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BACKGROUND@#It is crucial to understand the seasonal variation of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) for the detection and management of MetS. Previous studies have demonstrated the seasonal variations in MetS prevalence and its markers, but their methods are not robust. To clarify the concrete seasonal variations in the MetS prevalence and its markers, we utilized a powerful method called Seasonal Trend Decomposition Procedure based on LOESS (STL) and a big dataset of health checkups.@*METHODS@#A total of 1,819,214 records of health checkups (759,839 records for men and 1,059,375 records for women) between April 2012 and December 2017 were included in this study. We examined the seasonal variations in the MetS prevalence and its markers using 5 years and 9 months health checkup data and STL analysis. MetS markers consisted of waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG).@*RESULTS@#We found that the MetS prevalence was high in winter and somewhat high in August. Among men, MetS prevalence was 2.64 ± 0.42 (mean ± SD) % higher in the highest month (January) than in the lowest month (June). Among women, MetS prevalence was 0.53 ± 0.24% higher in the highest month (January) than in the lowest month (June). Additionally, SBP, DBP, and HDL-C exhibited simple variations, being higher in winter and lower in summer, while WC, TG, and FPG displayed more complex variations.@*CONCLUSIONS@#This finding, complex seasonal variations of MetS prevalence, WC, TG, and FPG, could not be derived from previous studies using just the mean values in spring, summer, autumn and winter or the cosinor analysis. More attention should be paid to factors affecting seasonal variations of central obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance.
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Seasons , Prevalence , Climate , Insulin Resistance , TriglyceridesABSTRACT
Background: Japanese Encephalitis is one of the mostimportant causes of viral encephalitis worldwide, with anestimated 50,000 cases and 15,000 deaths annually. Thepresent study was undertaken to investigate theSeroprevalence and Seasonal Trend of Japanese Encephalitisin Jamshedpur.Methods: It was a hospital-based retrospective studyconducted from August 2011 to December 2017. A total of 571consecutive non-repetitive patients, satisfying the clinical casedefinition of JE as per the WHO guidelines, were included inthe study. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples weretested for JEV-specific IgM antibodies by the NIV JE IgMCapture ELISA Kit.Results: Out of which 166/571 (29.07%) were JE positivediagnosed by IgM Mac ELISA antibody kit. We have observedthat in a period of six years, the JE positivity rate hassignificantly reduced from 39.84% in 2011 to 7.29% in 2017.Conclusions: A declining trend of JE was seen in this study,however further research work needs to be done to lookfor non-JE causes of JE. Surveillance & effective vaccinationshould be carried out regularly for early detection of animpending outbreak and to initiate timely preventive and controlmeasures.
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Background: Influenza-like illness is a self-limiting non-specific acute respiratory illness characterized by common clinical features including fever, chills, malaise, headache, coughing, nausea, loss of appetite, and generalized weakness. Influenza A H1N1 is an important cause of ILI because it can lead to serious complications requiring hospitalization. Swine flu infection rates usually higher during the winter season in temperate regions. Objectives: This study is designed to analyze the demographic data of different ILI categories including seasonal trend of H1N1-related ILI in the patients attending a teaching hospital to know the spread and severity of diseases in Southern Rajasthan in India. Materials and Methods: It is a hospital-based retrospective study in which epidemiological and demographic data of all the patients attended swine flu outpatient departments, isolation wards, and intensive care unit were obtained and analyzed. All patients of ILI-B and ILI-C categories were tested for real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Of 3933 patients, 2686 (68.29%) patients were categorized in ILI-A, 724 (18.41%) patients were in ILI-B, and remaining 523 (13.30%) patients were in ILI-C. Overall, swine positivity among ILI-B and ILI-C categories was significantly (<0.05) higher in females than male and extremely statistically significant (P < 0.0001) higher in rural areas than urban. It was found that the transmission of influenza H1N1 peaked during winter season and affected the individuals of all age groups with high incidence in those aged 16–30 and 31–45 years. Conclusions: The higher incidence of H1N1 winter season emphasizes the need of special preventive and public health measures before the start of winter season. Information, education, and communication activities need to be strengthened specially for the rural people who were affected more in the present outbreak.
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Background: Dengue fever is a major public health problem, the concern is high as the disease is closely related to climate change. Methods: This was a retrospective study, conducted for 1 year in a tertiary care hospital in the city of Mumbai. Data of Dengue cases and climate for the city of Mumbai between 2011 and 2015 were obtained. Data was analysed using SPSS- time series analysis and forecasting model. Results: 33% cases belonged to the 21-30 years, proportion of men affected were more than women. A seasonal distribution of cases was observed. A strong correlation was noted between the total number of cases reported and (a) mean monthly rainfall and (b) number of days of rainfall. ARIMA model was used for forecasting. Conclusions: The trend analysis along with forecasting model helps in being prepared for the year ahead.
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Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under age 5 worldwide, with rotavirus being the main etiology. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic, acute watery diarrhoea (AWD) was introduced as one of the national notifiable diseases in 2004. We retrospectively reviewed the aggregate (n = 117 277) and case-based (n = 67 755) AWD surveillance data from 2009 to 2013 reported weekly from 1115 health facilities nationwide. Rotavirus rapid test data from all eight sentinel sites in Vientiane Capital in 2013 were also collected for analysis. The incidence of AWD ranged between 215 and 476 cases per 100 000 population and increased from 2009 to 2012 when it levelled off. The most affected age group was children under 5 who were about seven to nine times more likely to have AWD than the rest of the population (P < 0.0001). In children under 5, 74.8% of the cases were aged 0-24 months and AWD was 1.28 times more common in males (P < 0.0001). Among the 230 stool specimens tested in children under 5 in 2013, 109 (47.4%) tested positive for rotavirus. The increased AWD incidence over the study period may reflect a true increase in AWD or an improved sensitivity of the system. We recommend new mothers breastfeed up to two years after birth, which is known to reduce AWD morbidity and mortality in young children. We also recommend conducting rotavirus disease burden and cost-effectiveness studies to explore the benefits of introduction of rotavirus vaccine.
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Introduction: Injury is a major, preventable public health problem in terms of morbidity, premature mortality or disability. This study aims to assess the epidemiology of injury in patients admitted to a tertiary care centre in northern India. Materials and Methods: Observational, Descriptive, secondary data based study of injury patients admitted in surgical emergency department of Government Medical College Hospital Chandigarh from July 2009 to June 2010. Results: Out of these total 7222 patients, 4129(57.2%) were of Road Traffic Accident (RTA) and 22.8% were of Assault. Male were at high risk of RTA. Although, overall males were at higher risk of assault but middle aged women were at higher risk than their counterparts. For ‘fall ‘females were at high risk. Assault cases were more prevalent during summer, while RTA cases were more prevalent during winter season and fall during rainy season were reportedly more. Majority (33.0%) of RTA injury was in the age group of 20-39 years (most productive age) and in the age group of <10 years falls were most common (56.0% of all injury).
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In Japan, sudden death in the bathroom (‘bath-related death’) occurs particularly in the elderly population in winter. Previously, we showed that bath-related death in Kagoshima Prefecture occurs at similar frequency as that in other prefectures, despite its warm environment. In this study, we performed a retrospective review of the inquest records in Kagoshima from between 2006 and 2013 in order to compare the demographic and circumstantial factors of the following 3 groups classified by the location where the death occurred: home bathroom, spa, and nursing home bathroom. The total number of the deaths was 1533 (759 males and 774 females), which corresponds to a crude mortality rate of 11.3 per 100,000 person-years. Most of the deaths occurred at home (1319; 86.0%), followed by spa (159; 10.4%), nursing home (18; 1.2%), and others (37; 2.4%). In all 3 groups, most of the deceased were over 65 years old and were found sinking in the bathtub. The greatest number of deaths occurred in the winter at home (52.6%) and at a spa (54.7%) compared to other seasons. In contrast, death occurred most frequently in the spring at nursing homes (44.4%), when unexperienced staff begin to work in Japan. There was no significant difference in gender between home and nursing home cases, whereas significant more men died at a spa (p=0.0014). Although most deaths occurred at home between 16:00 and 20:00, a time when the elderly usually take a bath in Japan (49.4%), those at a spa and nursing home occurred earlier (12:00-16:00). The most common past history of illness was hypertension in home and spa cases, and that in nursing home cases was cardiovascular disease. Cardiac events leading to tragic results may occur more frequently in people with these illnesses than in healthy individuals while bathing. A history of drinking alcohol before bathing was observed in minor populations in home and spa cases, although it is also a known risk factor for death. However, the positive rate of spa cases was higher than that of home cases (8.2% vs. 3.3%). In all 3 groups, the most common cause of death indicated on the death certificate was heart disease such as myocardial infarction and arrhythmia (about 50%), followed by drowning. Except for 10 cases in which autopsy was performed, the cause of death in most cases was determined by only external examinations. Instead of autopsy, postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) scanning was performed in 44.9% of cases from 2010 to 2013. Cases that were diagnosed as drowning based on the findings by PMCT imaging have increased in recent years. However, PMCT is inferior to autopsy in detecting intrinsic disease and in elucidating a pathophysiological mechanism leading to drowning. In order to reduce the number of bath-related deaths, it is necessary to accumulate further evidence by increasing the number of cases undergoing autopsy, and to prompt the government and society to develop protective activities not only for known risk factors for death, but also for those peculiar to the bathing location.
ABSTRACT
In Japan, sudden death in the bathroom (‘bath-related death’) occurs particularly in the elderly population in winter. Previously, we showed that bath-related death in Kagoshima Prefecture occurs at similar frequency as that in other prefectures, despite its warm environment. In this study, we performed a retrospective review of the inquest records in Kagoshima from between 2006 and 2013 in order to compare the demographic and circumstantial factors of the following 3 groups classified by the location where the death occurred: home bathroom, spa, and nursing home bathroom. The total number of the deaths was 1533 (759 males and 774 females), which corresponds to a crude mortality rate of 11.3 per 100,000 person-years. Most of the deaths occurred at home (1319; 86.0%), followed by spa (159; 10.4%), nursing home (18; 1.2%), and others (37; 2.4%). In all 3 groups, most of the deceased were over 65 years old and were found sinking in the bathtub. The greatest number of deaths occurred in the winter at home (52.6%) and at a spa (54.7%) compared to other seasons. In contrast, death occurred most frequently in the spring at nursing homes (44.4%), when unexperienced staff begin to work in Japan. There was no significant difference in gender between home and nursing home cases, whereas significant more men died at a spa (p=0.0014). Although most deaths occurred at home between 16:00 and 20:00, a time when the elderly usually take a bath in Japan (49.4%), those at a spa and nursing home occurred earlier (12:00-16:00). The most common past history of illness was hypertension in home and spa cases, and that in nursing home cases was cardiovascular disease. Cardiac events leading to tragic results may occur more frequently in people with these illnesses than in healthy individuals while bathing. A history of drinking alcohol before bathing was observed in minor populations in home and spa cases, although it is also a known risk factor for death. However, the positive rate of spa cases was higher than that of home cases (8.2% vs. 3.3%). In all 3 groups, the most common cause of death indicated on the death certificate was heart disease such as myocardial infarction and arrhythmia (about 50%), followed by drowning. Except for 10 cases in which autopsy was performed, the cause of death in most cases was determined by only external examinations. Instead of autopsy, postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) scanning was performed in 44.9% of cases from 2010 to 2013. Cases that were diagnosed as drowning based on the findings by PMCT imaging have increased in recent years. However, PMCT is inferior to autopsy in detecting intrinsic disease and in elucidating a pathophysiological mechanism leading to drowning. In order to reduce the number of bath-related deaths, it is necessary to accumulate further evidence by increasing the number of cases undergoing autopsy, and to prompt the government and society to develop protective activities not only for known risk factors for death, but also for those peculiar to the bathing location.