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Schistosomiasis control is not only a disease control programme, but also a great social practice activity in China. During the evolution of national schistosomiasis control programmes, the special schistosomiasis control culture has been cultivated and developed, which contains the spiritual connotation of government-led, people-oriented, respect for science and integration of all efforts. The publication of Chairman Mao Zedong’s two poems entitled “Farewell to the God of Plague” and the post-script in 1958 was a sign for the formation and development of Chinese schistosomiasis control culture, which always lead the orientation of development and practice of schistosomiasis control culture building. The schistosomiasis control culture provides powerful spiritual motivation and supports to schistosomiasis control programmes in China, and improving the building of schistosomiasis control culture is of great significance to strengthen our belief in achieving the goal of schistosomiasis elimination, mobilize all social resources, accelerate the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis and facilitate the high-quality development of healthcare services. Chinese schistosomiasis control spirit is the refinement from the cultural connotation of the long-term schistosomiasis control programmes in China, and is the most essential and concentrated embodiment of the schistosomiasis control culture. This article describes the great significance of two poems entitled “Farewell to the God of Plague”, summarizes the connotation and role of schistosomiasis control spirit, and introduces the practice, development and innovation of schistosomiasis control culture building in Jiangxi Province.
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Objective To investigate the efficiency of various agroforestry systems for snail control in plateau hilly schistosomiasis-endemic areas of Yunnan Province, so as to provide insights into the construction of agroforestry schistosomiasis control projects in plateau hilly regions. Methods The pilot areas of snail control forests with various agroforestry systems were built in snail-breeding farmlands in Eryuan County, Yunnan Province in 2010, and the economic benefits and snail control effect were investigated in 2018. In addition, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model was created to screen the agroforestry system with high comprehensive benefits. Results A total of 14 types of pilot areas of snail control forests with various agroforestry systems were built. Economic benefit analysis showed that the“walnut + garlic”pattern had the best economic benefit, with annual economic benefits of 270 000 Yuan/hm2, followed by the“walnut + chili”pattern (annual economic benefits of 120 000 Yuan/hm2) and the “walnut + vegetables”pattern (annual economic benefits of 105 000 Yuan/hm2). No snails were detected in 8 types of the agroforestry systems, including the“walnut + chili”pattern, the“walnut + tobacco”pattern and the“walnut + garlic”pattern; however, there were snail found with various densities in other types of systems. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation showed that the“walnut + garlic”pattern had the best comprehensive control effect, followed by the“walnut + chili”pattern and the“walnut + tobacco” pattern, while the pure grassland pattern showed no effect on snail control. Conclusions The agroforestry system is a preferential approach of forestry schistosomiasis control in plateau hilly schistosomiasis-endemic areas, which not only achieves snail control effects, but also promotes economic development and ecological construction in poor hilly areas.
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The culture of schistosomiasis control is specific in the history of Chinese culture. Broadly speaking, the culture of schistosomiasis control is a summary of specific social mood, social consciousness and material culture created by Chinese populations during the progress of schistosomiasis control since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Narrowly speaking, the culture of schistosomiasis control is the spiritual culture that is jointly created and nurtured by schistosomiasis control workers since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The spiritual features of Chinese schistosomiasis control culture are characterized by the patriotism and care about the people, the matter-to-fact attitude, the pioneering and enterprising spirit, and the spirit of sacrifice and dedication. The ultimate goal of the research on the culture of schistosomiasis control is to facilitate the achievement of the strategic goal of Healthy China 2030 as scheduled, accelerate the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis, and to promote the sustainable development of schistosomiasis control in China.
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China is one of the schistosomiasis-endemic countries with the highest burden of disease across the world. Following the control efforts for over 60 years, great successes have been achieved in schistosomiasis control in the country, and the control program is moving towards transmission interruption and elimination. To commemorate the 60th anniversary of publishing Chairman Mao Zedong’s two poems entitled “Farewell to the God of Plague”, a series of activities that disseminate schistosomiasis control achievements have been conducted in China throughout 2018, including the development of Chinese spirit on schistosomiasis control in the new era. After extensive discussion, collection and screening, and “Integration of all efforts, scientific control, willingness to dedication and swearing to wipe out the 'God of Plague' “ was proposed as Chinese spirit on schistosomiasis control in the new era. Integration of all efforts is a summary of administrative policy-making and population participation in Chinese schistosomiasis control programs; scientific control is the refinement of the Chinese national schistosmiasis control strategy that is developed and implemented tailoring to time and circumstances; willingness to dedication is a valuable spiritual wealth and inexhaustible source of power for Chinese schistosomiasis control professionals in the new era; and swearing to wipe out the “God of Plague” is a sacred mission assigned to Chinese professionals participating in the national schistosomiasis control program in the new era. Chinese spirit on schistosomiasis control in the new era will further strengthen our belief in achieving the goal of schistosomiasis elimination in China eventually.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION In Brazil, Biomphalaria glabrata, B. tenagophila, and B. straminea are intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, the etiological agent of schistosomiasis mansoni. Molluscicide use is recommended by the WHO for controlling the transmission of this parasite. Euphorbia milii latex has shown promising results as an alternative molluscicide. Thus, a natural molluscicide prototype kit based on freeze-dried E. milii latex was developed and evaluated against Biomphalaria spp. METHODS E. milii latex was collected, processed, and lyophilized. Two diluents were defined for freeze-dried latex rehydration, and a prototype kit, called MoluSchall, was produced. A stability test was conducted using prototype kits stored at different temperatures, and a toxicity assay was performed using Danio rerio. Additionally, MoluSchall was tested against B. glabrata under semi-natural conditions according to defined conditions in the laboratory. RESULTS MoluSchall was lethal to three Brazilian snail species while exhibiting low toxicity to D. rerio. Regardless of storage temperature, MoluSchall was stable for 24 months and was effective against B. glabrata under semi-natural conditions, with the same LD100 as observed under laboratory conditions. CONCLUSIONS MoluSchall is a natural, effective, and inexpensive molluscicide with lower environmental toxicity than existing molluscicides. Its production offers a possible alternative strategy for controlling S. mansoni transmission.
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Animals , Schistosoma mansoni/drug effects , Biomphalaria/parasitology , Schistosomiasis mansoni/prevention & control , Euphorbia/chemistry , Latex/pharmacology , Molluscacides/pharmacology , Biomphalaria/drug effects , Latex/isolation & purification , Molluscacides/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Objective To understand the present situation and requirements of health education in schistosomiasis control in Hubei Province,so as to improve the health education to the targeted people. Method Through the questionnaire survey and field investigation,the data of the present situation and requirements of health education in schistosomiasis control were collect-ed in 24 counties(cities)of Hubei Province,and these data included the related institution structure of health education,basic information of personnel,equipment,funds,and health education working form. All the data collected were analyzed and evalu-ated. Results Among the 24 counties,there were 12 independent departments of health education,accounting for 50%. In terms of the basic information of the health education staff,the youngest person was 34 years old and the eldest was 58 years old,and the mean age was 46.55± 6.9 years. For the formal school education of the staff,5 had senior high school or below edu-cation (20.8%),16 had college education (66.7%),3 had bachelor degree or above (12.5%). There were 10 counties (41.70%)with the special funds for health education work but there were 3 counties(12.50%)without the special funds. Con-clusion The effectiveness of health education work in schistosomiasis control is remarkable,but there are still deficiencies in professional staff and funds in Hubei Province.
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To improve the management level of patients' information of schistosomiasis control stations in Nanchang City,the B/S three-layer architecture and ASP+SQL technology were applied to formulate the WEB-based management system of chronic schistosomiasis patients' information,so as to achieve the information sharing of chronic schistosomiasis among schistosomiasis control stations.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of the water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects combined with mollus-cicide to control Oncomelania hupensis snails in the rivers connecting with the Yangtze River. Methods The water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects of Zhujiashan River,Qili River and Gaowang River were chosen as the study objects in Pukou District,Nanjing City. The data review method and field investigation were used to evaluate the effect of the water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects combined with molluscicide to control O. hupensis snails. Results After the projects of the wa-ter level control and concrete slope protection and mollusciciding were implemented,the snails in the project river sections were completely eliminated. The snail diffusion did not happen in the inland irrigation area too. In the outside of the river beach , though the snails still existed,the snail densities plunged below 1.0 snail per 1.0 m2. Conclusion The comprehensive mea-sures of the combination of water level control,concrete slope protection and mollusciciding can effectively control and eliminate the snails,and prevent the snails from spreading.
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Relevant projects carried out within the Yangtze River economic belt on the impact of schistosomiasis epidemic and transmission are important issues for ecological priority in the process of implementing the strategy. The key problems of schistosomiasis epidemic risk,epidemic happening repeatedly,difficulty of rehabilitating Oncomelania hupensis snail control and schistosomiasis prevention forest,lag of evaluation system and platform construction,lack of basic research,et al. were ana-lyzed in the Yangtze River economic belt taking ecological priority as the basis in this paper. Then corresponding countermea-sures to these challenges were put forward so as to provide the reference for the national forestry schistosomiasis control pro-grams,which include:execution of the comprehensive prevention and control strategy,scheming of the new round of forestry schistosomiasis control programs,strengthening schistosomiasis prevention and control,promoting productivity in existing forest-ry to consolidate and improve the achievements of previous forestry schistosomiasis control programs,and promoting the intensi-ty of technological innovation to improve the technological level of forestry schistosomiasis control programs.
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The integrated strategy for schistosomiasis control with focus on infectious source control,which has been imple?mented since 2004,accelerated the progress towards schistosomiasis control in China,and achieved transmission control of the disease across the country by the end of 2015,which achieved the overall objective of the Mid? and Long?term National Plan for Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis(2004- 2015)on schedule. Then, the goal of schistosomiasis elimination by 2025 was proposed in China in 2014. To achieve this new goal on schedule, we have to address the key issues, and implement precision control measures with more precise identification of control targets, so that we are able to completely eradicate the po?tential factors leading to resurgence of schistosomiasis transmission and enable the achievement of schistosomiasis elimination on schedule. Precision schistosomiasis control,a theoretical innovation of precision medicine in schistosomiasis control,will pro?vide new insights into schistosomiasis control based on the conception of precision medicine. This paper describes the definition, interventions and the role of precision schistosomiasis control in the elimination of schistosomiasis in China,and demonstrates that sustainable improvement of professionals and integrated control capability at grass?root level is a prerequisite to the imple?mentation of schistosomiasis control,precision schistosomiasis control is a key to the further implementation of the integrated strategy for schistosomiasis control with focus on infectious source control, and precision schistosomiasis control is a guarantee of curing schistosomiasis patients and implementing schistosomiasis control program and interventions.
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Objective To real?timely monitor the environment in the forestry schistosomiasis control project(CFSCP)area and to early warn the status of Oncomelania hupensis snails in the schistosomiasis endemic area. Methods Based on ArcGIS Engine 10.1 software,the Geographic Information System(GIS)platform of the forestry schistosomiasis project of real?time mon?itoring,early warning and emergency management in Renshou County,Sichuan Province,was designed and established. Re?sults The functions of the platform mainly included real?time monitoring of the environment in CFSCP area,and early warning of the crisis status of O. hupensis snails,as well as editing the map of snail distribution,query,spatial analysis and other GIS functions. Conclusion This platform could provide the scientific support to the forestry administrative department of the CF?SCP area.
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Resumen:
Introducción/objetivo: la esquistosomiasis es endémica en varias regiones de Brasil, principalmente en el noreste, y tiene un fuerte impacto en la salud pública. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el grado de implantación (GI) del Programa de Control de la Esquistosomiasis (PCE) en un municipio de la región centro-sur de Sergipe (Brasil).
Método: la investigación se dividió en dos etapas: inicialmente se realizó un estudio ecológico mediante encuestas al lado de las indicaciones PCE; y en el segundo, se hizo un estudio descriptivo, exploratorio y cuantitativo a través de cuestionarios. Se utilizó el modelo lógico validado por Quinino et al. (2010), el análisis de la dimensión de la estructura (recursos materiales, el trabajo en equipo y la cualificación profesional de los indicadores de cobertura) y proceso (definición epidemiológica, control de mariscos, saneamiento y educación para la salud, SISPCE, la vigilancia epidemiológica y los indicadores de cobertura). Resultados: la esquistosomiasis es considerada endémica en la región, con tasas de infección de 2,0 a 4,1% entre los años 2007 a 2011. La ciudad presenta un IG de 50, clasificado como no implantado, no realiza delimitación epidemiológica, ni acciones de malacología y tiene mala calificación profesional. El componente indicador de cobertura mostró un porcentaje muy bajo en comparación con el número de personas que trabajan. Conclusión: se concluye que existe una debilidad por el cumplimiento de las normas y de recomendaciones del Ministerio de Salud para el control efectivo de la esquistosomiasis en el municipio.
Abstract:
Introduction/purpose: schistosomiasis is endemic in a number of Brazilian regions, particularly in Northeastern ones, and has a major impact on public health. We aimed at analyzing implementation extent (IE) of a schistosomiasis control program (SCP) in a town in Central-Southern Sergipe, Brazil. Methods: a two-step study was conducted: Firstly, an ecological study was carried out by means of a survey on SCP indications; and secondly, a descriptive study was performed using exploratory and quantitative questionnaires. The logical model validated by Quinino et al. (2010) was used, with an analysis of structural dimension (material resources, team working and professional qualifications for coverage markers) and process (epidemiological definition, seafood control, sanitation and health education, SISPCE, epidemiological surveillance and coverage markers). Results: schistosomiasis is considered to be endemic in the region with infection rates achieving 2.0 to 4.1% in 2007-2011. The town shows a IE value 50, corresponding to a non-introduced level, does not perform epidemiological delimitation or malacology initiatives, and has poor professional qualification. The coverage metric component showed a very low rate compared to the number of dedicated workers. Conclusion: compliance with regulations and recommendations by Health Ministry regarding effective control of schistosomiasis in the town appears to be weak.
Introdução: a esquistossomose é uma doença endêmica em várias regiões do Brasil, principalmente, na região Nordeste, e possui forte impacto para a saúde pública. O estudo objetivou analisar o grau de implantação (GI) do Programa Controle da Esquistossomose (PCE) em um município da região centro-sul de Sergipe, Brasil. Método: a pesquisa envolveu dois momentos: inicialmente foi realizado um estudo ecológico através do levantamento de dados secundários do PCE; no segundo, realizou-se um estudo descritivo, exploratório e quantitativo através da aplicação de questionários. Foi utilizado o modelo lógico validado por Quinino et al. (2010), analisando a dimensão estrutura (recursos materiais, equipe de trabalho e indicadores de cobertura de habilitação profissional) e processo (delimitação epidemiológica, controle do molusco, saneamento e educação em saúde, SISPCE, vigilância epidemiológica e indicadores de cobertura). Resultados: a esquistossomose foi considerada endêmica na região, com as taxas de infecção de 2,0 a 4,1%, entre os anos de 2007 a 2011. O município apresentou um GI de 50 pontos, classificado como não implantado; não realiza delimitação epidemiológica; não realiza ações de malacologia e possui uma habilitação profissional deficiente. O componente indicador de cobertura evidenciou um percentual muito baixo em relação ao número de pessoas trabalhadas. Conclusão: conclui-se que existe uma fragilidade quanto ao cumprimento das normas e recomendações do Ministério da Saúde para um efetivo controle da esquistossomose no município.
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Public Health Nursing , Schistosomiasis , Nursing Research , BrazilABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control projects in Hexi Reservoir on Oncomelania hupensis snail control. Methods The canal hardening+main water system widening+the overflow dam project,the concrete slope protec-tion,the banking and reclamation + concrete slope protection project,the environment reform project,and the comprehensive treatment were implemented in the tail area,the hydro-fluctuation belt,the rainwater harvesting zoon of the upstream area,the dam area,and the downstream area of the reservoir,respectively. The changes of the snail situation were investigated before and after the construction of the reservoir,and the snail control effects of the schistosomiasis control projects in different parts of the reservoir were analyzed. Results There were no Oncomelania snails found 3 years in the bottom area,dam area,hydro-fluctua-tion belt,tail region and downstream of the dam after the construction and storage of the reservoir and the implementation of the schistosomiasis control projects. In the rainwater harvesting zoon of the upstream area,the density of living snails decreased from 0.620 4 snails/0.1 m2 in 2009 to 0.113 2 snails/0.1 m2 in 2013,but the snail area still remained. Conclusions The schistosomia-sis control projects in Hexi Reservoir have effectively prevented the diffusion of Oncomelania snails from the rainwater harvesting zone of the upstream area to the dam area,and they are effective in the snail control.
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School-aged children (6-15 years) from the endemic area of Pernambuco were evaluated both as a target group for and an indicator of schistosomiasis control in the community. Parasitological data were drawn from baseline stool surveys of whole populations that were obtained to diagnose Schistosoma mansoni infection. Nineteen representative localities were selected for assessing the prevalence of schistosomiasis among individuals in the following age groups: 0-5, 6-15, 16-25, 26-40 and 41-80 years. For each locality, the prevalence in each age group was compared to that of the overall population using contingency table analysis. To select a reference group, the operational difficulties of conducting residential surveys were considered. School-aged children may be considered to be the group of choice as the reference group for the overall population for the following reasons: (i) the prevalence of schistosomiasis in this age group had the highest correlation with the prevalence in the overall population (r = 0.967), (ii) this age group is particularly vulnerable to infection and plays an important role in parasite transmission and (iii) school-aged children are the main target of the World Health Organization in terms of helminth control. The Schistosomiasis Control Program should consider school-aged children both as a reference group for assessing the need for intervention at the community level and as a target group for integrated health care actions of the Unified Health System that are focused on high-risk groups.
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Endemic Diseases , Schistosomiasis mansoni , Age Distribution , Brazil , Feces , Prevalence , Schistosomiasis mansoni , Schistosomiasis mansoniABSTRACT
This paper examines recent developments in migration studies. It reviews literature related to the potential role of internal population movement in the occurrence of schistosomiasis in Brazil and modifies Prothero's typology of population movement for use in Brazil. This modified classification system may contribute to a better understanding of schistosome transmission as well as improved research and control programs. The results of this study indicate that population movement in Brazil primarily involves economically-motivated rural-urban and interregional movement. However, several movement patterns have become increasingly important in recent years as a result of changing socioeconomic and urbanisation dynamics. These patterns include urban-urban, intracity and urban-rural movement as well as the movement of environmental refugees and tourists. Little is known about the epidemiological significance of these patterns. This paper also highlights the role of social networks in the decision to migrate and to settle. Prothero's classic population movement typology categorises movement as either one-way migrations or circulations and examines them along spatial and temporal scales. However, the typology must be modified as epidemiological information about new patterns becomes available. This paper identifies areas that require further research and offers recommendations that can improve the measurement and spatial analysis of the relationship between population movement and schistosomiasis.
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Humans , Population Dynamics , Schistosomiasis , Brazil , Socioeconomic Factors , Schistosomiasis , UrbanizationABSTRACT
Objective To understand the status of knowledge and attitude of schistosomiasis control among the human populafion in schistosomiasis transmission-controlled area of Changqiu mountainous areas.Methods The subjects were selected by the random cluster sampling method among residents and students in these alias,then they were investigated by questionnaire.Resuits A total of 150 residents and 209 students were selected.There were 60% of the residents whose awareness rates of the knowledge on schistosomiasis control were above 90%.The correction rates of the questions in residents were between 99.30% and 100%.and the awareness rates about the questionswhether re-infection would occure after schistosomiasis was cured and the remedy for schistosomiasisof female adults were both 75.40%.The correction rates of the two question8 on attitude and behaviour of schistosomiasis control in adults were above 80.00%.In students'questionnaires.the awareness rates of knowledge on schistosomiasis control were above 90%.except the two questions on the shape of the snailand the infection-risk months of schistosomiasis.The correction rates of attitude and behaviour of schistosomiasis control were aslo above 80%.Conclusion The correction rates of knowledge,attitude and behaviour of schistosomiasis control of adults and students have reached the national goal of schistosomiasis control in 2008.
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To understand the possibility of schistosomiasis transmission on the East Route Project of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, a survey of endemic status of schistosomiasis in Weishan Lake area was conducted. A cluster sampling of 2086 boatmen were screened with DDIA Kit, and the positive ones were examined with Kato-Katz technique. Meanwhile, a questionnaire survey about schistosomiasis control was carried out to collect the data about the boatmen's general information and knowledge , attitude and practice (KAP). The results showed there were no schistosomiasis patients. However, there exist potential risk factors for schistosomiasis transmission because of the bad hygiene habits and the poor knowledge of schistosomiasis prevention in boatmen.
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A descriptive study was carried out on the control of schistosomiasis from the time the disease was discovered in the Philippines in 1906 to the 90s. Some research findings were also reviewed and incorporated in this report and the various control strategies adopted. It is worthwhile to point out that a downward tread in the prevalence of the disease occurred since the discovery of the drug - praziquantel, from an average of 10.4 percent in 1981-1985 to 4.1 percent in 1996. It is recommended that interagency collaboration for the control/elimination of the snail intermediate host of S. japonicum be strengthened and the search for an alternative drug be continued in the event the schistosome parasite becomes resistant to praziquantel. (Author)
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The methods of control of schistosomiasis in mainland China are discussed, namely: treatment of patients, snail control, control of stools, control of surface water supply, and personal protection. Authors experiences in cerebral schistosomiasis are also considered and compared with those of China