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Purpose: To establish normative data on anterior scleral thickness using the spectral domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS?OCT). Methods: In total, 200 eyes of 100 healthy subjects underwent AS?OCT scans in the temporal and nasal quadrants. The scleral + conjunctival complex thickness (SCT) was measured by a single examiner. Mean SCT was analyzed for differences across age groups, gender, and location (nasal versus temporal). Results: Mean age was 46.4 ± 18.3 (21–84) years; male to female ratio was 54:46. Mean SCT (nasal + temporal) of the right eye (RE) was 682.3 ± 64.2 ?m in males and 660.6 ± 57.1 ?m in females. In the left eye (LE), it was 684.6 ± 64.9 ?m in males and 661.8 ± 49.3 ?m in females. These differences between male and female for both eyes were statistically significant (P = 0.006 and P = 0.002). The mean SCT of temporal and nasal quadrants in the RE was 678.54 ± 57.50 and 666 ± 66.2 ?m, respectively. In the LE, the temporal mean SCT quadrant was 679.6 ± 55.8 ?m, and the nasal was 668.6 ± 63.6 ?m. Age had a negative correlation with SCT (?0.62 ?m/year; P = 0.03), and males had a higher temporal SCT than females (22 ?m higher; P = 0.03). After adjusting for age and gender in a multivariate analysis, temporal SCT was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than nasal SCT. Conclusion: In our study, mean SCT decreased with age and males had a higher temporal SCT. This is the first study to evaluate scleral thickness in the Indian population, and the data can be used as a baseline for comparing variations in scleral thickness in disease.
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Objective To investigate the effects of amphiregulin antibody on the axial length,diopter and posterior sclera thickness in eyes of bilateral lens-induced myopic guinea pigs.Methods A total of 60 healthy three-colored short-hair guinea pigs were randomly divided into 5 groups:myopic model group,low dose group,medium dose group,high dose group and normal control group,12 rats in each group,and both eyes of the guinea pigs in the former four groups were induced by-10 D lens,while the normal group did not make any treatment.After wearing of goggles for 2 weeks,the right eyes of guinea pigs were intravitreally administrated with 5 μg,10 μg,20 μg anphiregulin antibody for the low,medium and high dose group,respectively.At the same time,the left eyes of these groups were given the same dose of Ringer' s buffer (buffer group).Continuous wearing of the lenses before and after injection of antibody was allowed.Diopter and axial length of guinea pigs were measured before wearing of the lenses,2 weeks after wearing lenses and 5 weeks after the experiment (after 3-times injections of antibody).Moreover,the thicknesses of retina,choroid and sclera in the posterior pole were detected by PAS staining.Finally,the expression of amphiregulin and EGFR mRNA and protein was detected by real time quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence.Results After 2 weeks of lens induction,the axial length of the myopic model group increased,but the diopter decreased when compared with the normal control group,and the differences were statistically significant (both P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the buffer group,after intravitreal injection of amphiregulin antibody,the axial length in the low,medium,and high dose groups decreased,while the diopter increased,and the scleral thickness at the posterior pole increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner,with statistically significant differences (all P ＜ 0.05).However,there was no significant change in retinal thickness at the posterior pole of all groups.Real-time quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence showed the expression of amphiregulin mRNA and protein in the retina was upregulated the myopic model group and buffer group,but downregulated in the high,medium,and low dose groups.Furthermore,when compared with the buffer group,the expression level of epidermal growth factor receptor in the retina of the low dose group was decreased (t =2.606,P =0.022),but there was no significant difference in the other groups.Conclusion After injection of amphiregulin antibody into the eyes of bilateral lens-induced myopic guinea pigs,the diopter increases,but the axial length is significantly shortened,and the posterior sclera is thickened,which may involve a decrease in the expression of amphiregulin.
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Background A close relation between sclera thickness and glaucoma has been determined.Clinical features vary in different types of glaucoma patients,which hints that the scleral thickness might be distinct among these patients.Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the differences of central corneal thickness(CCT),anterior scleral thickness(AST) and axial length in glaucomatous patients.Methods This study was approved by the Ethic Commission of First Hospital of Peking University.Written informed consent was obtained from each individual prior to the examination.A retrospective descriptive study was designed.One hundred and sixty consecutive patients were recruited from March,2009 to November,2010 in First Hospital of Peking University,including 35 eyes with primary angle closure glaucoma(PACG) (35 cases),34 eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma POAG) (34 cases),37 eyes with normal tension glaucoma(NTG) (37 cases)and 17 eyes of ocular hypertension OHT) (17 cases).Thirty-seven eyes of 37 subjects with incipient cataract served as the control group.CCT and ocular axial length were measured with ultrasonic pachymeter and A-scan unit,respectively,and AST at the temporal quadrant 2 mm posterior to the scleral spur was measured by ultrasonic biomicroscopy (UBM).The measuring parameters among different groups were compared by analysis of covariance,and the correlations of AST,CCT with ocular axial length were analyzed using Pearson linear correlation and linear regression.The differences and correlation of CCT,AST and AL among five groups were analyzed.Results The CCT values in PACG group,POAG group,NTG group,OHT group and control group were (535.54 ± 5.20),(550.47 ± 5.28),(521.61 ± 5.07),(575.75 ± 7.76) and (535.06± 5.06) μm,respectively,showing a significant difference among them (F =9.560,P =0.000),and the CCT value of OHT group was increased in comparison with POAG group,PACG group,NTG group and control group(all P =0.000).The CCT of the POAG group was thicker than that in the PACG group,NTG group and control group(P=0.046,0.000,0.040).No significant difference was found in CCT among NTG group,PACG group and control group(P=0.950,0.060).The AST values of PACG group,POAG group,NTG group,OHT group and control group were(0.593±0.050),(0.600±0.050),(0.592-±0.060),(0.610-±0.060) and(0.604±0.060) mm,respectively,showing a insignificant difference among them (F =0.700,P =0.590).The axial length in the patients with PACG was shorter than that of the POAG group,NTG group,OHT group and control group (all P =0.000).The Pearson correlation analysis showed significantly positive correlation between CCT and AST in POAG group and NTG group(r=0.445,P=0.008;r=0.400,P=0.014).Conclusions This study confirms that there is dissimilarity in CCT but not in AST among different types of glaucomatous patients.The changes of CCT and AST are consistent in POAG and NTG patients.
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Background The condition of the sclera is associated with many ocular diseases.The measurement of human scleral thickness in vivo is helpful for us to understand the features of the sclera and related diseases.Objective The present study was to measure the anterior sclera thickness(AST) in patients with senile cataract and to analyze the relationship among AST and other associated ocular parameters.Methods This study was approved by the Ethic Commission of First Hospital of Peking University.Written informed consent was obtained from each individual prior to examination.One hundred and five senile cataract patients were recruited in this study.Central corneal thickness (CCT),corneal curvature (CCV) and axial length were measured using ultrasonic pachymeter,keratometer,and A-scan unit,respectively.The AST was measured at 2 mm posterior to the scleral spur in the temporal meridian using ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM).The differences of CCT,CCV,ocular axial length and AST between bilateral eyes and the different sexes were compared by the Paired test and independent sample t test.The correlations among various parameters were assessed by the Pearson linear correlation analysis.The differences of CCT and AST among different axial length groups were evaluated by one-way ANOVA.Results No significant differences were found in the CCT,CCV,axial length and AST between bilateral eyes (t =0.584,P =0.561 ; t =1.161,P =0.248 ; t =0.140,P =0.889 ; t =0.342,P =0.773).Temporal AST at 2 mm posterior to the sclera spur was (0.589 ±0.051)mm in the right eyes.An insignificant decline in CCT was found in the male group compared with the female group (right eyes:t =0.469,P =0.641 ; left eyes:t =0.465,P =0.643).However,compared with the female group,the increase of axial length,reduction of the mean CCV value and enhancement of the mean AST were observed(right eyes:all P＜0.01 ;left eyes:all P＜0.01).CCV showed a negative correlation with ocular axial length (r =-0.50,P＜0.01),but no significant correlation was found among age,CCT,ocular axial length and AST(P＞0.05).No remarkable differences were found in CCT and AST among the various axial length groups (CCT:F =0.998,P=0.372;AST:F=1.919,P=0.383).Conclusions In senile cataract patients,correlation is not found between AST and CCT;the increase of axial length is not associated with the thinning of the eyeball wall to a certain extent.Differences exist in some ocular parameters between different sexes.
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PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between central corneal thickness (CCT) and scleral thickness (ST) in glaucoma patients. METHODS: Seventy-eight eyes of 78 patients with no previous history of intraocular surgery and 23 control eyes were enrolled in the present study. For all eyes, CCT, ST, axial length, anterior chamber depth and refractive error were measured by a single examiner. The correlations among the measurements were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 57.32 +/- 9.44 years, and the mean CCT was 532.80 +/- 43.75 microm. The mean CCT of ocular hypertension (576.00 +/- 26.59 microm) was thicker than that of the normal control group (530.30 +/- 35.34 microm, p = 0.028), although the mean STs of the groups were not significantly different. No significant correlation was found between CCT and ST (r = -0.073, p = 0.466). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, no correlation between CCT and ST was observed. In addition, the STs of the groups were not significantly different.
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Humans , Anterior Chamber , Eye , Glaucoma , Microscopy, Acoustic , Ocular Hypertension , Refractive ErrorsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of transscleral pressure on the thickness and hydration of the human sclera. METHODS: Scleral sections excised from moist-chamber-stored human globes were mounted in a perfusion chamber that can create transscleral pressure. The scleral thickness was measured at 15-minute intervals using ultrasonic pachymetry with pressure changes of 15, 30, and 60 mmHg every 2 hours. The scleral hydration was measured by maintaining a constant pressure (15, 30, and 60 mmHg) for 4 hours, weighing the hydrated tissue, then drying for 24 hours at 120degrees C, and finally weighing the dry tissue. RESULTS: The changes of scleral thickness from the initial control thickness in the 7-mm perfusion chamber (n=6) were -0.38+/-2.11%, 0.26+/-2.99 %, and -3.92+/-3.40% at 15, 30, and 60 mmHg, respectively. In the 10-mm perfusion chamber (n=5), the thickness changes were -0.56+/-1.35%, -1.05+/-1.63%, and -2.71+/-1.60% at 15, 30, and 60 mmHg, respectively. Scleral thickness was slightly decreased with the increase of transscleral pressure. There was a statistically significant decrease in scleral thickness from 30 mmHg to 60 mmHg in the 7-mm perfusion chamber (p0.10). CONCLUSIONS: The scleral hydration remained essentially unchanged with the transscleral pressure change of 0 ~ 60 mmHg, whereas the scleral thickness showed a slight decrease with the increase of transscleral pressure. Further histologic studies will be needed to assess the ultrastructural change of human sclera in the future.