Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding oral health among secondary school students in Kulgam district, J&K

Background: Oral health is a primary division of overall health. Oral health knowledge is considered to be crucial for developing healthy behaviors, and it has been shown that there is an association between increased knowledge and better oral health. Optimum health related practices are more likely to be taken up if an individual feels a sense of better control over their health with better understanding of diseases and their etiology. Aim: Therefore, the present study aimed at assessing the level of oral health knowledge, attitude and practices of secondary school students in district Kulgam, Jammu & Kashmir UT. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 384 secondary school students of Kulgam district J&K. The participants were presented with a standardized pre-tested closed ended questionnaire based on WHO oral health questionnaire for children. It was a multiple choice questionnaire where the participants were asked to select the most relevant answer. Results: This study showed that knowledge and attitude towards oral health hygiene was good among the students. Attitude towards oral health was also found to be comparatively good. Oral hygiene practices were not up to the mark. There is a need to teach the significance of routine dental checkup, appropriate tooth brushing technique and material used for tooth brushing.Conclusion: School age is the right time when the behavior can still be molded, secondary level students would be the appropriate target group to receive the first organized intervention leading towards correct knowledge along with a positive attitude which is essential to bring about a change in their oral health behavior.

SELF-EFFICACY OF HIGH AND LOW ACHIEVERS IN MATHEMATICS OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

The present study was conducted to compare the self-efficacy of high and low achiever of achievement in mathematics of senior secondary school students. The sample of 300 senior secondary school students was taken from 3 districts of Punjab. Senior secondary school students was divided into two groups viz. high achievers and low achievers on the basis of achievement in mathematics which was taken as their marks in Mathematics in previous class and assessed their self-efficacy by using the hindi version of SelfEfficacy scale developed by Sud, Schwarzer and Jerusalem (1998). Result of the study revealed that the high achievers of mathematics had better self-efficacy as compared to low achievers of mathematics. The positive correlation between self-efficacy and achievement in mathematics of senior secondary school students was also found.

Relationship between idolatry and perceived social support in secondary school students： the mediating role of peer attachment and life satisfaction / 四川精神卫生

BackgroundNowadays， idolatry is an important part of the spiritual life of secondary school students， making a significant impact on their physical and mental development. Previous research has examined the two-by-two relationship between idolatry， peer attachment， life satisfaction and perceived social support， but the potential mediating mechanisms between these variables remain to be explored. ObjectiveTo explore the mediating role of peer attachment and life satisfaction between idolatry and perceived social support， so as to provide references for mental health education for secondary school students. MethodsIn June 2022， 1 059 students currently enrolled in secondary school in Qiannan State， Guizhou Province were selected according to stratified random sampling method. In this study， assessment was performed using Celebrity Attitude Scale （CAS）， Peer Attachment Subscale from Revised Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment （IPPA-R）， Satisfaction with Life Scale （SWLS） and Perceived Social Support Scale （PSSS）. Pearson correlation analysis was used for correlation test. Model 6 in the SPSS Macro Process 3.3 was used to examine the mediating effect of peer attachment and life satisfaction between idolatry and perceived social support in secondary school students. Results①CAS score indicated positive correlation with scores of IPPA-R Peer Attachment Subscale， SWLS and PSSS （r=0.117， 0.097， 0.115， P<0.01）. IPPA-R score indicated positive correlation with scores of SWLS and PSSS （r=0.279， 0.421， P<0.01）. SWLS score was positively correlated with PSSS score （r=0.552， P<0.01）. ②The direct effect of idolatry on perceived social support was significant （β=0.059， P<0.05）. Both separate and chain mediating effects of peer attachment and life satisfaction between idolatry and perceived social support were significant （95% CI： 0.007~0.130， 0.004~0.054， 0.001~0.016， P<0.01）. The three effects above respectively accounted for 33.56%， 13.54% and 3.93% of the total effect. ConclusionIdolatry can affect secondary school students' perceived social support both directly and indirectly through peer attachment and life satisfaction.

Microbiological Assessment of Used Face Masks in Port Harcourt Secondary Schools in COVID-19 Era

Aim: This study was aimed at identifying bacterial and fungal contaminations in used face masks from different secondary schools in Port Harcourt during COVID-19 EraStudy Design: The study employs statistical analysis of the data and interpretation.Place and Duration of Study: Five Secondary Schools–Three public schools: Federal Government College Rumuokoro; Rumueme and Rumuokuta Girls’ Secondary Schools; Two Private Schools: Solid Steps and Istan Secondary Schools; all located in the city of Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. Sample collection lasted for a week and the analysis lasted for six months.Methodology: The research study was facilitated through Laboratory analysis and the use of questionnaire to get the age and sex from the school children. A total of 25 used face masks samples were collected from school children between ages of 12-18years and they were examined microbiologically. Sterile swab sticks soaked in sterile nutrient broth were employed to swab the inner surface area of the used face mask of circular diameter 10 cm. The swabbed samples were dipped and shaken in 9ml of sterile saline water for 1-3 minutes to dislodge the organisms; the mixture was then diluted through a ten-fold serial dilution, after which an aliquot of 0.1ml were inoculated unto Nutrient Agar (dilution used 10-6, incubated at 370C for 24h), Mac Conkey Agar (dilution used 10-3, incubated at 44±0.20C for 24-48h) and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (dilution used 10-3; incubated at 370C for 5-7 days). Frequency evaluation and identification of isolates were carried out using standard microbiological techniques.Results: The entire face masks sampled were found contaminated with microorganisms. The Microbial load (Log10 CFU/cm2;) and Percentage (%) occurrence of bacterial isolates from used facemask were; Bacillus spp (6.10±2.13)(30.81) > Staphylococcus auerus (3.89±3.01)(19.57%) > Proteus spp (2.25±2.45)(11.35) > Paenibacillus spp (1.55±2.52)(7.82) > Escherichia coli (0.36±0.81)(1.82) while fungal isolates were Aspergillus spp (2.20±0.55)(11.09) > Mucor spp (2.19±0.96)(11.04) > Penicillum spp (1.29±0.61)(6.51). The contaminated used face masks with microorganism were highest in school children of ages 16-18years (72%) and the lowest occurred in children of 12-14years of age (12%).Conclusion: The presence of potential pathogen such as Staphylococcus auerus, Bacillus spp etc. are of public health significance. It is therefore recommended that crowd should be controlled in such environments with high bacterial and fungal load such as schools and COVID-19 protocols duly observed.

Relación docente-estudiante y compromiso escolar: percepción de estudiantes secundarios con necesidades educativas especiales / Teacher-student relationship and student engagement: perceptions of secondary students with special educational needs / Relação professor-aluno e compromisso escolar: percepção de jovens com necessidades educacionais especiais

Resumen (analítico) Investigaciones previas sostienen que la relación docente-estudiante es un factor relevante para el compromiso escolar y rendimiento académico. Sin embargo, su impacto ha sido poco explorado en estudiantes con necesidades educativas especiales. Este estudio examina la influencia de la relación docente-estudiante en el compromiso escolar según la percepción de estudiantes de primer año medio con necesidades educativas especiales de una Región de Chile. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, de tipo fenomenológico y de alcance descriptivo-analítico. Se desarrollaron diez entrevistas en profundidad a estudiantes con necesidades educativas especiales, las que se analizaron mediante el método de comparación constante de la teoría fundamentada. Los resultados revelan el rol clave de los/as docentes en el compromiso escolar a través de la satisfacción de las necesidades de vinculación y competencia de sus estudiantes, pero no de su autonomía.

Abstract (analytical) The results of existing research studies show that the teacher-student relationship is a relevant factor that affects academic engagement and school performance. However, there is limited evidence of its impact on students with special educational needs. This study examines the influence of the teacher-student relationship on school engagement based on the perceptions of students with special educational needs in their first year of high school education in Chile. The study used a qualitative, phenomenological, and descriptive-analytical design. A total of ten indepth interviews were conducted with students with special educational needs. The data was analysed using the methodological guidelines of grounded theory. The results highlight the key role of teachers in academic engagement by satisfying students' psychological needs in the areas of connection and competence, but not satisfying students' need for autonomy.

Resumo (analítico) Pesquisas anteriores afirmam que a relação professor-aluno é um fator relevante para o engajamento e desempenho acadêmico. No entanto, seu impacto tem sido pouco explorado em alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais. Este estudo examina a influência da relação professor-aluno no compromisso escolar segundo a percepção dos alunos com alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais do primeiro ano do ensino médio, da Chile. O desenho foi qualitativo, fenomenológico, descritivo-analítico em escopo. Foram realizadas 10 entrevistas em profundidade com alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais. Os dados foram analisados segundo as diretrizes metodológicas da teoria fundamentada nos dados. Os resultados apontam para o papel fundamental do professor no comprometimento escolar, por meio da satisfação das necessidades de vinculação e competência de seus alunos, mas não de sua autonomia.

«Somos estudiantes del campo¼: identificaciones de jóvenes rurales en Entre Ríos (Argentina) / «We are students of the countryside¼. Identities and identifications of rural youth in Entre Ríos (Argentina) / «Somos estudantes de campo¼. Identificações de jovens rurais em Entre Ríos (Argentina)

Resumen (analítico) La extensión de la escolaridad en Argentina y la creación de escuelas secundarias en el campo ha significado transformaciones en el espacio rural y las juventudes rurales. A partir de una investigación realizada desde el enfoque histórico-etnográfico en el norte de la provincia de Entre Ríos, advertimos que la escuela secundaria es el espacio privilegiado de sociabilidad de las y los jóvenes y nos centramos en la Fiesta del Estudiante Rural para comprender los procesos de identificación de estas juventudes. La condición de juventud y la condición de estudiante están estrechamente implicadas en el espacio rural y las y los jóvenes construyen identificaciones por oposición a sus pares urbanos y en relación con el campo, entendido en tanto paisaje natural escindido de las actividades productivas y laborales de la ruralidad.

Abstract (analytical) he rollout of public education across the country in Argentina and the building of secondary schools in the countryside generated transformations for rural areas and rural youth. This study uses a historical-ethnographic approach to conduct research in the northern area of the province of Entre Ríos. The authors identified that secondary school is a privileged space for the social development of young people, focusing on the Rural Student Festival to understand these youth identities. The youth condition and the student condition are closely linked to rural areas. Rural young people construct identifications that are in opposition to urban students and aligned with the countryside, which they understand as a natural landscape that is unrelated to agricultural and labor activities.

Resumo (analítico) A extensão da escolaridade na Argentina e a criação de escolas secundárias no campo geraram transformações no meio rural e na juventude rural. A partir de uma investigação realizada a partir de uma abordagem histórico-etnográfica no norte da província de Entre Ríos, afirmamos que o ensino médio é o espaço privilegiado de sociabilidade dos jovens e nos concentramos no Festival do Estudante Rural para compreender as identidades destes jovens. A condição de jovem e a condição de estudante estão intimamente envolvidas no meio rural e os jovens constroem identificações em oposição aos estudantes urbanos e em relação ao campo, entendido como paisagem natural alheia às atividades produtivas e laborais do campo.

CREATIVITY OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

The world is defined by the innovations and exploration of nature to the maximum extent by the inquisitiveness of man. Creativity is the act of generating novel solutions to critical problems or redefining things in a new way, generating new ideas, exploring new avenues, and making discoveries or inventions that make life comfortable and luxurious. An attempt has been made by the investigator to analyze the Verbal Creativity of students. Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the creativity of secondary school students. Objective: The objective is to study the differences between gender, locality, and class of study on the creativity of secondary school students. Sample: The sample of the present study consists of 600 high school students in the erstwhile Warangal district of Telangana state. Tool: The creativity battery test developed and standardized by Baqer Mehdi (2019) was administered. Conclusion: Results revealed the significant difference between gender, locality, and class of study with regard to the creativity of secondary school students.

Status of the poor vision among primary and secondary school students in a division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and analysis of the influencing factors / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To understand the status of poor vision and analyze the main influencing factors among primary and secondary school students in a division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of poor vision.METHODS: A total of 12 primary and secondary schools in a divisional urban district and regiment field of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps were chosen using stratified cluster random sampling from August to October 2020. A total of 2 982 primary and secondary school students were selected for visual inspections and questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of poor vision.RESULTS: The rate of poor vision was 65.66% among 2 982 primary and secondary school students in the division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, with the majority severe poor vision. Furthermore, the rates of poor vision were higher in girls(70.17%)than that in boys(61.47%)(χ2=4.993, P<0.001)and the urban area(70.03%)were higher than the rural area(58.96%)(χ2=38.680, P<0.001)and the Han nationality students(66.83%)were higher than Uyghur students(52.82%)(χ2=19.772, P<0.001). The risk of poor vision increased with age(χ2trend =300.144, P<0.001), and by the age group ≥18 years old, the rate of poor vision reached 80.47%. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that the women, the age≥13 years old, writing and reading duration every day ≥2h, cram school on weekends and presence of myopia in parents increases the risk of poor vision, increase the outdoor exercise time, sleep time ≥8h, and do eye exercises every day can reduce the occurrence of poor vision.CONCLUSION: Poor vision rate of primary and secondary school students in the division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps is higher than that of many regions in the country. Girls with the age(≥13 years old)whose parents are myopic should receive special attention. Increasing outdoor exercise time, doing eye exercises every day, and keeping your eyes more than one foot away from books when reading and writing is effective in preventing poor vision.

Differences and causes of myopia among students in different stages in the same region in Xi'an / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To gather baseline data on visual acuity by screening students from different stages in the same administrative district of Xi'an, as well as to analyze and investigate disparities in myopia rates among students from different stages in this area.METHODS: A total of 13 707 students from 21 elementary schools, 3 middle schools, 3 general high schools and 1 vocational high school were randomly selected for uncorrected distance visual acuity and computerized refraction testing in 28 schools with a random sampling approach.RESULTS: The detection rate of myopia in elementary, middle, high and vocational high schools in the same region of Xi'an were 32.27%, 72.07%, 81.22% and 65.12%, respectively; The total myopia rate of students was 47.81%; The myopia rate of girls was higher than that of boys in all grades; The myopia rates of elementary and middle schools increased with the growth of grades; The percentage of high myopia increased from 2.40% in elementary schools to 16.51% in high schools with the growth of grades.CONCLUSION: The myopia rate in different stages of the same region is different, and it tends to rise with the gronth of grades; Girls have a higher myopia rate than boys; Compared to the results of the national survey on myopia in different grades of children and adolescents in 2018, the myopia rate in the same region has decreased significantly in 2021 of the elementary school level, although myopia rate of middle school and high school stage do not rise, the decline is not obvious.

Awareness and willingness to vaccinate daughters with human papillomavirus vaccines among parents of primary and middle school students / 预防医学

Objective @#To investigate the awareness of human papillomavirus ( HPV ) vaccine and willingness to vaccinate daughters among parents of primary and middle school students, so as to provide the reference for the promotion of HPV vaccine in primary and middle school girls.@*Methods @#Using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method, the parents of girls in in Grade Four to Nine from schools in Gongshu District of Hangzhou, Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing and Wuxing District of Huzhou were selected. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect demographic information, HPV vaccine related knowledge and willingness to vaccinate daughters with HPV vaccines. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors for the willingness to vaccinate daughters with HPV vaccines among parents. @*Results @#Totally 1 500 questionnaires were sent out, and 1 466 were effectively collected, with an effective rate of 97.73%. There were 313 fathers responded, accounting for 21.35%; and 1 153 mothers responded, accounting for 78.65%. The awareness rate of HPV vaccine was 16.81%. The rate of willing to vaccinate daughters with HPV vaccines was 49.86%. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the patients who ever vaccinated daughters with self-paid vaccines ( OR=1.935, 95%CI: 1.473-2.541 ), knew cervical cancer ( OR=1.424, 95%CI: 1.065-1.904 ), knew HPV vaccine dose ( OR=1.672, 95%CI:1.216-2.301 ), knew the best vaccination period ( OR=1.392, 95%CI: 1.032-1.876 ), knew the need of cervical cancer screening even after vaccination ( OR=1.596, 95%CI:1.227-2.075) were more willing to vaccinate daughters with HPV vaccines, while the parents who thought HPV vaccine expensive ( OR=0.154, 95%CI: 0.099-0.240 ) were less willing to vaccinate daughters with HPV vaccines. @*Conclusions @#The rates of HPV vaccine awareness and willingness to vaccinate daughters are 16.81% and 49.86% among parents of primary and middle school students. Their knowledge of HPV vaccine and the price of the vaccine may affect their willingness to vaccinate daughters.

Influencing factors for abnormality of the angle of trunk rotation in primary and secondary school students / 预防医学

Objective@#To explore the influencing factors for the primary and secondary school students with abnormal angle of trunk rotation for the prevention.@*Methods@#The students of Grade Four to Nine in Jiashan County of Zhejiang Province were selected by cluster sampling method. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect social demographic data, diet behaviors, physical activities, reading and writing habits. The angle of trunk rotation was measured by scoliometer. Logistic regression model was used to investigate the influencing factors for abnormal angle of trunk rotation. @*Results@#This study included 2 942 schoolchildren, with 1 582 ( 53.78% ) boys and 1 360 ( 46.23% ) girls. The incidence rate of abnormal angle of trunk rotation was 7.82%. The incidence rate of abnormal angle of trunk rotation in girls was 10.74%, which was higher than 5.31% in boys ( P<0.05 ). Grade ( OR=1.485, 95%CI: 1.058-2.085 ), gender ( OR=2.084, 95%CI: 1.536-2.828 ), frequency of eating fresh vegetables in the past week ( OR=0.749, 95%CI: 0.633-0.887 ) and watching electronic screen in the dark ( OR=1.188, 95%CI: 1.002-1.408 ) were the influencing factors for abnormal angle of trunk rotation in primary and secondary school students. Grade ( OR=2.664, 95%CI: 1.481-4.791 ) and watching electronic screen in the dark ( OR=1.325, 95%CI: 1.030-1.704 ) were influencing factors for abnormal angle of trunk rotation in boys. Frequency of eating fresh vegetables in the past week ( OR=0.714, 95%CI: 0.574-0.887 ) and uncorrected eyesight less than 5.0 ( OR=1.795, 95%CI: 1.164-2.767 ) were influencing factors for abnormal angle of trunk rotation in girls. @*Conclusion@#The abnormal angle of trunk rotation in primary and secondary school students is related to gender, grade, reading and writing behaviors as well as diets; and the influencing factors are different in male and female students.

Influencing factors for myopia among primary and secondary schoolstudents in Suzhou / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the influencing factors for myopia among primary and secondary school students in Suzhou, so as to provide basis for myopia prevention and control. @*Methods@#The students in Grade 4-12 were recruited by stratified cluster random sampling method. Gender, grade, parents＇ myopia history, outdoor activity time and video display terminal time were collected through the questionnaire of National Surveillance Program of Influencing Factors for Common Diseases and Health in Students. Uncorrected visual acuity and cycloplegic refraction were tested. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore myopia-related factors.@*Results@#A total of 990 questionnaires were distributed, and 882 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective rate of 89.09%. The prevalence rate of myopia was 78.23% ( 690 cases ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that females ( OR=1.703, 95%CI: 1.173-2.474 ) , middle school students ( OR:5.597-11.949, 95%CI: 3.573-28.349 ) , both parents＇myopia ( OR=2.445, 95%CI: 1.597-3.742 ) , video display terminal time over 3 hours per day ( OR=2.026, 95%CI: 1.235-3.325 ) were risk factors for myopia; outdoor activity time over 2 hours per day ( OR: 0.493-0.510, 95%CI: 0.273-0.943 ) was a protective factor for myopia. @*Conclusion@#The prevalence of myopia among primary and secondary school students in Suzhou is 78.23%. Gender, grade, parents＇ myopia history, outdoor activity time and video display terminal time are influencing factors for myopia.

La educación física desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes: un estudio de caso / Physical education class from a perspective of students: a case study

RESUMEN. La percepción de los estudiantes hacia la clase de Educación Física es de suma importancia para entender cómo mejorarla y lo que representa para ellos. En esta investigación se analizaron las percepciones de los estudiantes frente a la clase, sus preferencias, la importancia que le otorgan y el papel que juega el profesor en su gusto por la Educación Física. La metodología de la investigación fue cualitativa, específicamente un estudio de caso. Se utilizaron como estrategias de recolección de información el cuestionario y el buzón. La investigación se llevó a cabo en una institución educativa público-privada de Medellín (Colombia), con la participación de 43 estudiantes de décimo grado (15 y 17 años). Entre los principales hallazgos surgió que a la mayoría de los estudiantes les gusta la clase de Educación Física. Destacan su gusto por clases lúdicas y dinámicas con contenidos deportivos. Entre lo que más les gusta del profesor son sus cualidades: respetuoso, responsable, estricto y amable. Finalmente, le atribuyen la mejora de la salud, el estado físico, el conocimiento y funcionamiento de su propio cuerpo como los fines principales de la clase de Educación Física.

ABSTRACT. the class will improve and what it represents for them. In this research, it was analyzed the perceptions and preferences of students about their classes, the importance they give to Physical Education and the role that the teacher has in their liking for it. The research methodology was qualitative, specifically a case study. The questionnaire and the mailbox were used as information gathering strategies. The research was carried out in a public-private high school in Medellín (Colombia) with 43 students between 15 and 17 years old. Among the main findings, it was found that the majority of students like Physical Education class. They like playful and dynamic classes with sports content stands out. Among what they like most about the teacher are his qualities: respectful, responsible, strict and kind. Finally, students attribute to class the improvement of health, physical condition, knowledge and functioning of their own body as the main purposes of the Physical Education class.

Pedestrian traffic safety behaviors among primary and secondary school students in Xiacheng District / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the pedestrian traffic safety behaviors of primary and secondary school students in Xiacheng District of Hangzhou,and to provide reference for formulating traffic safety strategy. @*Methods@# In October 2015,nine campuses of six schools in Xiacheng District were selected to observe the pedestrian traffic safety behaviors of the primary and secondary school students walking to and from school,such as taking the zebra crossing,observing the traffic condition,running and playing with cellphones when walking across the road.@*Results@#Totally 2 585 students were investigated,and 2 580 students were valid（99.81%）. When walking across the road,1 887 people took the zebra crossing,accounting for 73.14%;71.89% of boys and 74.51% of girls took the zebra crossing,and there was no significant difference（P>0.05）;64.76% and 81.32% of the students took the zebra crossing on the way to school and home,with a significant difference（P<0.05）. When walking across the road,1 683 students people observed the traffic conditions,accounting for 65.23%;63.61% of boys and 67.02% of girls observed the traffic conditions,and there was no significant difference（P>0.05）;64.05% and 66.39% of the students observed the traffic conditions on the way to school and home,with a significant difference（P<0.05）.There were 362 students running across the road, accounting for 14.03%;15.31% of boys and 12.62% of girls ran across the road,and there was no significant difference（P>0.05）;9.26% and 18.68% of the students ran across the road on the way to school and home,with a significant difference（P<0.05）. There were 53 students playing with cellphones when crossing the road,accounting for 2.05%;2.29% of boys and 1.79% of girls played with cellphones,and there was no significant difference（P>0.05）;1.41% and 2.68% of the students played with cellphones on the way to school and home,with a significant difference（P<0.05）. @*Conclusions @#Primary and secondary school students have dangerous behaviors when walking across the road. We should focus on the intervention of not taking the zebra crossing and not observing traffic conditions when crossing the road on the way to school,and playing with cellphones on the way home.

Investigation of myopia and influencing factors in primary and secondary school students in Shashi district, Jingzhou city, Hubei Province / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To investigate the prevalence of myopia and its impacting factors among adolescents in schools of Shashi district, Jingzhou city in 2017, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of myopia.<p>METHODS: Totally 10 353 primary and secondary school students aged 7 to 18 were selected through the method of cluster stratified sampling in the central area and rural-urban area of Shashi. The number of students with myopia was 5 456, and the prevalence rate was 52.70%. A total of 10 353 on-site questionnaires were collected. Logistic regression analysis was conducted for related factors. <p>RESULTS: The subjects of this survey were 8 primary and secondary schools in the central area and 6 primary and secondary schools in suburban area. The prevalence of myopia was 60.34% in the central area and 11.43% in rural-urban area(<i>P</i><0.01). Outdoor activities and correct reading and writing gesture are preventive factors for myopia. Three risk factors for myopia include age, time spent on electronic devices and continuous working hours after class. <p>CONCLUSION: The myopia rate of primary and secondary school students in Shashi district of Jingzhou city is at a high level, especially in the downtown area. To prevent and reduce the occurrence of adolescent myopia, schools and families should make joint efforts to increase time of outdoor activities, and improve the eye environment for adolescent.

Factors associated with the awareness of contraceptive methods, understanding the prevention of HIV/AIDS and the perception of HIV/AIDS risk among secondary school students in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objective: To assess the awareness of contraceptive methods, understanding of HIV/AIDS prevention and the perception of HIV/AIDS risks among secondary school students in Tanzania.Methods: An anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among secondary school students in Tanzania. The questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics, awareness of contraceptive methods, an understanding of HIV/AIDS prevention, and the perception of HIV/AIDS risks. Three secondary schools were selected by considering the gender balance and location, which included the urban and surrounding areas. The research objectives, methods, and ethical considerations were explained, and the students voluntarily completed the questionnaire.Results: A total of 233 responses were collected, and 204 responses were considered valid for the analysis. The mean and standard deviation of age were 18.5 ± 1.0. Regardless of the gender, age, religion, and major course of study, the maternal educational status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.129; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.324, 7.398; P=0.009) and the number of information sources (AOR: 7.023, 95% CI: 3.166, 15.579, P<0.001) demonstrated associations with the awareness of contraceptive methods. Respondents who lived outside a dormitory (AOR: 3.782; 95% CI: 1.650, 8.671; P=0.002) and who currently had a partner (AOR: 3.616; 95% CI: 1.486, 8.800; P=0.005) were associated with a high level of understanding of HIV/AIDS prevention regardless of gender, age, religion, and major course of study. Respondents with few information sources were associated with a high level of perception of HIV/AIDS risks (AOR: 0.293; 95% CI: 0.115, 0.747; P=0.010), regardless of gender, age, religion, and major course of study.Conclusion: Factors associated with the awareness of contraceptive methods, the understanding of HIV/AIDS prevention, and perception of HIV/AIDS risks were not consistent. To ensure the improvement of these factors among secondary school students, sexual health education should be integrated into educational programs and provided holistically.

Road traffic injury happened on the way to school, among primary and secondary school students in Mengzi city, Honghe prefecture, Yunnan province in 2018 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To understand the current situation of road traffic injuries among primary and secondary school students in Mengzi city.@*Methods@#Using the cluster random sampling method, more than 9 000 primary and secondary school students from 20 primary and secondary schools in Mengzi city, were randomly sampled. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the occurrence of road traffic injuries in school students.@*Results@#A total of 9 197 students were surveyed, including 150 from road traffic injuries. The incidence rates of road traffic injuries was 1.63% among students in Mengzi city and 2.85% among junior high school students, with the high incidence in May. The leading places of injuries were village roads (38.00%), city roads (33.33%) and district roads (12.67%), respectively. 26.67% of the traffic injuries occurred on the way to or from schools, with riding on electric bicycle (52.00%) as the major cause and contusion/abrasion (75.33%) appeared as the major signs. Both lower and upper limbs plus multiple parts were accounting for 45.51%, 22.16% and 16.17%, respectively of all the injuries. 70.67% of all the cases with road traffic injuries in children, recovered after treatment. Children with road traffic injuries would stay in the hospital for up to 90 days but spent less than 30 000 Yuan.@*Conclusion@#The incidence of road traffic injuries among students in Mengzi city seemed relatively high, with junior high school students reached the highest. Riding electric bicycle appeared as the leading cause for traffic injuries in children in Mengzi city of Yunnan province.

Analysis of Chronic Disease Prevention Literacy among Primary and Secondary School Students in Dalian / 中国医科大学学报

Objective To understand the current status of chronic disease prevention literacy among primary and secondary school students in Dalian and to provide evidence for developing health education regarding chronic diseases and promotion strategies in students. Methods A total of 1 058 students from four districts or counties in Dalian were investigated through a questionnaire survey using stratified cluster sampling in 2015. A multiple linear regression method from Stata 15. 0 was used to identify the influencing factors of chronic disease prevention literacy among primary and junior school students. Results The current status of chronic disease prevention literacy was 6. 62 ％ among primary and junior school students in Dalian,and it was higher in urban students than in those from rural areas (P <0. 001),higher in junior school than in primary school (P < 0. 001),and higher in girls than in boys (P = 0. 034). There also appeared to be a positive regression relationship with parents' higher education degrees (P < 0. 001). Conclusion The current status of chronic disease prevention literacy is low among primary and secondary school students in Dalian. We should strengthen their health literacy level, mobilize the role of their parents,and especially increase chronic disease prevention awareness and the self-care ability of the rural students.

A study on mental health status of secondary school students and its influencing life events / 预防医学

Objective To investigate the mental health status of secondary school students in Wenzhou and to analyze its association with life events.Methods Cluster sampling method was used and Chinese Secondary School Students Mental Health Scale and Adolescence Life Events Scale were adopted to test 3 200 secondary school students.Results A total of 25.62％ students had psychological problems,and 22.50 ％ of them had mild mental problems,and 3.13％ of them had moderate mental problems,but none of them had severer psychological problems.Girls scored higher than boys in depression (P ＜ 0.05).The scores of mental health in senior high school group was higher than that in junior high school group in the total scores of psychological health,average score,poor adaptation,emotional fluctuation,compulsion,interpersonal sensitivity,depression,anxiety,paranoid ideation,psychological imbalance and learning pressure.The middle school students' psychological problems were learning pressure (47.79％),forced (44.12％),mood swings (42.23％),anxiety (33.76％),poor fit (32.21％),and interpersonal sensitivity (30.62％).The middle school students' life events in the assessment of interpersonal relationship was the highest score (5.74 ± 4.25);followed by learning pressure (5.70 ±3.79),punishment (4.63 ±3.67),loss (2.86 ±2.68),health (2.48 ±2.14).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that learning pressure and interpersonal events were the influencing factors of mental health of middle school students,and the influence of learning stress events was greater than that of interpersonal events.Conclusion The pressure of study,forcing problems presented in middle school students in Wenzhou,especially high school students.Pressure of study,interpersonal relationships were the main life events influencing mental health of middle school students in Wenzhou.

Age, Gender and School Class and Retention of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Knowledge among Secondary School Students in Nigeria.

Background/Aim of Study: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an important element in the “chain of survival” for the treatment of victims of cardiac arrest. Bystander CPR is a strong predictor of long term survival and bystanders with previous CPR training are more likely to perform CPR. This study aimed at assessing the CPR knowledge retention six weeks after the initial training, as well as the influence of age, gender and school class on CPR knowledge. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study design was used. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt between October and December, 2012. Methodology: A group of students selected from different schools had pre-training, training programme, post-training and retest assessments of their CPR knowledge. Modified AHA form was used in data collation. Video-tapes, songs, power points lectures and hands-on using manikin were employed during the teaching. Results: The students significantly retained CPR knowledge six weeks after training (P < 0.05), while age, gender and school class did not have any significant influence on CPR knowledge (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The Nigerian students can serve as a reliable target in increasing the number of bystanders for positive public health impact, and their age, gender and school class might not matter in their CPR knowledge acquisition and retention.