In vitro activity of Schinus terebinthifolius extract and fractions against Sporothrix brasiliensis

BACKGROUND Sporothrix brasiliensis is the causative agent of zoonotic cases of sporotrichosis in Brazil and is associated with atypical and severe presentations in cats, dogs, and humans. Sporotrichosis treatment is usually time- and cost-consuming, sometimes with poor response and host toxicity. Schinus terebinthifolius has proven efficacy against bacteria and fungi of clinical interest. OBJECTIVE To determine the in vitro activity of S. terebinthifolius against S. brasiliensis. METHODS Five S. brasiliensis isolates and three reference strains were subjected to a hydroethanol extract derived from the leaves of S. terebinthifolius and its fractions. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the broth microdilution method according to the M38-A2 CLSI guidelines. Also, the fungicidal/fungistatic activity of the extract and fractions was studied. FINDINGS The crude extract of S. terebinthifolius inhibited the growth of S. brasiliensis (MIC: 0.5-1.0 µg/mL), while the partitioned extracts dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and butanol demonstrated growth inhibition at 8 µg/mL due to a fungistatic activity. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Due to its in vitro efficacy against S. brasiliensis and its known pharmacological safety, S. terebinthifolius is a candidate to be tested using in vivo models of sporotrichosis.

Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian Peppertree) extract used as antifungal to control Candida spp. in planktonic cultures and biofilms / Extrato de Schinus terebinthifolius (pimenta rosa) utilizado como antifúngico para controlar Candida spp. em culturas planctônicas e biofilmes

Objective: The use of medicinal plants may be an alternative method for the control of Candida spp. Responsible for human infections. This study evaluated the antifungal effect of Schinus terebinthifolius extract (Brazilian Peppertree) on C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, and C. krusei planktonic cultures and bio films. Material and Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungal concentration (MFC) of the plant extract were determined by the broth microdilution method. Biofilms formed in microplate wells were exposed to the extract for 5 min (50, 100 and 200 mg/mL) or 24 h (25, 50 and 100 mg/mL). After determination of colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's Test (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Different MIC (mg/mL) were found, such as 0.39 (C. dubliniensis), 1.56 (C. albicans), and 3.13 (C. glabrata and C. krusei). Besides, MFC (mg/mL) of 0.78 (C. dubliniensis) and 3.13 (C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei) were also observed. Regarding the biofilms, significant reductions (log10) were found after 5 min and 24 h exposure to the plant extract, compared to the control group. However, C. dubliniensis was significantly affected only in 24 h treatment. Conclusion: S. terebinthifolius extract presented a significant antifungal effect on C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, and C. Krusei both in planktonic cultures and biofilms (AU)

Objetivo: O uso de plantas medicinais pode ser um método alternativo para o controle de Candida spp. responsáveis por infecções humanas. Este estudo avaliou o efeito antifúngico do extrato de Schinus terebinthifolius (pimenta rosa) sobre culturas planctônicas e biofilmes de C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata e C. krusei. Material e Métodos: Concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) do extrato vegetal foram determinadas pelo método de micro diluição em caldo. Biofilmes formados em poços de microplacas foram expostos ao extrato por 5 min (50, 100 e 200 mg/mL) ou 24 h (25, 50 e 100 mg/mL). Após determinação de unidades formadoras de colônias por mililitro (UFC/mL), os dados foram analisados por one-way ANOVA e Teste de Tukey (P ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Foram encontradas diferentes CIM (mg/mL), como 0,39 (C. dubliniensis),1,56 (C. albicans) e 3,13 (C. glabrata e C. krusei). Além disso, CFM (mg/mL) de 0,78 (C. dubliniensis) e 3,13 (C. albicans, C. glabrata e C. krusei) também foram observadas. Em relação aos biofilmes, foram encontradas reduções significativas (log10) após 5 min e 24 h de exposição ao extrato vegetal, em comparação ao grupo controle. No entanto, C. dubliniensis foi significativamente afetada apenas no tratamento de 24 h. Conclusão: O extrato de S. terebinthifolius apresentou efeito antifúngico significativo sobre C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata e C. Krusei, tanto em culturas planctônicas quanto em biofilmes. (AU)

Weed interference factors that affect the growth of an atlantic forest tree species / Fatores da matointerferência determinantes no crescimento de espécie arbórea da mata atlântica

The objective of this study was to assess the possible existence of allelopathy and competition for water and nutrients of the grass Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf cv. Marandu grown together with Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi in a greenhouse. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme with 3 factors and the following levels: (1) one individual of the forest species with and without the presence of U. brizantha at a density of 4 individuals per pot; (2) supply of nutrients in limiting or non-limiting dose; and (3) supply of a limiting or non-limiting amount of water. We measured the height and root collar diameter of the tree seedlings, as well as the shoot and root dry weights of both species. There was competition by the grass with the tree species. The coexistence reduced the height by 30.5 cm, the root collar diameter by 1.58 mm and the shoot and root dry weights by 22.7 g and 9.5 g, respectively, of S. terebinthifolius. The greater supply of water in the pots increased the height by 18.9 cm of the S. terebinthifolius seedlings compared to the plants grown with limited water supply. Evidence was also observed of competition for nutrients, principally at the largest nutrient addition level, where the presence of the grass caused an additional decrease in the root collar diameter and shoot dry weight of the tree species, while the shoot and root dry weights of the grass increased. The results did not allow evaluating the existence of allelopathy of U. brizantha on S. terebinthifolius.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a magnitude da competição por água, nutrientes e alelopatia imposta pelo capim Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf cv. Marandu em convivência com Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, em casa de vegetação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial completo, com 3 fatores e os seguintes níveis: (1) um indivíduo da espécie florestal na ausência ou presença de U. brizantha, plantada na densidade 4 indivíduos por vaso; (2) fornecimento de nutrientes em dose limitante ou não-limitante e (3) o fornecimento de água sob regime limitante ou não-limitante. Foram mensuradas a altura e o diâmetro do coleto das mudas, bem como a massa seca da parte aérea e radicular das espécies. Houve competição da gramínea sobre a espécie arbórea. O convívio reduziu em 30,5 cm a altura, em 1,58 mm o diâmetro do coleto e em 22,7 g e 9,5 g as massas secas da parte aérea e das raízes de S. terebinthifolius, respectivamente. O maior fornecimento de água nos vasos proporcionou crescimento em altura 18,9 cm maior nas plantas de S. terebinthifolius quando comparado às plantas com fornecimento limitado de água. Houve também evidência de competição por nutrientes, principalmente quando houve a maior adição de nutrientes, causando um decréscimo adicional no diâmetro do coleto e na massa seca da parte aérea da espécie arbórea, enquanto que a gramínea foi favorecida com aumentos nas massas secas de parte aérea e radicular. O estudo não possibilitou avaliar a existência de alelopatia de U. brizantha sobre S. terebinthifolius.

Thin-layer convective drying behaviour of brazilian peppertree leaves / Secagem em camada delgada de folhas de aroeira

Studies on the drying kinetics of medicinal, aromatic and spice plants are a necessary step towards establishing the combination of drying parameters that would not qualitatively and quantitatively alter the quality of the fresh product. The purpose of this study was to investigate the drying kinetics of Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius) leaves and to verify whether the theoretical diffusion and the semi-empirical Lewis drying models were capable of accurately predicting the drying curves of the product at 35, 40, and 45°C, with a dry air mass flow rate of 0.731 kg s-1 m-2. Leaves were collected at 0800 h, 1200 h and 1700 h. The goodness of fit between experimental and predicted values was based on the correlation coefficient, root mean square error, mean absolute percentage error, mean bias error, and fit index. Residual plot analysis was also considered in the selection of the most effective drying model. Temperature had a pronounced effect on mass transfer and drying rate decreased continuously during the course of drying. Leaf collection time had little influence on the drying kinetics. Effective moisture diffusivity was found to increase with temperature. The results indicated that the Lewis model was considered a better predictor of the thin-layer drying behaviour of Brazilian peppertree leaves than the theoretical model based on Fick's second law of diffusion.

Estudos sobre a cinética da secagem de plantas medicinais, aromáticas e condimentares são necessários para o estabelecimento de parâmetros operacionais de secagem de forma a não alterar significativamente a qualidade e o perfil fitoquímico dessas plantas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a cinética da secagem das folhas da aroeira-vermelha (Schinus terebinthifolius), além de verificar se o modelo teórico de difusão e o modelo semi-empírico de Lewis são capazes de predizer com acurácia as curvas de secagem do produto a 35, 40 e 45°C, com fluxo de ar seco de 0,731 kg s-1 m-2. As folhas foram coletadas às 8:00, 12:00 e 17:00 h. O grau de adequação dos valores obtidos pelas curvas de secagem àqueles obtidos experimentalmente foi avaliado empregando-se o coeficiente de determinação, a raiz do erro quadrático médio, o erro percentual absoluto médio, o viés médio e o índice de ajuste. A análise da dispersão dos resíduos também foi utilizada na escolha do modelo de predição mais efetivo. Observou-se que a temperatura tem efeito significativo na transferência de massa e a taxa de secagem diminuiu continuamente ao longo da secagem. O horário de coleta das folhas não teve influência significativa sobre a cinética da secagem. A difusividade efetiva da água aumentou com o aumento da temperatura. Os resultados evidenciaram que o modelo de Lewis descreve com maior grau de acurácia a secagem de folhas de aroeira-vermelha que o modelo teórico baseado na Segunda Lei de Difusão de Fick.

Nematicidal Compounds from the Leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius Against Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Infecting Tomato

The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita caused a serious damage to many plants. The phenolic components of the leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius were investigated as potential nematicidal agents for M. incognita. Nine compounds were isolated and characterized as viz., 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl glucose (1), kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (Afzelin) (2), quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (Quercetrin) (3), myricetin (4), myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (Myricetrin) (5), methylgallate (6), protocatechuic acid (7), quercetin (8), and gallic acid (9) using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Compound 1 showed pronounced nematicidal activity compared to Oxamyl as a positive control. It showed the lowest eggs-hatchability (34%) and the highest mortality in nematode population (21% after 72 hours of treatment) at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. It exhibited the best suppressed total nematode population, root galling and number of eggmasses in infected tomato plants. The total carbohydrates and proteins were also significantly induced by 1 with reduction in total phenolics and increase in defense-related proteins. Thus, compound 1 could be a promising, more safe and effective natural nematicidal agent for the control of root-knot nematodes.

Schinus terebinthifolius administration prevented behavioral and biochemical alterations in a rotenone model of Parkinson's disease

ABSTRACT Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor impairment, cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardiaceae, had been studied for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and in this study, the stem bark was evaluated for the neuroprotective effects on behavioral and biochemical alterations induced by administrations of rotenone in rats. Behavioral evaluations were performed using open-field and rotarod. The in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities were determined by the DPPH radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation method respectively. The administration of rotenone (3 mg/kg, s.c.) produced hypolocomotion, increase of immobility and muscle incoordination, while the treatment with S. terebinthifolius stem bark extract (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg p.o.) for seven days prevented rotenone-induced dysfunctional behavior. Biochemical analysis of the substantia nigra, striatum and cortex revealed that rotenone administration significantly increased lipid peroxidation, which was inhibited by treatment with all doses of S. terebinthifolius. The results suggested neuroprotective effect of S. terebinthifolius possibly mediated through its antioxidant activity, indicating a potential therapeutic benefit of this species in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Produtividade de vinagreira, pimenta rosa e carobinha cultivadas em sucessão a mucuna preta e feijão de porco / Productivity of roselle, Brazilian peppertree, and carobinha grown in succession to black velvet bean and jack bean

RESUMO O uso de adubos verdes e/ou de plantas de cobertura é uma técnica que vem sendo difundida para o cultivo de espécies medicinais, por garantir a sustentabilidade do solo agrícola, ser flexível em seu uso e por melhorar a atividade biológica do solo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o uso de culturas de cobertura para incrementar a produção de massa de plantas de vinagreira, pimenta rosa e carobinha. Foram avaliadas duas espécies de leguminosas tropicais (mucuna preta e feijão de porco) como cobertura do solo e uma testemunha (sem cultura de cobertura) e três espécies medicinais (vinagreira, pimenta rosa e carobinha). O experimento foi arranjado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas as coberturas vegetais e nas subparcelas, as plantas medicinais. As plantas para a cobertura vegetal foram propagadas por semeadura direta no local de cultivo, enquanto as medicinais foram transplantadas diretamente entre a palhada da cobertura vegetal. A produção da mucuna preta foi de 8,37 t ha-1 de massa seca e do feijão de porco, de 14,37 t ha-1 de massa seca. O uso das culturas de cobertura contribuiu para uma maior biomassa microbiana do solo. As produções de massas frescas de folhas, caules e frutos de vinagreira e de frutos da pimenta rosa foram maiores quando cultivadas em sucessão às coberturas vegetais do solo, independente da espécie. As produções da carobinha foram semelhantes quando cultivadas em áreas com ou sem a cobertura. Visando à maior produtividade da vinagreira e pimenta rosa, são indicadas as culturas antecessoras feijão de porco e mucuna preta.

ABSTRACT The use of green manure and/or cover crops is a technique that has been widespread for the cultivation of medicinal species, since it ensures the sustainability of agricultural soil, is flexible in its use, and improves biological activity in the soil. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of cover crops to increase biomass production of roselle, Brazilian peppertree, and carobinha plants. Two species of tropical legumes (black velvet bean and jack bean) were evaluated as ground covers, and also assessed were one control plot (without cover crops) and three medicinal species (roselle, Brazilian peppertree, and carobinha). The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design, where the plots had cover crops and the subplots contained the medicinal plants. The plants for the cover crop were propagated by direct sowing in the growing site, while the medicinal ones were transplanted directly between the cover crop. The dry mass production of the velvet beans and jack beans were 8.37 t ha-1 and 14.37 t, respectively. The use of cover crops contributed to the increased microbial biomass of the soil. The production of dry mass of leaves, stems, and fruits of roselle and fruits of Brazilian peppertree were higher when grown in succession to the crop cover for the soil, regardless of the species. The production of carobinha was similar when grown in areas with or without the cover. To increase the yield of roselle and Brazilian peppertree, preceding crops of jack bean and black velvet bean are recommended.

Potencial de óleos essenciais de plantas medicinais no controle de fitopatógenos / Potential of essential oils from medicinal plants to control plant pathogens

Além do valor como recurso terapêutico, plantas medicinais também possuem potencial para serem utilizadas como fonte de princípios ativos contra fitopatógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de óleos essenciais das espécies medicinais Baccharis dracunculifolia (alecrim-do-campo), Schinus terebinthifolius (aroeirinha) e Porophyllum ruderale (arnica-brasileira) sobre o crescimento dos fungos fitopatogênicos Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Fop), F. solani f. sp. phaseoli (Fsp), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ss), S. minor (Sm), Rhizoctonia solani (Rs), Sclerotium rolfsii (Sr) e Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp). Avaliou-se em placas de Petri o crescimento radial desses fungos em meio batata-dextrose-ágar (BDA) com cinco concentrações (0, 250, 500, 1000 e 3000 mg L-1) dos óleos essenciais. Discos de micélio (5 mm de diâmetro) de cada fungo em crescimento foram transferidos para placas de Petri que foram mantidas a 23°C no escuro por 48 horas. O óleo essencial de alecrim-do-campo foi o mais eficiente na redução do crescimento micelial de todos os fungos, com inibição completa quando se utilizou a concentração de 3000 mg L-1. A redução de crescimento variou de 29% (Fs) a 80% (Rs) a 250 mg L-1 do óleo essencial de alecrim-do-campo; a 500 mg L-1, variou de 29% (Fs) a 98% (Sr); e a 1000 mg L-1, de 41% (Fs) a 100% (Sr). A redução do crescimento dos fungos pelo óleo de aroeirinha na concentração de 3000 mg L-1 variou de 27% (Fsp) a 74% (Rs). Nessa concentração, o óleo de arnica-brasileira reduziu o crecimento micelial de Ss em 72%, o de Rs em 80% e o de Mp em 82%, sem efeitos significativos sobre o crescimento micelial de Fsp e Fop. Conclui-se que os óleos essenciais de alecrim-do-campo, aroeirinha e arnica-brasileira possuem potencial para o controle dos fungos fitopatogênicos estudados, com destaque para o óleo de alecrim-do-campo.

In addition to their value as therapeutic resources, medicinal plants also have the potential to be used as a source of alternative compounds against plant pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of essential oils extracted from the medicinal species Baccharis dracunculifolia, Schinus terebinthifolius and Porophyllum ruderale on the growth of the fungal plant pathogens Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Fop), F. solani f. sp. phaseoli (Fsp), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ss), S. minor (Sm), Rhizoctonia solani (Rs), Sclerotium rolfsii (Sr) and Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp). The radial mycelial growth of the fungi was evaluated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in Petri dishes with five concentrations (0, 250, 500, 1000 and 3000 μL L-1) of the essential oils. Mycelial discs (5 mm diameter) of the growing colonies of each fungus were transferred to Petri dishes, which were maintained at 23 °C in the dark for 48 hours. The essential oil of B. dracunculifolia was the most effective oil in the reduction of the mycelial growth of all fungi. It completely inhibited their growth at 3000 mg L-1. At 250 mg L-1, the growth reduction caused by the oil of B. dracunculifolia varied from 29% (Fs) to 80% (Rs); at 500 mg L-1, it varied from 29% (Fs) to 98% (Sr); and at 1000 mg L-1, it varied from 41% (Fs) to 100% (Sr). The reduction of the mycelial growth caused by the oil of S. terebinthifolius at 3000 mg L-1 varied from 27% (Fsp) to 74% (Rs). At this concentration, the oil of P. ruderale reduced the mycelial growth of Ss by 72%, of Rs by 80% and of Mp by 82%, without significant effects on the mycelial growth of Fsp and Fop. We conclude that the essential oils of B. dracunculifolia, S. terebinthifolius and P. ruderale have the potential to be used to control the plant pathogens tested, especially the oil of B. dracunculifolia.

Estudo farmacobotânico de partes aéreas vegetativas de aroeira-vermelha (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardiaceae) / Pharmacobotanical study of the aerial parts of Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi)

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), conhecida como aroeira-vermelha é uma espécie nativa do Brasil, perenifólia e pioneira, sendo muito utilizada para combater diversas doenças, pois apresenta, entre outras, propriedades anti-inflamatórias e cicatrizantes. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar um estudo morfoanatômico do caule e da folha de S. terebinthifolius, descrevendo a organização dos tecidos e suas possíveis variações. As análises macro e microscópicas foram realizadas com material selecionado de partes vegetativas de um espécime localizado na cidade de Campina Grande - PB. A aroeira-vermelha é um vegetal arbóreo e dióico, que apresenta caule cilíndrico e simpodial, com casca rugosa e estriada. A folha é perene, alterna, coriácea e composta. As análises microscópicas evidenciaram epiderme caulinar e foliar uniestratificadas, exceto na face adaxial da folha, que é bisseriada. No caule e no pecíolo são visualizados muitos tricomas tectores unicelulares, curtos, cônicos e agudos no ápice. Encontram-se canais secretores arredondados e bem desenvolvidos na região do floema em todos os órgãos estudados, bem como cutícula revestindo as células epidérmicas e grande quantidade de drusas de oxalato de cálcio. Os feixes vasculares são circundados por células esclerenquimáticas e apresentam o floema seguido por xilema helicoidal bem desenvolvido. No caule, pecíolo e nervura central da folha, o xilema é interno e o floema, externo. A aroeira-vermelha apresenta alguns aspectos estruturais característicos de plantas xerófilas, como camada múltipla da epiderme da face adaxial foliar, que protegem o mesofilo de excessiva dessecação; presença de cutícula espessa e grande quantidade de pêlos e de estômatos; além de sistema vascular bem desenvolvido, com abundância de esclerênquima, dando sustentação ao feixe.

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), popularly known as Brazilian pepper, is an evergreen, pioneer and indigenous plant from Brazil, and it is used to combat various diseases, as it presents anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. The aim of this research was to study the morpho-anatomical features of the stem and leaf of S. terebinthifolius, describing the organization of the tissues and their variations. The macroscopic and microscopic analyses were performed with material selected from vegetative parts of a specimen collected in the city of Campina Grande - state of Paraíba, Brazil. The Brazilian pepper is a dioecious plant with cylindrical and sympodial stem and rough and striated bark. The leaves are evergreen, alternate, leathery and compound. The microscopic analysis showed uniseriate epidermis in the stem and leaf, except in the adaxial leaf, which is biseriate. In the stem and petiole, many unicellular, short, conical tector trichomes with acute apex are observed. In the phloem of all studied organs, we found rounded and well-developed secretory ducts, as well as cuticle covering the epidermal cells and a large amount of calcium oxalate druses. The vascular bundles are surrounded by sclerenchyma cells and present phloem followed by well-developed spiral xylem. In the stem, petiole and leaf's central vein, the xylem is internal and the phloem is external. The Brazilian pepper has some structural features characteristic of xerophilous plants, such as multiple layers of the epidermis in adaxial leaf, which protects the mesophyll from excessive drying, thick cuticle and a large quantity of hairs and stomata, well-developed vascular system with plenty of sclerenchyma, giving support to the bundle.

Nitric oxide production, inhibitory, antioxidant and antimycobacterial activities of the fruits extract and flavonoid content of Schinus terebinthifolius

The extract of the fruits from Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardiaceae, was obtained by exhaustive extraction with methanol. Its fractions and isolated compounds were collected by fractionation with RP-2 column chromatography. The crude extract, the flavonoid fraction and the isolated compound identified as apigenin (1), were investigated regarding its inhibitory action of nitric oxide production by LPS-stimulated macrophages, antioxidant activity by DPPH and the antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The samples exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on the nitric oxide production (e.g., 1, IC50 19.23 ± 1.64 µg/ml) and also showed antioxidant activity. In addition, S. terebinthifolius samples inhibited the mycobacterial growth ( e.g., 1, IC50 14.53 ± 1.25 µg/ml). The necessary concentration to produce 50% of the maximum response (IC50) of these activities did not elicit a significant cytotoxic effect when compared with the positive control (100% of lysis). The antioxidant and nitric oxide inhibition activity displayed by S. terebinthifolius corroborates its ethnopharmacological use of this specie as an anti-inflammatory. In addition, our results suggest that the flavonoids of S. terebinthifolius are responsible for the activities found. We, describe for the first time the activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG and the inhibition of nitric oxide production for S. terebinthifolius.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, chemopreventive and wound healing potentials from Schinus terebinthifolius methanolic extract

Inflammatory and genetic alterations are related to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardiaceae, is used in folk medicine to treat inflammation, wounds and tumors. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, chemopreventive, and wound healing potentials of the methanolic extract from the leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius. The chemical composition of the extract was characterized using preliminary analytical LC methods. The results showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract was similar to that of dexamethasone for edema reduction. Also, it inhibited the leukocyte migration into the air pouch and decreased plasma extravasation. In addition, the methanolic extract showed a healing action similar to that observed with collagenase. The methanolic extract is not genotoxic nor mutagenic, and in contrast it has chemopreventive activity, which elicits a high percentage of damage reduction by comet and micronucleus assay, preferably by bioantimutagenic action. The methanolic extract induced apoptosis and enhanced splenic phagocytosis in animals treated with cyclophosphamide. The methanolic extract contents, resolved by LC, include phenolic acid and flavonoids. Our results suggest a therapeutic potential for the methanolic extract.

Chemical composition of essential oil from ripe fruit of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and evaluation of its activity against wild strains of hospital origin

The essential oil (EO) composition of ripe fruit of S. terebinthifolius Raddi was analyzed by GC-MS. The oil extraction yielded 6.54 ± 1.06% (w/w). Seventeen compounds were identified, accounting for 91.15% of the total oil, where monoterpenes constituted the main chemical class (85.81%), followed by sesquiterpenes (5.34%). The major monoterpene identified was δ-3-carene (30.37%), followed by limonene (17.44%), α-phellandrene (12.60%) and α-pinene (12.59%). Trans-caryophyllene (1.77%) was the major sesquiterpene identified. The antibacterial activity of the essential oil was evaluated against wild strains of hospital origin (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella oxytoca, Corynebacterium sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter sp., Enterobacter agglomerans, Bacillus sp., Nocardia sp. and Streptococcus group D). The essential oil of the ripe fruit of S. terebinthifolius Raddi has shown to be active against all tested wild strains, with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 3.55 μg/mL to 56.86 μg/mL. However, it has revealed some differences in susceptibility: the general, Gram-positive species showed greater sensitivity to the action of EO, which is probably due to the lower structural complexity of their cell walls.

Percentual de suplementação de fonte taninífera na ração concentrada de caprinos jovens sobre o desempenho e carga parasitária / Tanniferous plant supplementation percentage in young goats concentrates diet on perfermance and parasite contro

O presente estudo buscou determinar o percentual de adição de torta de pimenta rosa (TPR) na dieta de caprinos jovens sobre o desempenho e carga parasitária. Foram utilizados 25 caprinos jovens da raça Saanen, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em grupos de cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, constituídos por grupos: não suplementados com TPR; suplementados com 15% TPR; suplementados com 30% TPR; suplementado com 45% TPR; e suplementado com 60% TPR. O aumento dos níveis de suplementação de pimenta rosa resultou em efeito quadrático sobre o consumo voluntário de matéria seca (CVMS), peso metabólico e ganho em peso diário (P≤0,05). Para o CVMS, o comportamento quadrático (P≤0,05) revelou ponto de mínimo de 67,1g kg0,75 dia-1 no percentual de 59,8% de TPR; para o peso metabólico, um ponto máximo de 8,5kg0,75 no percentual de 15,5% de TPR; e, para o ganho em peso diário, um ponto máximo de 0,107g dia-1 no percentual de 19,6% de TPR na dieta. Em relação à influencia da TPR sobre a carga parasitária, observou-se efeito quadrático dos níveis de suplementação de TPR na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) (P≤0,05), com ponto de mínimo estimado em 1,0Log10 no nível de 35,8% TPR na dieta, representando o limite de resposta do TPR. Além da redução no OPG, houve um decréscimo linear na contagem de oocistos por grama de fezes (OOPG) com o incremento nos níveis de TPR da dieta. Conclui-se que a adição de 20-30% TPR possibilitou o controle de parasitos gastrointestinais com máximo desempenho animal.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pink pepper supplementation (PPS) in young goats concentrate diet on performance parameters. Twenty five female Saanen goats were divided into five groups having five goats in each treatment. In a completely randomized design were given 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% of pink pepper supplementation in the diet. The increase levels of pink pepper supplementation resulted in a quadratic effect on voluntary intake of dry matter, metabolic weight and daily weight gain (P≤0.05). For voluntary intake of dry matter, the quadratic effect (P≤0.05) revealed minimum point of 67.1 (g kg0.75 dia-1) in the percentage of 59.8% PPS; for metabolic weight a peak of 8. 5kg0.75 in the percentage of 15.5% PPS, and the daily weight gain a peak of 0.107g day-1 in the percentage of 19.6% PPS in the diet. Regarding the effect of PPS on the parasite load, there was a quadratic effect of dietary supplementation of the PPS on egg count per gram of feces (P≤0.05), with minimum point estimated at 1.0log10 at 35.8% of PPS in the diet, representing the limit of PPS response. There was a linear decrease on oocyst count per gram feces with increased levels of PPS 's diet. It was concluded that the supplementation up to 20-30% of pink pepper was able to control of gastrointestinal parasites with maximum animal performance.

Sinergia entre aditivo vegetal e níveis crescentes de promotores de crescimento sobre o desempenho produtivo e morfometria intestinal de frangos de corte / Synergy between vegetal additive with increase levels of growth promoter on the performance and intestinal morphometry of broilers chickens

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição de níveis crescentes de antibióticos associados ao farelo integral de pimenta rosa (FIPR) sobre o desempenho produtivo e morfometria intestinal de frangos corte. Utilizaram-se 528 pintos Cobb, machos, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições de 22 animais cada, constituído pelos grupos T1 - Controle Negativo (CN) - Dieta basal sem FIPR e sem antibióticos; T2 - Controle Positivo (CP) - Dieta Basal com 1,2% FIPR; T3 - CP + 11ppm bacitracina zinco e 17ppm salinomicina; T4 - CP + 22ppm bacitracina zinco e 34ppm salinomicina; T5 - CP + 33ppm bacitracina zinco e 51ppm salinomicina; T6 - CP + 45ppm bacitracina zinco e 67ppm salinomicina. No período de 1-43 dias de idade, observou-se que a adição de FIPR com ou sem antibiótico reduziu (P≤0,05) o consumo e melhorou a conversão alimentar, comparado com CN. Verificou-se que os frangos alimentados com FIPR associado aos antibióticos, em valores acima de 22mg kg-1 de bacitracina de zinco e 34mg kg-1 de salinomicina, tiveram maiores alturas de vilosidades intestinais que o CN (P≤0,05). O FIPR pode ser utilizado em substituição aos antibióticos sem queda de desempenho animal e com a manutenção da viabilidade e do fator de produção.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of the increase levels of antibiotics associated with the pink pepper meal (PPM) on animal performance and intestinal morphometry of broilers jejunum. A total of 528 day-old male chicks, Cobb 500, distributed in a randomized design of six treatments and four replicates of 22 birds each: T1 - Negative Control (NC) - basal diet without PPM or antibiotics, T2 - Positive Control (PC) - basal diet with 1,2% PP; T3 - PC + 11ppm zinc bacitracin and 17ppm salinomycin, T4 - PC + 22ppm zinc bacitracin and 34ppm salinomycin, T5 - PC + 33ppm zinc bacitracin and 51ppm salinomycin, T6 - PC + 45ppm zinc bacitracin and 67ppm salinomycin. In period of 1-43 days-old, it was observed that the use of PPM with or without antibiotcs reduced feed intake and improved feed:gain ratio compared with NC (P≤0,05). It was observed that the broilers fed diet with antibiotics values of up to 22mg kg-1 of zinc bacitracin and 34mg kg-1 of salinomycin associated with the PPM had the higher villus height compared with NC. The PPM can be used to replace antibiotic growth promoters without decrease on animal performance, viability and production factor.

Alcohol extract of Schinu sterebinthifolius raddi (anacardiaceae) as a local antimicrobial agent in severe autogenously fecal peritonitis in rats

PURPOSE: To develop an alcoholic extract of the inner bark of the Schinus terebinthifolius raddi and to test its impact on autogenously fecal peritonitis in Wistar rats. METHODS: The inner bark of the Schinus terebinthifolius raddi was kept for seven days in 70% ethanol alcohol. The total elimination of the solvent was performed in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure at 55-60°C. Four milliliter of this extract was injected, after 24 h, into the abdominal cavity of six out of eight survival rats that underwent autogenously fecal peritonitis with five milliliter of 10% filtered fecal suspension. They were clinically followed up for 45 days when they were euthanized. The necropsy findings (inventory) of the abdominal and thorax cavities were inspected and the main findings were recorded and photographed. The investigation was approved by the Ethics Committee. RESULTS: Two out of six survival rats that were critically ill after 24 h died within the 12 h after the extract injection into the abdominal cavity. Four rats that were also critically ill recovered and gradually became healthy, eating well, regaining weight and moving normally in the cage. At 45 days post severe peritonitis the necropsy findings revealed few signs of residual infection on the abdominal and thorax cavities. There were no bowel adhesions. CONCLUSION: The impact of alcoholic extract of the inner bark of the Schinus terebinthifolius raddi was considered very positive and promising as natural local antiseptic against very severe peritonitis in Wistar rats. .

Óleo de aroeira vermelha e de suplementação de vitamina E em substituição aos promotores de crescimento sobre a microbiota intestinal de frangos de corte / Supplementation of pink pepper oil and vitamin E in replacement to antibiotic growth promoters in the broilers diet on response of ileal microbiota

Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de óleo de aroeira-vermelha (OAV) e da suplementação de vitamina E (VitE) sobre a microbiota intestinal de frangos de corte. Utilizou-se 400 pintos de corte distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em grupos de cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições: dieta sem antimicrobiano; dieta com antimicrobiano; dieta com 0,4% OAV; dieta com 200mg de VitE kg-1; dieta com 0,4% OAV e 200mg de VitE kg-1. A adição de OAV reduziu o peso relativo dos intestinos (P<0,05). Verificou-se que o controle negativo teve a menor contagem de bactérias do gênero Lactobacillus spp. em contraste com os demais grupos (P<0,05). Observou-se que o uso de OAV com ou sem adição de VitE reduziu significativamente a contagem de bactérias do gênero Staphylococcus spp e E. coli, quando comparado com o grupo não tratado com o promotor de crescimento (P<0,05). Para os Staphylococcus spp coagulase-positivos, verificou-se que a concentração inibitória mínima foi de 14,72-117,75mg mL-1 para amostras isoladas de frangos de corte tratados com OAV + VitE, enquanto que para tratados com ou sem promotor de crescimento foi de 117,75 e de 29,44-235,5mg mL-1. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de OAV resultou em modulação da microbiota intestinal.

The aim was to evaluate the supplementation of pink pepper oil (PPO) and vitamin E on the intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens. A total of 400 day-old male chicks distributed in a randomized design in groups of five treatments and five replicates: diet without antimicrobial; diet with antimicrobial; diet with 0.4% PPO; diet with 200mg vitamin E kg-1; diet with 0.4% PPO and 200mg vitamin E kg-1 The supply of PPO in the diet reduced the relative weight of the intestines (P<0.05). It was verified that the negative control group had the lowest bacteria count of Lactobacillus in contrast to the other groups (P<0.05). It was also observed that the use of PPO with or without vitamin E supplementation significantly reduced the bacterial count of Staphylococcus spp and E. coli when compared with the untreated group with the growth promoter (P<0.05). For Staphylococcus spp. coagulase-positive, it was found that the minimum inhibitory concentration was 14,72-117,75mg mL-1 for isolates from broilers treated with PPO + vitamin E, while for treated with or without growth promoter was 117.75 and 29,44-235,5mg mL-1. It was concluded that the inclusion of PPO resulted in modulation of intestinal microbiota.

Efeito fungitóxico do óleo essencial de aroeira da praia (Schinus terebinthifolius RADDI) sobre Colletotrichum gloeosporioides / Fungitoxic effect of essential oil from aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius RADDI) on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Neste trabalho foi avaliado o efeito do óleo essencial do fruto de Schinus terebinthifolius sobre o crescimento micelial do fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro, e no desenvolvimento da antracnose no período de pós-colheita em mamões. As diferentes concentrações de óleo foram diluídas em Tween 80 a 8%. No experimento in vitro foram preparados meios de cultura BDA nas concentrações de 0,05; 0,10; 0,25 e 0,50% do óleo essencial. O controle negativo foi realizado apenas com meio BDA e o controle solvente com meio BDA e Tween 80 a 8%. A inibição do crescimento do fungo foi diretamente proporcional à quantidade do óleo e a maior inibição encontrada foi de 79,07% na concentração de óleo de 0,50%. No experimento in vivo os frutos do mamoeiro foram inoculados com o fungo em quatro tratamentos: com biofilme; com biofilme mais 0,50% do óleo; com fungicida Prochloraz e frutos controle. Embora o tratamento com óleo tenha sido eficiente contra o fungo, não foi indicado comercialmente, pois apresentou valores elevados de perda de massa fresca, de firmeza, e também sintomas de fitotoxidade. O óleo tem propriedade antifúngica contra C. gloeosporioides in vitro e in vivo, contudo, não é recomendado para o mamão em função da fitotoxidez.

This study evaluated the effect of essential oil from Schinus terebinthifolius fruit on the mycelial growth of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro and on the anthracnose development during the postharvest period of papaya fruits. The different oil concentrations were diluted in 8% Tween 80. For the in vitro experiment, PDA culture media were prepared at the concentrations of 0.05, 0.10, 0.25 and 0.50% essential oil. Negative control was prepared with PDA medium alone, while solvent control was prepared with PDA medium and 8% Tween 80. Fungal growth inhibition was directly proportional to the oil amount and the greatest inhibition was 79.07% at 0.50% oil concentration. For the in vivo experiment, papaya fruits were inoculated with the fungus in four treatments: with biofilm, with biofilm plus 0.50% oil, with the fungicide Prochloraz and control fruits. Although treatment with oil was efficient against the fungus, it was not commercially recommended since it presented high values of loss of fresh mass and firmness, as well as phytotoxicity symptoms. The oil has antifungal property against C. gloeosporioides both in vitro and in vivo; however, it is not recommended for papaya fruits due to its phytotoxicity.

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi: chemical composition, biological properties and toxicity / Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi: composição química, propriedades biológicas, e toxicidade

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a medicinal plant known in Brazil as "aroeira da praia", which has been used in popular medicine as antipyretic, analgesic, depurative and in the treatment of diseases of the urogenital system. On the other hand, the scientific literature has reported that this plant has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activity. This review addresses the main biological properties and toxicological effects of "aroeira da praia", in addition to a systematic approach of the compounds that were already found in this species, the great majority of which is present in the essential oils.

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi é uma planta medicinal conhecida no Brasil como "aroeira da praia", utilizada na medicina popular como antitérmica, analgésica, depurativa e no tratamento de doenças do sistema urogenital. Por outro lado, a literatura científica relata que essa planta apresenta atividade antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória, e antiulcerogênica. Essa revisão trata das principais propriedades biológicas e efeitos toxicológicos da aroeira da praia, além de uma abordagem sistemática acerca dos compostos que já foram encontrados nessa espécie, estando a maioria deles presente nos óleos essenciais.

Identificação bioquímica e molecular de Lactobacillus spp. isolados do íleo de frangos de corte tratados ou não com antimicrobianos / Biochemical and molecular characterization of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from the ileum of broilers treated with or without antimicrobials

Objetivou-se caracterizar bioquimicamente e molecularmente as espécies de Lactobacillus spp. isoladas do íleo de frangos de corte tratados ou não com antimicrobianos. Utilizou-se 400 pintos de corte alojados em 25 boxes de 2m² (16 aves/boxe), distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em grupos de cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições: dieta sem promotor de crescimento; dieta com promotor de crescimento; dieta com 0,4% de óleo de aroeira-vermelha (OAV); dieta com 200mg de vitamina E kg-1; dieta com 0,4% OAV e 200mg de vitamina E kg-1. Após a caracterização fenotípica do gênero Lactobacillus, foram identificadas, em ambas as metodologias, 100 amostras de Lactobacillus spp. sendo 20 amostras por tratamento. Os resultados bioquímicos identificaram L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, L. plantarum, L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii além de Lactococcus lactis subp. lactis. Para as amostras padrão ATCC, a identificação bioquímica suscitou algumas dúvidas em relação aos seus resultados. Os resultados da identificação molecular mostraram que os Lactobacillus que amplificaram ambos os iniciadores (LU-1'/ Lac-2) e (Laci-1 / 23-10C) são os da espécie L. acidophilus. As amostras que amplificaram apenas com o iniciador (LU-1'/ Lac-2) tratam-se das demais espécies que compõe o grupo L. acidophilus. Já as amostras com o iniciador L. fermentum (Fer 3/Fer 4) amplificaram um fragmento de 192pb padrão para essa espécie. Conclui-se que a identificação das espécies de Lactobacillus spp. isoladas do íleo a partir da PCR apresentou-se mais sensível que o método bioquímico.

This study aimed to characterize biochemically and molecular species of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from the ileum of broiler chickens treated with or without antimicrobial. A total of 400 day-old male chicks, Cobb, distributed in a randomized design in groups of five treatments and five replicates: diet without antimicrobials; diet with antimicrobials; diet with 0.4% Brazilian red pepper oil (BRP); diet with 200mg vitamin E kg-1; diet with 0.4% BRP and 200mg vitamin E kg-1. The biochemical results have identified L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, L. plantarum, L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii besides Lactococcus lactis subp. Lactis. For samples ATCC, the biochemical identification raised some doubts about their results. The molecular identification showed that Lactobacillus that amplified both primers (LU-1 '/ Lac-2) and (Laci-1 / 23-10C) are the species L. acidophilus. However, samples that amplified only with primer (LU-1 '/ Lac-2) are other species that constitute the group L. acidophilus. However, the samples with the primer L. fermentum (Fer 3/Fer 4) amplified a 192pb fragment pattern for this species. We conclude that the identification of species of Lactobacillus isolated from the ileum of PCR was more sensitive than the biochemical method.

Efeito da pimenta rosa associada a diversas dosagens de antibióticos em frangos de corte / Effect of Brazilian red pepper meal associated with different levels of antibiotics on broilers chickens

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da adição de níveis crescentes de antibióticos associado ao farelo de pimenta rosa (FPR) sobre a função hepática e desempenho de frangos de corte. Utilizou-se 528 pintos, machos, da linhagem Cobb de um dia de idade distribuídos num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos, quatro repetições com 22 aves cada: T1: Controle Negativo (CN): Dieta Basal; T2: Controle Positivo (CP): Dieta Basal com 1,2% FPR; T3: CP+11ppm bacitracina Zn e 17ppm salinomicina; T4: CP+22ppm bacitracina Zn e 34ppm salinomicina; T5: CP+33ppm bacitracina Zn e 51ppm salinomicina; T6: CP + 45ppm bacitracina Zn e 67ppm salinomicina. Por conter taninos, o uso de pimenta rosa na alimentação animal requer avaliação da função hepática, sendo a dosagem das enzimas ALT (alanina aminotransferase), AST (aspartato aminotransferase) e GGT (gama glutamiltransferase) ferramenta auxiliar no diagnóstico de lesões hepáticas. Portanto, aos 21 e 41 dias de idade, 10 animais por tratamento foram escolhidos aleatoriamente e coletadas amostras de sangue. Aos 21 dias de idade, verificou-se efeito significativo (P<0,05) dos tratamentos sobre os valores da AST e ALT, sendo que as aves alimentadas com FPR associado com maiores doses de antibióticos tiveram valores elevados de AST e reduzidos de ALT, comparada aos demais tratamentos. Entretanto, as concentrações séricas das enzimas AST, ALT e GGT nos frangos alimentados com 1,2% de FPR não diferiram (P>0,05) do CN aos 21 e 41 dias de idade. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos tratamentos sobre o peso das aves e do peso relativo do fígado aos 43 dias. A adição do farelo de pimenta rosa com ou sem promotor de produção melhorou a conversão alimentar aos 43 dias de idade. Concluiu-se que a adição de 1,2% FPR não comprometeu a função hepática e que a inclusão de doses mais altas de antibióticos, associado ao FPR na dieta, resultou em alteração das enzimas hepáticas.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of the increase levels of antibiotics associated with the Brazilian red pepper meal (BRPM) on liver function and performance of broilers. A total of 528 day-old male chicks, Cobb, distributed in a randomized design of six treatments and four replicates of 22 birds each: T1: Negative Control (NC): basal diet; T2: Positive Control (PC): basal diet with 1,2% BRPM; T3: PC+11ppm zinc bacitracin and 17ppm salinomycin, T4: PC + 22ppm zinc bacitracin and 34ppm salinomycin; T5: PC+33ppm zinc bacitracin and 51ppm salinomycin; T6: PC+45ppm zinc bacitracin and 67ppm salinomycin. BRPM contains tannins thus its use in animal feed needs to evaluate by liver function and animal performance. The dosage of the enzymes ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and GGT (gamma glutamyltransferase) is a tool in the diagnosis of liver damage. For this, were randomly collected blood samples from 10 animals per treatment between 21 and 41 days age. At 21 days of age it was observed elevated values of AST and decreased of ALT in broilers fed diet BRPM associated with higher levels of antibiotics compared to the others (P<0.05). However, it was observed that the serum concentrations of AST, ALT and GGT in broiler chickens fed diet with 1.2% of BRPM did not differ from NC at 21 and 41 days (P>0.05). There was no effect (P>0.05) of treatments on broilers weight and relative liver weight at 43 days of age. The supplementation of Brazilian red pepper with or without antibiotics improved feed conversion at 43 days of age. It was concluded that the inclusion of 1.2% BRPM did not affect liver function but the addition of high levels of antibiotics associated with the BRPM resulted in alteration of hepatic enzymes.