jeffrey Young

Este trabalho discute como a abertura a novas experiências se relaciona à forma como o sujeito percebe, significa e cuida do corpo e de sua saúde estética. Participaram do estudo 159 estudantes universitários, que responderam a Escala de Abertura a Experiências (EFA) e a Escala de Atitudes em Saúde e Estética (EASE). Os dados foram correlacionados e compreendidos a partir da teoria de formação da personalidade de Jeffrey Young. A correlação sugeriu que pessoas menos imaginativas e mais convencionais, pouco abertas a experiências novas, se preocupam mais com o corpo, indicando submissão a padrões sociais de beleza. Cognições, emoções e comportamentos perpetuados nas relações desenvolvidas na família e no círculo de relações afetivas infantis ampliadas e a própria cultura colocam o corpo e a beleza como meio de aceitação e inserção social. Esquemas vinculados ao primeiro domínio esquemático de desconexão e rejeição podem ser o centro da personalidade desses sujeitos

The study discusses how openness to new experiences relates to how the subject perceives, means and cares for the body and its aesthetic health. Participating in the study were 159 university students who responded to the Openness to Experience Scale (EFA) and Health and Aesthetic Attitudes Scale (EASE). The data were correlated and understood from the personality formation theory of Jeffrey Young. The correlation suggested that people less imaginative and more conventional, little open to new experiences, are more concerned with the body, indicating submission to social standards of beauty. Cognitions, emotions and behaviors perpetuated in the relationships developed in the family and in the circle of extended child affective relations and the culture itself place the body and the beauty as a means of acceptance and social insertion. Schemes linked to the first schematic domain of disconnection and rejection may be the center of personality of these subjects

High-risk factors of infection of multidrug resistance Klebsiella pneumonia and analysis of therapeutic effects / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective·To analyze high-risk factors of infection of multidrug resistance Klebsiellapneumonia (MDR-Kpn) and difference of therapeutic effects for different treatments.Methods·One hundred and ten MDR-Kpn strains were collected from a hospital.K-B slip diffusion method was utilized to detect the drug susceptibility of all the strains.Based on electronic medical records system,MDR-Kpn infected group included 51 patients and control group was picked out,including 51 patients as well (byl:1 ratio basing on the infected group according to the rules of under the same department,similar basic disease and all the patients in the control group isolated with the strain of Kpn).Thirty-nine clinical information of MDR-Kpn infected and control groups are collected to make single-factor analysis of high risk factors of the infection with MDR-Kpn.Multi-factor analysis was utilized between MDR-Kpn infected and control groups.The lasting time of different antibiotics used in MDR-Kpn infected patients were made statistics between effective and inefficacy patients.Results·Drug susceptibility test showed that sulfonamide,phosphonomycin and amikacin,were the three most sensitive antibiotics for 110 MDR-Kpn strains.12 clinical information,such as blood transfusion、sputum suction、invasive ventilation were all high-risk factors for the infection of MDR-Kpn (P＜0.05).The lasting time during with carbapenems (P=0.025) was statistically different between effective (n=28)and non-effective group (n=23) of MDR-Kpn infection patients.Conclusion·Controlling and eliminating high-risk factors do help to protect and decrease the infection of MDR-Kpn.Using carbapenems correctly has great influence on prognosis.

Relación entre los esquemas desadaptativos con la dependencia emocional en mujeres en situación de violencia de pareja

El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en analizar la relación entre los Esquemas Desadaptativos con la Dependencia Emocional en mujeres víctimas de violencia de pareja heterosexual. Da cuenta de necesidades básicas y/o afectivas insatisfechas en la infancia, relaciones interpersonales, conductuales y afectivas fragmentadas, recurrentes a lo largo de la vida. El estudio se enmarca en el método cuantitativo en un inicio de tipo descriptivo, asimismo es de tipo correlacional puesto que trata de identificar si existe relación entre las dos variables. El diseño es no experimental dado que no manipula variables solo observa, con corte transversal, es decir la información se recolecta en un solo momento. La muestra fue de 40 mujeres voluntarias mayores de edad que presentan la característica de ser víctimas de violencia de pareja. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Esquemas de Young (1995) y el Cuestionario de Dependencia emocional de Lemos y Londoño (2006). Los resultados obtenidos muestran una correlación positiva entre ambas variables según C. Pearson: ,582 con un nivel de significancia de 0,01 estos resultados reflejan que los esquemas desadaptativos se encuentran asociados con la dependencia emocional.

The objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between Maladaptative Schemes with Emotional Dependency in women victims of heterosexual partner violence. It accounts for unmet basic and / or affective needs in childhood, fragmented interpersonal, behavioral and affective relationships, recurring throughout life. The study is framed in the quantitative method in a descriptive type, it is also correlational type since it tries to identify if there is a relationship between the two variables. The design is non experimental since it does not manipulate variables, it only observes, with a cross section, that is, the information is collected in a single moment. The sample was 40 women volunteers of legal age who present the characteristic of being victims of intimate partner violence. The Young Schema Questionnaire (1995) and the Lemos and Londoño (2006), Emotional Dependency Questionnaire were applied. The results obtained show a positive correlation between both variables according to C. Pearson: 582 with a significance level of 0.01 these results reflect that the maladaptive schemes are associated with emotional dependence.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a relação entre Esquemas Desadaptativos e Dependência Emocional em mulheres vítimas de violência por parceiro heterossexual. É responsável por necessidades básicas e/ou afetivas insatisfeitas na infância, relaçôes interpessoais fragmentadas, comportamentais e afetivas, recorrentes ao longo da vida. O estudo é enquadrado no método quantitativo em um tipo descritivo, é também do tipo correlacional, uma vez que tenta identificar se existe uma relação entre as duas varíaveis. O projeto é não experimental, pois não manipula varíaveis, apenas observa, com uma seção transversal, ou seja, as informaçôes são coletadas em um único momento. A amostra foi de 40 mulheres voluntárias em idade legal que apresentam a característica de serem vítimas de violência por parceiro íntimo. Foram aplicados o Questionário de Esquema de Young (1995), e o Questionário de Dependência Emocional de Lemos e Londoño (2006). Os resultados obtidos mostram uma correlação positiva entre as duas variáveis de acordó com o C. Pearson: ,582 com nível de significância de 0,01 resultados que refletem que os esquemas desadaptativos estão associados ao dependência emocional.

A abordagem estrutural das representações sociais e o modelo dos esquemas cognitivos de base: perspectivas teóricas e utilização empírica / The basic cognitive schemes: theorical perspectives and empirical research / Esquemas cognitivos de base: perspectivas teóricas y investigaciones empiricas

A abordagem estrutural das representações sociais é amplamente utilizada em pesquisas brasileiras, no entanto, existe o uso quase exclusivo da análise prototípica (ou análise das evocações livres). O modelo dos esquemas cognitivos de base, elaborado por Rouquette e Guimelli estuda, dentro da abordagem estrutural, as relações que ocorrem no pensamento social. Mais precisamente, este modelo estuda as relações entre os diferentes cognemas ativados por um objeto de representação. As relações são formalizadas por 28 conectores reagrupados em três famílias ou meta-esquemas; avaliação, descrição e prática. O modelo prevê a utilização de três índices, ou valências, para descrever o grau de ativação de cada meta-esquema na população estudada o que nos permite diagnosticar a forma de pensamento acerca do objeto. Mais precisamente as valências indicam as dimensões representacionais ativadas pelo o objeto na população. Estas dimensões podem ser descritivas, ligadas ao julgamento e avaliação ou relacionadas com as práticas do grupo em questão.

The structural approach to social representations is widely employed in Brazilian research. However, the studies use prototypical analysis (or free evocations analysis) almost exclusively. The basic cognitive schemes model proposed by Rouquette and Guimelli studies the relationships that take place in social thinking. More precisely, such model studies the relationships between the different cognems activated by a representation object. The relationships are formalized by 28 connectors regrouped in three families or meta-schemes; evaluation, description and practice. The model foresees the employment of three indexes, or valences, to describe the activation degree of each meta-scheme in the studied population, which makes it possible to diagnose the way of thinking about the object. These indexes aim at the dimension activated by the social object in the population. More specifically the indexes gives information about the presence of a descriptive dimension, of judgments and evaluation, and, at last, of social practices within the group.

El abordaje estructural de las representaciones sociales es ampliamente utilizado en investigaciones brasileñas, al punto que existe el uso casi exclusivo del análisis prototípico (o análisis de las evocaciones libres). El modelo de los esquemas cognitivos de base, elaborado por Rouquette y Guimelli, estudia dentro del abordaje estructural, las relaciones que se presentan en el pensamiento social. Más precisamente, este modelo estudia las relaciones entre los diferentes cognemas activados por un objeto de representación. Las relaciones son formalizadas por medio de 28 conectores, reagrupados em tres familias o metaesquemas: evaluación, descripción y práctica. El modelo prevé la utilización de tres índices o valencias para describir el grado de activación de cada metaesquema en la población estudiada, lo que nos permite diagnosticar la forma de pensamiento en relación con el objeto. Mas precisamente, nos permite tener informaciones sobre las dimensiones representaconales activadas: descritiva; los juízos y avaliaciones; la práxis de las personas estudiadas.

Coinconsciente para além do tempo e do espaço / The state of co-unconsciousness beyond time and space / Coinconsciente mas allá del tiempo y del espacio

Este artigo discute como o coinconsciente de Moreno se constitui relacionalmente na primeira etapa da Matriz de Identidade a partir da dinâmica relacional entre o bebê e seus primeiros cuidadores. Essa dinâmica desenvolve esquemas mentais de compreensão das relações e dos modos de funcionamento dos papéis, que passarão a ser usados por toda a vida. Em situações de crise pessoal ou social, esses modelos substituem os relacionamentos télicos. Propõe também que o Sociodrama é um instrumento eficiente para a elaboração desses estados compartilhados.

This article discusses how Moreno's coinconcious state occurs relationally in children, from the first stage of the Identity Matrix deriving from the relational dynamic between a baby and its first caregivers. This dynamic develops mental schemes for understanding relationships and the way roles function that will be used for their entire lives. In situations of personal or social crisis, these models substitute telic relationships. It is also proposed that Sociodrama is an effective tool for the elaboration of these shared states.

Este artículo analiza cómo el coinconsciente de Moreno se estructura en la primera etapa de la Matriz de Identidad a partir de la dinámica relacional entre el niño y sus primeros cuidadores. Esta dinámica desarrolla esquemas mentales para entender las relaciones y modos de funcionamiento de los roles que se utilizarán por toda la vida. En situaciones de crisis personal osocial, estos modelos sustituyen a las relaciones télicas. El artículo propone también que elSociodrama es un instrumento eficiente para la elaboración de estos estados compartidos.

El grupo operativo y sus efectos pedagógicos / The operative group and its pedagogical effects

A partir de la articulación de la docencia universitaria y la teoría y técnica de los grupos operativos de E. Pichon-Riviere se aportan algunas reflexiones sobre los efectos pedagógicos que se derivan de la puesta en operación de los grupos operativos en un programa de psicología en Medellín-Colombia. Se destacan las dificultades que deben sortear los coordinadores de los grupos operativos al enfrentarse a las resistencias que entorpecen la labor de cuestionar y modificar los esquemas referenciales y las identificaciones grupales.

From the articulation of university teaching and the theory and technique of the operational groups of E. Pichon-Riviere, some reflections on the pedagogical effects derived from the operationalization of the operative groups in a psychology program in Medellin Colombia. It highlights the difficulties that the coordinators of the operative groups have to overcome when confronting the resistance that hinders the task of questioning and modifying the referential schemes and the group identifications.

The implementing experience of patient access schemes in UK and its implication for China / 中国卫生政策研究

The Risk-sharing agreements have achieved remarkable success in improving patients'access to drugs, lowering the uncertainty of the drugs cost-effectiveness, financial risk control and other aspects of medical in-surance fund , so they have attracted widespread attention by the concerned governments and insurers .This paper sys-tematically reviewed the patient access schemes in UK from several aspects , including the origin of the program , clas-sification , application processes and the implementation effects as well .The results of the research indicated that Chi-na has basically met the conditions for implementation of the risk-sharing agreements .In order to gradually promote the risk-sharing agreements implementation , this paper suggests that China should clarify the main root of risk-sharing agreements implementation , establish risk-sharing agreements standardization process and strengthen the application of health technology assessment in health resources allocation to improve the Chinese medicines bargaining system more scientifically and efficiently .

Theintensity-modulated radiation therapy of five radiotherapy fields on nasopharyngeal carcinoma / 重庆医学

Objective Under the requirements of dose distribution in target and normal tissue ,five radiotherapy fields are de‐voted to making Intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plan ,thus the IMRT radiotherapy of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) could be underway with the radiotherapy field as few as possible .Methods Through the comparison of the NPC patients′IMRT plans in our hospital ,the angle of fields have been make out with 0° ,75° ,125° ,225°and 285° .At the same time ,this field scheme is compared with projects of front five fields ,behind five fields and share five fields .The result was statistically analyzed . Results In these four field schemes ,the maximum and minimum dose in the target area showed no statistically difference (P>0 . 05) ,while in the average dose ,D95 and normal tissue dose have statistical difference (P<0 .05) .Conclusion Comprehensive com‐parison of the dose distribution in the target and normal tissue in these four field schemes showed that the field scheme with the an‐gles of 0° ,75° ,125° ,225°and 285°could obtain better results ,so this field scheme should be more suitable for local area NPC patient′s IM RT .

Universal health coverage reforms: implications for the distribution of the health workforce in low- and middle-income countries.

To achieve universal health coverage (UHC), a range of health-financing reforms, including removal of user fees and the expansion of social health insurance, have been implemented in many countries. While the focus of much research and discussion on UHC has been on the impact of health-financing reforms on population coverage, health-service utilization and out-of-pocket payments, the implications of such reforms for the distribution and performance of the health workforce have often been overlooked. Shortages and geographical imbalances in the distribution of skilled health workers persist in many low- and middle-income countries, posing a threat to achieving UHC. This paper suggests that there are risks associated with health-financing reforms, for the geographical distribution and performance of the health workforce. These risks require greater attention if poor and rural populations are to benefit from expanded financial protection.