Entre o exame do corpo infantil e a conformação da norma racial: aspectos da atuação da Inspeção Médica Escolar em São Paulo / Between the examination of children’ s bodies and the shaping of racial norms: aspects of the activities of the São Paulo State School Medical Inspection Service

Este artigo analisa aspectos da atuação da Inspeção Médica Escolar, órgão criado em 1911 como dependência do Serviço Sanitário de São Paulo e transferido em 1916 para a pasta da Instrução Pública. Detém-se, de modo mais específico, sobre as práticas de exame individual dos alunos, buscando compreender os propósitos a que responderam, seu papel na configuração de padrões de normalidade e anormalidade, bem como o componente racial que presidiu tais práticas. Para tanto, toma como fontes artigos publicados no periódico Imprensa Médica, obras escritas pelo médico-chefe do órgão, Balthazar Vieira de Mello, e os Anuários do Ensino, publicação oficial da Diretoria Geral da Instrução Pública.

This article analyzes aspects of the activities of the School Medical Inspection Service, an agency created in 1911 under the São Paulo State Sanitary Service and transferred in 1916 to the Secretary of Public Instruction. It focuses, more specifically, on the practice of the individual examination of students with the purpose of understanding the motivations behind these practices, the role they played in establishing standards of normality and abnormality, as well as their underlying racial tenor. To this end, its sources are articles published in the periodical Imprensa Médica, works written by the agency’s head physician, Balthazar Vieira de Mello, and the Anuários do ensino, the official publication of the General Board for Public Instruction.

The Study of School Hygiene and Physical Education in Chosun during the Early Japanese Colonial Period Carried Out through Educational Magazines: Focusing on the Time Period before the Manchurian Incident in 1910-1931 / 의사학

This research mainly dealt with sanitation and hygiene related editorials quoted from educational magazines published in Chosun until the Manchurian Incident during the Japanese colonial period. The study revealed that modern Japan became aware of the importance of public sanitation from the late nineteenth century and established modern programs so that schools can comprehensively teach students about sanitation and hygiene so as to enter modern imperial society. Japan particularly introduced and carried out modern physical(gymnastics) education as a means of "complete sanitation and hygiene" to improve students' health. As a result of having two times of war, the Japanese Empire reaffirmed the significance of modern sanitation and hygiene. After colonization of Chosun, Japan organized official educational groups and enlightened the public about sanitation and hygiene through editorials on the educational magazines which the groups had published. In order for schools to promote complete sanitation and hygiene based on modern medicine, Japan actively engaged in suggesting the necessity of physical(gymnastics) education which was critical to human's growth and development. After Japanese Government-General of Korea legislated on school hygiene in 1913, Japanese governments school started hiring school doctors and nurses. They stressed the need of providing sanitation and hygiene education in school to prepare for war in 1910's in advance; highlighted that physical (gymnastics) education should be enforced to help students grow and improve their physical strength from a modern medical point of view. In April, 1919, the Japanese Empire implemented the same instruction to the schools where Chosun people attended. But it was found that the law was not applied well to those schools in effect. The Japanese Empire was seen to proclaim the second educational decree in 1922; proposed international hygienic achievement of the time and comments; enlightened the public by connecting "Fletcherism" of the USA with rice crisis, which was a big social issue back then. In an attempt to complement modern sanitation and hygiene, Japan strongly recommended students appropriate physical gymnastics as the most desirable and complete sanitation method, saying it would help them correct their imbalanced condition-which was found from physical examination - and grow up. They even claimed such an absurd logic that ones whose body did not develop normally tend to become criminals, reflecting the then atmosphere of the society, and considered military gymnastics as one of the most important sanitation and hygiene factors that positively influence growth and development. All the fact that Japan tried hard to apply the practice to students cannot be ignored.

A educação da infância: entre a família, a escola e a medicina / Childhood education: among family, school and medicine

Este artigo examina comunicações apresentadas no II Congresso de Higiene Escolar e Pedagogia Fisiológica, realizado em Paris, em 1905, como fruto da iniciativa da Liga dos Médicos e das Famílias para a Higiene Escolar. Elegendo as comunicações que abordam questões ligadas à institucionalização da inspeção médica das escolas e aos dispositivos de registro dos dados obtidos por meio dos exames individuais dos alunos, procura-se flagrar as representações sobre a infância e sua educação produzidas no campo da higiene escolar, num momento marcado por intensas transformações sociais, importantes reformas voltadas para a universalização da escola primária, difusão de ideais de renovação e modernização pedagógica, bem como pela significativa ampliação das preocupações com a infância, sua proteção e sua educação. A análise das comunicações apresentadas nesse fórum põe em cena as disputas que marcaram o projeto de constituição de uma pedagogia científica calcada no conhecimento das leis que regiam o desenvolvimento da criança.

This article is aimed at examining papers presented on the 2nd Congress of School Hygiene and Physiological Education held in Paris in 1905, as a result of the initiative of the Guild of Physicians and Families for School Hygiene. We aim at verifying the representations about childhood and education produced on the field of school hygiene in a period marked by intense social transformations, important reforms focused on the universalization of the elementary school, diffusion of ideals for the pedagogical renovation and modernization, as well as for the meaningful growth of concerns for childhood and children's protection and education. Therefore, we have selected papers that approach issues linked to the institutionalization of medical inspection of schools, and mechanisms of data collection obtained by means of individual students examination. The analysis of the papers presented in this forum highlights disputes that determined the project's constitution of a scientific pedagogy based on the knowledge of the laws that ruled child's development.