Basis of science policies for infectious disease challenges in India

With increase in drug resistance and related challenges in infectious diseases globally, it has become more important for a country like India with a high population to develop strategies to deal with such challenges. The literature review was conducted using the Google search engine to explore the contemporary science policies in India (since 2012) which are designed for tackling infectious diseases challenges in the country. This review article gives an insight into the strengths and limitations of the basis of some of the contemporary science policies in India that are drafted and implemented to combat the challenges of infectious diseases. The new national plans for controlling infectious disease challenges with bold strategies for their rapid and effective implementation hold promise in India.

O mar como ciência: instituições e estratégias da investigação sobre o mar em Portugal no século XX (da Primeira República à democracia) / The sea as science: ocean research institutions and strategies in Portugal in the twentieth century (from the First Republic to democracy)

A perspectiva histórica revelou o interesse português pelo mar numa série de iniciativas e entidades ao longo do século XX. Desde o início do século à Revolução de 1974, estuda-se a génese de organismos vocacionados para a investigação científica do mar, observando suas missões específicas no contexto da formulação de políticas científicas, concretamente na definição de “políticas do mar”. A vocação marítima portuguesa, a realidade costeira e a posição geográfica estimulam a valorização do conhecimento sobre o mar. Percorrendo diferentes conjunturas histórico-políticas e ciclos de desenvolvimento, captam-se pressupostos e implicações políticas que acentuam a dimensão estratégica da política científica, visível na afirmação geopolítica das questões do mar agregadas sob a oceanografia.

Historical perspective has revealed the many aspects of Portugal’s interest in the sea, evident in a series of initiatives and entities throughout the twentieth century. From the beginning of the century until the 1974 Revolution, the genesis of organizations devoted to the scientific study of the sea is analyzed, observing their specific missions in the context of the formulation of science policy, and more specifically “ocean policies.” The Portuguese valued knowledge of the sea due to their maritime vocation, coastal life and geographic position. Traversing different historical and political contexts and development cycles, the assumptions and political implications that accentuate the strategic dimension of science policy, visible in the geopolitical affirmation of oceanography, are studied.