Constituents from the bark resin of Schinus molle

ABSTRACT A total of five terpenes was isolated from the bark resin of Schinus molle L., Anacardiaceae, and their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques. Among these compounds the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon terebinthene showed significant growth inhibitory activity against human colon carcinoma HCT-116 cells. Furthermore, terebinthene and pinicolic acid (5) also showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633.

Chemical composition of the Schinus molle L. essential oil and their biological activities

Introduction: essential oils and aromatic plant extracts have been recognized for many years as a great source of pharmaceutical agents. It is important to research on the chemical composition of the essential oils of plants widely used by the population because its usability becomes safer. Objective: to identify the chemical characterization of Schinus molle L. essential oils and their biological activities and to compare them with the biological activities of the main compounds found in literature. Methods: fifty grams of leaves were used to extract the oils through distillation in a modified Clevenger apparatus. The chemical analysis of volatile oils was carried out with capillary gas chromatography using flame ionization detector for quantitative analysis of its elements and, subsequently, a mass detector for qualitative analysis. Results: nineteen substances were separated and the major compounds were bicyclogermacrene (20.5 percent percent), betacaryophyllene (19.7 percent) and spathulenol (19.2 percent). Conclusions: given the extensive distribution of the raw material in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, more studies on the chemical properties and biological activities of Schinus molle essential oil are needed(AU)

Introducción: los aceites esenciales y extractos de plantas aromáticas han sido reconocidos desde hace muchos años como una gran fuente de agentes farmacéuticos. Es importante la investigación de la composición química de los.aceites esenciales de las plantas utilizadas ampliamente por la población porque su aplicabilidad se torna más segura. Objetivo: identificar la composición química del aceite esencial de las hojas de Schinus molle L. y correlacionarlas con las actividades biológicas de los principales compuestos localizadas en la literatura. Métodos: cincuenta gramos de hojas se sometieron a extracción a través de destilación usando un equipo Clevenger modificado. Para el análisis químico, los aceites volátiles se sometieron a cromatografía capilar de gases usando un detector de ionización de llama para el análisis cuantitativo de sus elementos constituyentes y, posteriormente, un detector de masas para el análisis cualitativo. Resultados: diecinueve compuestos fueron separados y los principales eran biciclogermacreno (20,5 por ciento), betacariofileno (19,7 por ciento) y espatulenol (19,2 por ciento). Conclusiones: dada la extensa distribución del material crudo en el estado de Río Grande do Sul, Brasil, se debe incrementar los estudios sobre las características químicas y las actividades biológicas del aceite esencial de Schinus molle(AU)

Efecto antidiarreico del extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas de Schinus molle L. "molle", Ayacucho - 2014 / Antidiarrheal effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Schinus molle L. "molle", Ayacucho - 2014

Las enfermedades diarreicas continúan siendo uno de los principales problemas de salud pública en los países de desarrollo, siendo las causas principales de mortalidad y morbilidad en el mundo, afectando a todo grupo de edad, los más afectados son los niños menores de 5 años. El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó para determinar el efecto antidiarreico del extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas de Schinus molle L. "molle", estas fueron recolectadas en el distrito de Accos Vinchos, provincia de Huamanga, departamento de Ayacucho. El estudio se realizó en los laboratorios de Farmacia y Bioquímica de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga, con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto antidiarréico del extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas de Schinus molle L. "molle", en cobayos machos, durante los meses de octubre a marzo de 2015. Los metabolitos presentes en el extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas fueron compuestos fenólicos y/o taninos, flavonoides, triterpenos y esteroides, catequinas, resinas, saponinas, azúcares reductores y cumarinas. Se usaron 25 cobayos de 500 y 600 g de peso distribuidos aleatoriamente en cinco tratamientos: Agua destilada (blanco), Loperamida (estándar), extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas de Schinus molle L. "molle" a 1 00, 200 y 300 mg/kg de peso. Los resultados muestran que el extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas de Schinus molle L. "molle" a 100 mg/Kg de 39,1 %, a 200 mg/Kg de 34,8%, a 300 mg/Kg de 92.7%, teniendo similar efecto antidiarreico el de 300 mg/Kg frente al estándar Loperamida 2 mg/Kg que representa el 1 00% del efecto antidiarreico. Se concluye que el extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas de Schinus molle L. "molle" a dosis de 300 mg/Kg de peso, tiene mayor efecto antidiarreico estadísticamente similar a la Loperamida.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of Schinus molle L with co-solvents: mathematical modeling and antimicrobial applications

This work investigates the antimicrobial activity of the Schinus molle L. leaves extracts obtained under supercritical conditions using carbon dioxide and co-solvents. Antimicrobial qualitative evaluation was carried out through the bioautography technique and the microorganisms studied were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, and Salmonella choleraesuis. The supercritical fluid extraction was carried out in a pilot scale equipment using carbon dioxide modified by the addition of co-solvents, such as ethanol and water at 150 bar and 333 K. A mathematical modeling of the process was also performed.

Actividad antibacteriana del Schinus molle l cultivado en Italia / Antibacterial activity of Schinus molle I grown in Italy

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la actividad antibacteriana del extracto etanolico de las hojas y el extracto hexanoico obtenido de los frutos del Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae), cultivado en Italia, con un rendimiento de 32,42 % y 5,63 %, respectivamente. Independientemente del tipo de extracto y de la parte de la planta utilizada, el Schinus molle L., mostró una buena actividad antibacteriana contra bacterias Gram positivas (S. aureus ATCC 29213 y E. faecalis ATCC 29212) con una CMI 16 µg/mL. El rango de CBM de estas bacterias estuvo entre 32 y 64 mg/mL, respectivamente.

The aim of this research was to determine antibacterial activity of etanolic extract of the leaves and hexanoic extract obtained from fruits of Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae), grown in Italia. with a yield of 32,42 % and 5,63 %, respectively. Whatever type of extract and the plant part used, Schinus molle L., showed good antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus ATCC 29213 and E. faecalis ATCC 29212) with MIC 16 mg/mL. Range of MBC of these bacteria were between 32 and 64 mg/mL respectively.

Influence of essential oil fractionation by vacuum distillation on acaricidal activity against the cattle tick

The aim of this work was to study the influence of essential oil fractionation on acaricidal activity against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus J.) and pepper tree (Schinus molle L.) essential oils were fractionated by vacuum distillation yielding fractions that were analyzed by the GC/MS. Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the effect of the total essential oil and fractions on larvae of the cattle tick R. (B.) microplus. The fractions 04 and 05 of the C. winterianus essential oil were the most active showing LC50 values of 1.20 and 1.34 μL/mL, respectively. The LC50 of the total oil was 3.30 μL/mL while the effect of the fractions 01, 02 and 03 was less pronounced, with LC50 values of 4.37, 4.24 and 3.49 μL/mL, respectively. The fraction 03 of the S. molle essential oil was the most active showing LC50 value of 8.80 μL/mL while the fractions 01 and 02 did not show toxic effects on the larvae.

Actividad antifúngica del extracto de etanol schinus molle y el fluconazol sobre candida albicans / Antifungal activity schinus molle ethanol extract and fluconazole against candida albicans

Objetivo. Determinar la actividad antifúngica del extracto de etanol Schinus molle y fluconazol sobre Candida albicans. Material y métodos. El estudio es experimental y transversal. La planta se recolectó en el departamento de Huancavelica provincia de Junín, se utilizó las hojas para preparar el extracto etanolico de Schinus molle. Los discos de extracto de etanol Schinus molle se obtuvieron en la Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. El fluconazol tuvo actividad antifungica se obtuvo del laboratorio de análisis microbiológico. 30 placas petri fueron divididas en 2 grupos, 30 de muestras de extracto etanolico de Schinus molle y 30 muestras de fluconazol, se aplicó en el disco el extracto etanolico de Schinus molle y otro disco se utilizó para elfluconazol y se colocaron en el agar dextrosa sabouraud que se esterilizó, en frio y se mantuvo a 45 grados centígrados. Se procedió a medir el halo inhibitorio con el instrumento pie de rey en un tiempo de 24 horas para el fluconazol y el extracto de etanol schinus molle. Resultados. El extracto de Schinus molle mostró actividad antifúngica con 25λg/ml, con un halo de inhibición mayor e igual 20mm, y el fluconazol con 25 λg/ml con un halo de inhibición de mayor e igual 31mm. (p=0.0001). Conclusiones. El extracto etanólico de Schinus molle utilizando las hojas de la planta con 25 λg/ml presentó un halo de inhibición de mayor e igual 20 mm mostrando así actividad antifúngica frente a cepas clínicas de candida albicans ATCC 10231.

Objective. To determine the antifungal activity of ethanol extract of Schinus molle and fluconazole on Candida albicans. Materials and methods. It was an experimental and cross study. The plant was collected in the department of Huancavelica; Junín Province. The ethanol extract of Schinus molle was prepared using the leaves. Discs of Schinus molle ethanol extract had an antifugal activity of 25ug/mL. It was obtained at the Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Flucanozole had an antifungal activity of 25λg/mL and this was obtained from the microbiogical laboratory. Followed by 30 petri plaques divided into 2 groups, 30 samples of ethanol extract of Schinus molle and 30 samples of fluconazole. It was applied on a disk theethanol extract of Schinus molle and on another disc the fluconazole and they were placed on the agar of Sabouraud dextrose which was sterilized, cold and kept at 45 gradesC. The inhibitory halo was measured with the calipertoolin on a time of 24 hours to fluconazole and ethanol extract of Schinus molle. Results. The extract of Schinus molle showed antifungal activity with 25 ug/ml, with an inhibition halo of more equal 20mm, and the flucanozole with 25λg/ml, with an inhibition halo of more equal 31mm. p=0.0001. Conclusions. The ethanol extract of Schinus molle using the leaves of the plant with a concentration of 10mg/ml presented an inhibitionzone of more equal 20mm thus showing activity against clinical isolates of Candida albicans ATCC10231.

Efeito fungicida dos óleos essenciais de Schinus molle L e Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardiaceae, do Rio Grande do Sul / Antifungal effect of Schinus molle L, Anacardiaceae, and Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardiaceae, essential oils of Rio Grande do Sul

Uma das alternativas para reduzir o uso de agrotóxicos pode ser a utilização de óleos essenciais para o controle de doenças e pragas que afetam a produção agrícola. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito fungicida dos óleos essenciais de Schinus molle L. e Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, espécies nativas amplamente distribuídas na região. Os óleos foram extraídos por hidrodestilação e analisados por cromatografia gasosa. Os fungos fitopatógenos Alternaria spp., Botrytis spp., Colletotrichum spp. e Fusarium spp., foram isolados a partir de gérberas e rosas com sintomas de doença e os ensaios de atividade antifúngica foram realizados através da técnica de difusão em disco e os dados analisados pelo teste de Tukey e Duncan a 5 por cento. Em geral o óleo essencial de S. molle foi efetivo para os quatro fungos testados, nas quatro diluições utilizadas e para todos os tempos avaliados e o óleo essencial de S. terebinthifolius apresenta efeito fungicida mais pronunciado contra Botrytis spp., a partir de testes in vitro.

One of the alternatives to reduce the use of pesticides may be the use of essential oils to control diseases and pests that affect agricultural production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fungicide effect of essential oils of Schinus molle L. and Schinus terebinthifoliusRaddi, native species widely distributed in the region. The oils were extracted by hydro distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography. The phytopathogenic fungi Alternariaspp., Botrytisspp., Colletotrichumspp. and Fusarium spp., were isolated from "gerberas" and roses with symptoms of disease and antifungal activity of the tests were carried out by the technique of spreading disk. The data was analyzed by Tukey and Duncan tests to 5 percent. In general, the essential oil of S. mollewas effective for the four fungi tested, for the four dilutions used and for all the times evaluated. The essential oil of S. terebinthifolius presents more pronounced fungicide effect against Botrytisspp., from in vitro tests.