Development of a rapid and simple HPLC-UV method for determination of gallic acid in Schinopsis brasiliensis

AbstractThe aim of this work was to develop and validate an analytical method for the identification of the chemical marker of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl., Anacardiaceae. It would determine the total polyphenols and flavonoid content by spectrophotometric methodology in the dried extract of plant. The chromatographic profiles of S. brasiliensis were determined using HPLC-UV. The liquid chromatography method was conducted on a Phenomenex Gemini NX C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of 0.05% orthophosphoric acid: methanol. The flow rate was 1 ml/min and effluents were monitored at 271 nm. The retention time for gallic acid was 8.5 min. The described method has the advantage of being both rapid and easy. Hence it can be applied for routine quality control analysis of herbal preparation containing S. brasiliensis.

Modulation of the erythromycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by ethanolic extracts of Ximenia americana L and Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl / Modulación de la resistencia a la eritromicina en Staphylococcus aureus por extractos etanólicos de Ximeniaamericana L y Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl

It was evaluated the in vitro efficacy of ethanolic extract of leaves and bark of Ximenia americana L and Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. alone and in association with erythromycin as modulators of microbial resistance against six clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to erythromycin (SA1-SA6) and S. aureus ATCC 25923 by the microdilution method. The extracts were also subjected to bioassay with Artemia salina. The ethanolic extract of barks of X. americana showed a synergistic effect with erythromycin against SA01, SA03 and SA04. The leaf extract of S. brasiliensis exerted synergistic effect against SA03 and the bark extract showed against SA01 and S03. The results suggest that extracts from S.brasiliensis and X. americana have potential as modulator agents of bacterial resistance, which could be used as adjuvants in the treatment of infections by S. aureus resistant to erythromycin, with previous studies of toxicity.

Se evaluó la eficacia in vitro de los extractos etanólicos de hojas y corteza de Ximenia americana L y Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl solos y en asociación con eritromicina como moduladores de la resistencia microbiana frente a seis aislados clínicos de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a Eritromicina (SA1-SA6) y S. aureus ATCC 25923, por el método de microdilución. Además se determinó la actividad tóxica de los extractos contra Artemia salina. Solo el extracto etanólico de la corteza de X. americana mostró un efecto sinérgico con la eritromicina frente a SA01, SA03 y SA04. El extracto de las hojas de S. brasiliensis ejerció efecto sinérgico contra SA03 y el extracto de corteza, contra SA01 y S03. Los resultados sugieren que S. brasiliensis y X. americana tienen potencial como agentes moduladores de la resistencia bacteriana, que podrían ser utilizados como adyuvantes en el tratamiento de infecciones por S. aureus resistentes a eritromicina, con estudios previos de toxicidad.

Evaluation of the toxicity and molluscicidal and larvicidal activities of Schinopsis brasiliensis stem bark extract and its fractions

Dengue fever and schistosomiasis are major public health issues for which vector control using larvicide and molluscicide substances present in plants provides a promising strategy. This study evaluated the potential toxicity of the extract of hydroethanol Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl., Anacardiaceae, stem bark and its chloroform, hexane, ethyl acetate, and hydromethanol fractions against Artemia salina and Aedes Aegypti larvae and snails Biomphalaria glabrata. All of the assays were performed in triplicate and the mean mortality rates were used to determine the LC50 and LC90 values using the probit method. The hydroethanol hydromethanol extract and fraction were free of toxicity towards A. salina (LC50 > 1000 µg/ml), while chloroform fraction was moderately toxic (LC50 313 µg/ml); ethyl acetate and hexane fractions displayed low toxicity, with LC50 557 and 582 µg/ml, respectively. Chloroform, hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions showed larvicidal potential towards A. aegypti (LC50 values of 345, 527 and 583 µg/ml, respectively), while chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were highly toxic to B. glabrata (LC90 values of 68 and 73 µg/ml, respectively). Based on these findings, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane fractions should be further investigated for their potential use against the vectors of dengue and schistosomiasis.

Adequacy of methodology for germination of diaspores of barauna, Schinopsis brasiliensis (Anacardiaceae) / Adequação da metodologia para germinação de diásporos de baraúna, Schinopsis brasiliensis (Anacardiaceae)

Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (Anacardiaceae) is a typical "Caatinga" (savanna) tree, whose seed germination occurs in a slow and irregular. The ideal conditions for seed germination of many tree species are still unknown. The present study objective was to evaluate different temperatures and substrates to establish a protocol for seed germination Schinopsis brasiliensis, conducted at the Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba State (PB), Brazil. Therefore, different temperatures (25, 30, 35 and 20-30 ºC) and substrates (including sand, vermiculite between, on paper, between paper and paper roll) were used. To assess the effect of treatments for germination (%), first germination count (%), germination velocity index (GSI), lengths of the principal root and of the aerial portion of the seedlings and dry weights of the root system and of the aerial portion of the seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized with treatments arranged in a 4 x 5 factorial arrangement (temperature and substrate), four replicates of 25 diaspores for each treatment. The means were compared by Tukey test at 1% probability and orthogonal contrasts between temperatures (35 vs 30 º C, 30 vs 25 º C and 20-30 vs 30 º C). The germination tests of S. brasiliensis should analyze the numbers of seedlings germinated 10 (first count) and 20 days (final evaluation) after sowing; The combination of a vermiculite substrate and alternating temperature (20-30 ºC) was best for stimulating the germination of S. brasiliensis diaspores.

Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (Anacardiaceae) é uma árvore típica da caatinga, cuja germinação das sementes ocorre de forma lenta e irregular. As condições ideais de germinação das sementes de muitas espécies ainda não são bem conhecidas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes temperaturas e substratos para o estabelecimento de um protocolo de germinação para sementes de Schinopsis brasiliensis, conduzido na Universidade Federal da Paraíba, em Areia-PB. Para tanto, foram utilizados diferentes temperaturas (25, 30, 35 e 20-30 ºC) e substratos (entre areia, entre vermiculita, sobre papel, entre papel e rolo de papel). Para avaliação do efeito dos tratamentos foram realizados testes de germinação (%), primeira contagem de germinação (%), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), comprimento da raiz principal e da parte aérea das plântulas e massa seca do sistema radicular e da parte aérea das plântulas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com os tratamentos distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 4 x 5 (temperaturas e substratos), em quatro repetições de 25 diásporos para cada tratamento. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, ao nível de 1% de probabilidade e por contrastes ortogonais entre temperaturas (35 vs 30 ºC, 30 vs 25 ºC e 20-30 vs 30 ºC). Para o teste de germinação de S. brasiliensis, as plântulas devem ser analisadas aos 10 (primeira contagem) e 20 dias (avaliação final) do semeio; O substrato vermiculita e a temperatura alternada 20-30 ºC são mais indicados para a germinação dos diásporos e o desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de S. brasiliensis. A temperatura constante de 35 ºC é prejudicial à germinação dos diásporos de S. brasiliensis.

Atividade antimicrobiana e sinérgica das frações das folhas de Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. frente a clones multirresistentes de Staphylococcus aureus / Antimicrobial and synergic activity of fractions from the leaves of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. against Staphylococcus aureus multiresistant clones

No presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e sinérgica de 4 frações das folhas de Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl (F1', F2', F1" e F2") frente às cepas Staphylococcus aureus MRSA multirresistentes. Os métodos utilizados foram poços de difusão em ágar, concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) - diluição em ágar, e bioautografia. Nos resultados bioautográficos observou-se três halos de inibição relacionados, no mínimo, à quatro constituintes ativos; sendo dois deles isolados das folhas (galato de metila e ácido gálico). A F2" (200∝g/mL) apresentou halos de inibição de 16 e 19mm frente as cepas de S. aureus multirresistente e Klebsiella pneumoniae, e CMI 100∝g/mL, respectivamente. Quanto as análises das associações das frações F1" ou F2" (25 e 50∝g/mL) com a tetraciclina e oxacilina, mostraram ações aditiva e sinérgica para a F2" (50∝g/mL), embora não suficiente para que a CMI atingisse valores inferiores a 2 e 4∝g/mL, necessário para serem classificadas como cepas sensíveis a oxacilina e tetraciclina, respectivamente. "Assim, conclui-se que a F2" das folhas de S. brasiliensis apresentou potencial antimicrobiano frente às cepas de S. aureus MRSA multirresistentes e que as associações das frações com os antibióticos testados não apresentaram benefícios não justificando o uso concomitante.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and synergic activity of 4 leaf fractions of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl (F1', F2', F1" and F2") against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. The used methods were agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) - agar dilution, and bioautography. The bioautographic results showed three inhibition zones that corresponded to at least four active compounds, two of which (methyl gallate and gallic acid) have already been isolated from leaves. The F2" (200∝g/mL) fraction showed inhibition zones of 16 mm and 19 mm against S. aureus multidrug-resistant and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains and a MIC value of 100∝g/mL, respectively. The analyses of associations of fraction F1" or F2" (25 and 50∝g/mL) with tetracycline and oxacillin showed additive and synergistic action for F2" (50∝g/mL), although it was not enough to decrease the MIC values to less than 2 and 4∝g/mL, necessary to classify the strains as susceptible to oxacillin and tetracycline, respectively. Thus, it was concluded that F2" from the leaves of S. brasiliensis showed antimicrobial potential against multidrug-resistant MRSA strains, and the associations of the fractions with the tested antibiotics showed no benefits, not justifying their concomitant use.