Exploration of molecular mechanism of Selaginella moelledorffii Hieron. in treatment of laryngeal cancer based on network-based pharmacology, molecular docking techniques and experimental validation / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the molecular mechanism of Selaginella moelledorffii Hieron. in the treatment of laryngeal cancer. Methods According to the relevant literature reports, the chemical constituents of S. moellendorffii were obtained, and the active ingredients were screened out through the SwissADME database, and the targets were screened through the PharmMapper database. The laryngeal cancer-related targets were collected by searching OMIM and other databases, and the Venny 2.1.0 online platform was used to obtain the intersection of the two. Protein interaction analysis of the potential targets was performed using the STRNG platform. GO functional analysis and KEGG pathway analysis was carried out using DAVID database. Visual networks were built with Cytoscape 3.8.0 software. Molecular docking was validated by SYBYL-X 2. 0 software. MTT method, Hoechst 33258 staining method and Western blotting were also used for validation. Results At the molecular level, a total of 110 active ingredients of S. moellendorffii and 82 drug targets were screened out, 1,608 targets related to laryngeal cancer, and intersection of 34 targets. GO analysis yielded 135 entries, and KEGG analysis yielded a total of 61 pathways. Molecular docking results showed that the 11 key active ingredients such as 2", 3"-dihydrooch-naflavone wood flavonoids and 4 core target proteins such as MAPK1 had 95. 5% of good docking activity. At the cellular level, SM-BFRE was screened for its strongest inhibitory effect on laryngeal cancer cell proliferation through MTT assay. Furthermore, Hoechst 33258 staining showed that the decrease in Hep-2 cell viability produced by SM-BFRE was related to cell apoptosis. Finally, Western blot verified that SM-BFRE inhibited PI3K/Akt/NF through inhibition- K B/COX-2 pathway to induce apoptosis in laryngeal cancer cells. Conclusions To sum up, it fully reflects the multicomponent, multi-target, and multi-channel synergistic effect of S. moellendorffii in the treatment of laryngeal cancer, and provides a theoretical reference for further elucidation of the mechanism of action of S. moellendorffii in the treatment of laryngeal cancer.

Herbal Textual Research on Selaginellae Herba in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By consulting the ancient Chinese herbal books， medical books and formularies of the past dynasties， and combining with modern research data， this paper makes a systematic textual research on the name， origin， place of origin， traditional quality evaluation， harvesting and processing of Selaginellae Herba， so as to provide a basis for the development and utilization of the relevant famous classical formulas. According to the textual research， Juanbai is the correct name of the herbal medicine in all dynasties， and there are also aliases such as Baozu， Qiugu， Jiaoshi and Jiusi Huanhuncao. The origin of Selaginellae Herba in the ancient herbal books was Selaginella tamariscina in all dynasties. Since the Republic of China， S. pulvinata has been gradually used as another origin of Selaginellae Herba. In ancient times， the producing area of S. tamariscina was mainly in Shandong， Hebei， Henan， Shaanxi， Jiangsu and Sichuan， etc. Nowadays， it is produced all over the country. S. pulvinata is mainly produced in Guangxi， Fujian， Sichuan， Guizhou， Yunnan， Hebei and so on. Since the recent times， it is concluded that the quality of the green color， complete and unbroken is good. Before the Qing dynasty， it was recorded that the harvesting time of Selaginellae Herba was generally from April to July， and it was expanded to all year round since the Qing dynasty. After harvesting， remove the sediment（sand and mud）， cut off the fibrous roots and dry in the shade or in the sun. The processing methods in all dynasties were mainly carbonizing by stir-frying and stir-bake to brown， and some ancient books contained the processing method of brine boiling， which was rarely used in modern times. Based on the results， it is recommended that S. tamariscina should be used as the base material of Selaginellae Herba. Because of more impurities， it should be fully purified to ensure the cleanliness of the herb， and the processing method can be based on the prescription requirements， if the processing requirements are not specified， the raw products can be used， charcoal products is recommended for use as an hemostatic.

Selaginellaceae: traditional use, phytochemistry and pharmacology / Selaginellaceae: uso tradicional, fitoquímica y farmacología

Selaginella is the only genus from Selaginellaceae, and it is considered a key factor in studying evolution. The family managed to survive the many biotic and abiotic pressures during the last 400 million years. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of Selaginella in order to recognize their potential and evaluate future research opportunities. Carbohydrates, pigments, steroids, phenolic derivatives, mainly flavonoids, and alkaloids are the main natural products in Selaginella. A wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities, some of them pointed out by folk medicine, has been reported. Future studies should afford valuable new data on better explore the biological potential of the flavonoid amentoflavone and their derivatives as chemical bioactive entities; develop studies about toxicity and, finally, concentrate efforts on elucidate mechanisms of action for biological properties already reported.

Selaginella es el único género de Selaginellaceae, y se considera un factor clave en el estudio de la evolución. La familia logró sobrevivir a las muchas presiones bióticas y abióticas durante los últimos 400 millones de años. El propósito de esta revisión es proporcionar un resumen actualizado de Selaginella para reconocer su potencial y evaluar futuras oportunidades de investigación. Los hidratos de carbono, pigmentos, esteroides, derivados fenólicos, principalmente flavonoides, y alcaloides son los principales productos naturales en Selaginella. Se ha informado un amplio espectro de actividades farmacológicas in vitro e in vivo, algunas de ellas señaladas por la medicina popular. Los estudios futuros deberían proporcionar datos nuevos y valiosos para explorar mejor el potencial biológico de la amentoflavona flavonoide y sus derivados como entidades bioactivas químicas; desarrollar estudios sobre la toxicidad y, finalmente, concentrar los esfuerzos en dilucidar los mecanismos de acción para las propiedades biológicas ya informadas.

Fractions of Selaginella convoluta (Arn) Spring (Selaginellaceae) attenuate the nociceptive behavior events in mice / Frações de Selaginella convoluta (Ar) Spring (Selaginellaceae) atenuam a resposta nociceptiva em camundongos

Abstract Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring is a species popularly known as "jericó", and used in folk medicine as analgesic and anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to investigate in mice the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the hexane (Sc-Hex) and chloroform (Sc-CHCl3) fractions (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) obtained by partition of crude ethanol extract from S. convoluta. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the fractions was performed. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated by writhing, formalin and hot-plate tests. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The rota-rod test was used to evaluate motor coordination. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the Sc-Hex and the Sc-CHCl3 were positive for the presence of flavonoids, anthracene derivatives, quinones, triterpenes and steroids. Inhibition of writhing was observed for fractions tested. The Sc-Hex at all doses tested was effective in reducing the nociceptive behavior produced by formalin only in the second phase. However, the Sc-CHCl3 decreased the paw licking time in the first and second phases. In the hot plate no significant effect was observed for any fraction. In the rota-rod test, treated mice did not demonstrate any significant motor performance changes. In the carrageenan-induced pleurisy, Sc-CHCl3 (200 mg/kg) reduced cell migration to the pleural cavity. These results reveal the antinociceptive properties of S. convoluta , which support, in part, its traditional use, since the fractions did not presented significant activity in the inflammatory response profile. We further verify that this antinociceptive effect could be by activation of nociceptive peripheral pathway.

Resumo Selaginella convoluta é uma espécie popularmente conhecida como "jericó", e usada na medicina popular como analgésica e anti-inflamatória. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar em camundongos as atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória das frações hexânica (Sc-Hex) e clorofórmica (Sc-CHCl3) (100, 200 e 400 mg/kg) obtidas por partição do extrato etanólico bruto de S. convoluta . A análise fitoquímica preliminar das frações foi realizada. A atividade antinociceptiva foi avaliada pelos testes de contorções abdominais, formalina e placa quente. A atividade anti-inflamatória foi avaliada usando pleurisia induzida por carragenina. O teste do rota-rod foi utilizado para avaliar a coordenação motora. A triagem fitoquímica preliminar mostrou que Sc-Hex e Sc-CHCl3 apresentaram reação positiva para a presença de flavonoides, derivados antracênicos, quinonas, triterpenos e esteroides. A inibição das contorções foi observada para as frações testadas. Sc-Hex em todas as doses testadas foi efetivo na redução do comportamento nociceptivo produzido pela formalina somente na segunda fase. No entanto, Sc-CHCl3 diminuiu o tempo de lambida da pata na primeira e segunda fases. Na placa quente, nenhum efeito significativo foi observado para qualquer fração. No teste do rota-rod os camundongos tratados não demonstraram mudanças significativas na coordenação motora. Na pleurisia induzida por carragenina, Sc-CHCl3 (200 mg/kg) reduziu a migração celular para a cavidade pleural. Estes resultados revelam a propriedade antinociceptiva de S. convoluta, justificando, em parte, seu uso tradicional, uma vez que os extratos não apresentaram atividade significativa no perfil de resposta inflamatória. Verificamos ainda que esse efeito antinociceptivo mostrou-se ligado à ativação da via periférica nociceptiva.

Lycophytes of the Chapada das Mesas National Park, Cerrado, Maranhão, Brazil / Licófitas do Parque Nacional Chapada das Mesas, Cerrado Maranhense, Brasil

Abstract: Despite an increase in studies involving lycophytes and ferns in recent years, Maranhão is still one of the northeastern states with a poorly known flora, mainly due to low sampling. For Chapada das Mesas National Park, a protected conservation unit in the Cerrado maranhense with phytophysiognomies that favor floristic diversity, there are no floristic studies about lycophytes. This study aimed to conduct the floristic inventory and taxonomic study of lycophytes in Chapada das Mesas National Park. Three collection expeditions, of three days each, were made between March 2017 and June 2018. Three families of lycophytes represented by three genera and six species were identified in the study area. The most diverse family was Selaginellaceae with four species: Selaginella conduplicata, S. erythropus (Mart.) Spring, S. radiata (Aubl.) Baker and S. simplex Baker. The other two families, Isoëtaceae and Lycopodiaceae, had one species each, Isoëtes sp. and Palhinhaea cernua (L.) Franco & Vasc. This study also reports two new record for the Brazilian Cerrado phytogeographic domain, S. conduplicate and S. radiata, of which the first is a new record for Maranhão State. Most specimens were found in riparian forest on rocky outcrops.

Resumo: Embora as pesquisas envolvendo o estudo de licófitas e samambaias tenham crescido nos últimos anos, o Maranhão ainda é um dos Estados do Nordeste com sua flora menos conhecida em virtude, principalmente, da baixa amostragem. O Parque Nacional (PARNA) Chapada das Mesas, apesar de tratar-se de uma unidade de conservação protegida no Cerrado maranhense e abrigar fitofisionomias que são propícias à diversidade florística, ainda não possui estudos sobre a diversidade florística de licófitas. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral fazer um inventário e estudo florístico e taxonômico de licófitas para o PARNA Chapada das Mesas. Foram realizadas três expedições para coletas de material entre março 2017 e junho 2018 com duração de três dias cada. Na área de estudo foram identificadas as três famílias de licófitas representadas por três gêneros e seis espécies. A família com maior diversidade foi Selaginellaceae com quatro espécies Selaginella conduplicata, S. erythropus, S. radiata e S. simplex. As outras duas, Isoëtaceae e Lycopodiaceae com uma espécie cada, Isoëtes sp., e Palhinhaea cernua. Nesse estudo também são relatados dois novos registros para o domínio fitogeográfico do Cerrado, S. conduplicata e S. radiata, sendo a primeira um novo registro para o Estado do Maranhão. A maioria dos espécimes foi encontrada em ambientes de matas ciliares crescendo sobre afloramento rochoso.

First Report of Agrobacterium rhizogenes-induced Hairy Root Formation in Selaginella bryopteris: a Pteridophyte Recalcitrant to Genetic Transformation

Abstract we report A. rhizogenes-induced hairy root formation in S. bryopteris, a medicinally and commercially important plant. A. rhizogenes strain LBA1334 co-cultivated with explants (root, rhizophore, stem portion near the root, and stem with intact fronds) for 24 and 48 h after transformation for induction of hairy roots. The induction of hairy root was observed after 6 days of infection in case of 48 h co-cultivation only. PCR with rolA and virC gene specific primers confirmed the induced hairy roots were due to Ri T-DNA integration and not due to contaminating A. rhizogenes. The root network as explants showed the maximum transformation efficiency. We tested different media like MS, SHFR (Stage Hog Fern Root) and KNOP's during transformation for hairy root induction. The SHFR based media showed good response in transformation as well as propagation. Further, transformation efficiency was enhanced by addition of TDZ (2 mg/L) and Bevistin (0.1%) in SHFR media. The present work would be helpful in hairy roots-based in vitro production of secondary metabolites and on aspect of functional genomics of S. bryopteris.

A review of the use of pteridophytes for treating human ailments / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The aim of this review was to explore the pharmacological activity of early tracheophytes (pteridophytes) as an alternative medicine for treating human ailments. As the first vascular plants, pteridophytes (aka, ferns and fern allies) are an ancient lineage, and human beings have been exploring and using taxa from this lineage for over 2000 years because of their beneficial properties. We have documented the medicinal uses of pteridophytes belonging to thirty different families. The lycophyte Selaginella sp. was shown in earlier studies to have multiple pharmacological activity, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anti-Alzheimer properties. Among all the pteridophytes examined, taxa from the Pteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, and Adiantaceae exhibited significant medicinal activity. Based on our review, many pteridophytes have properties that could be used in alternative medicine for treatment of various human illnesses. Biotechnological tools can be used to preserve and even improve their bioactive molecules for the preparation of medicines against illness. Even though several studies have reported medicinal uses of ferns, the possible bioactive compounds of several pteridophytes have not been identified. Furthermore, their optimal dosage level and treatment strategies still need to be determined. Finally, the future direction of pteridophyte research is discussed.

Cloning and expression analysis in resurrection process of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene from Selaginella tamariscina / 中国中药杂志

Selaginella tamariscina is a typical resuscitation medicinal plant with extreme drought tolerance. Trehalose plays an important role in the resurrection process, and the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS) is the key enzyme to synthesize trehalose in plants. In this study, the sequence of TPS was obtained by splicing from the transcriptome data of S. tamariscina. After the synthesis of cDNA based on the template of total RNA, the sequence was cloned by RT-PCR for verification and then analyzed by bioinformatics methods. The results indicated that the full-length coding sequence of StTPS was 2 799 bp (GenBank accession no. MH155231), and the encoded protein contained 932 amino acids. StTPS could be located in the chloroplastid according to subcellular localization prediction. There were two conserved domains belonging to glycogen phosphorylase glycosyltransferase (GPGTF) family but no signal peptide or transmembrane domain in StTPS. The expression of StTPS was determined by qRT-PCR and the variation of trehalose content was measured by HPLC-ELSD during the resurrection process of S. tamariscina. Meanwhile, the correlation between them was analyzed. The results showed that both the expression level of StTPS and the trehalose content increased associated with the extension of dehydration time, and declined associated with the extension of rehydration time which proved a significant positive correlation between the StTPS expression level and the trehalose content. The results suggested that the StTPS probably plays a central role in recovery process in S. tamariscina.

Fractions of Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring (Selaginellaceae) attenuate the nociceptive behavior events in mice

Abstract Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring is a species popularly known as jericó, and used in folk medicine as analgesic and anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to investigate in mice the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the hexane (Sc-Hex) and chloroform (Sc-CHCl3) fractions (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) obtained by partition of crude ethanol extract from S. convoluta. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the fractions was performed. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated by writhing, formalin and hot-plate tests. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The rota-rod test was used to evaluate motor coordination. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the Sc-Hex and the Sc-CHCl3 were positive for the presence of flavonoids, anthracene derivatives, quinones, triterpenes and steroids. Inhibition of writhing was observed for fractions tested. The Sc-Hex at all doses tested was effective in reducing the nociceptive behavior produced by formalin only in the second phase. However, the Sc-CHCl3 decreased the paw licking time in the first and second phases. In the hot plate no significant effect was observed for any fraction. In the rota-rod test, treated mice did not demonstrate any significant motor performance changes. In the carrageenan-induced pleurisy, Sc-CHCl3 (200 mg/kg) reduced cell migration to the pleural cavity. These results reveal the antinociceptive properties of S. convoluta , which support, in part, its traditional use, since the fractions did not presented significant activity in the inflammatory response profile. We further verify that this antinociceptive effect could be by activation of nociceptive peripheral pathway.

Resumo Selaginella convoluta é uma espécie popularmente conhecida como jericó, e usada na medicina popular como analgésica e anti-inflamatória. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar em camundongos as atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória das frações hexânica (Sc-Hex) e clorofórmica (Sc-CHCl3) (100, 200 e 400 mg/kg) obtidas por partição do extrato etanólico bruto de S. convoluta . A análise fitoquímica preliminar das frações foi realizada. A atividade antinociceptiva foi avaliada pelos testes de contorções abdominais, formalina e placa quente. A atividade anti-inflamatória foi avaliada usando pleurisia induzida por carragenina. O teste do rota-rod foi utilizado para avaliar a coordenação motora. A triagem fitoquímica preliminar mostrou que Sc-Hex e Sc-CHCl3 apresentaram reação positiva para a presença de flavonoides, derivados antracênicos, quinonas, triterpenos e esteroides. A inibição das contorções foi observada para as frações testadas. Sc-Hex em todas as doses testadas foi efetivo na redução do comportamento nociceptivo produzido pela formalina somente na segunda fase. No entanto, Sc-CHCl3 diminuiu o tempo de lambida da pata na primeira e segunda fases. Na placa quente, nenhum efeito significativo foi observado para qualquer fração. No teste do rota-rod os camundongos tratados não demonstraram mudanças significativas na coordenação motora. Na pleurisia induzida por carragenina, Sc-CHCl3 (200 mg/kg) reduziu a migração celular para a cavidade pleural. Estes resultados revelam a propriedade antinociceptiva de S. convoluta, justificando, em parte, seu uso tradicional, uma vez que os extratos não apresentaram atividade significativa no perfil de resposta inflamatória. Verificamos ainda que esse efeito antinociceptivo mostrou-se ligado à ativação da via periférica nociceptiva.

Antioxidant Effect of Selaginella Medicinal Plants and Its Quality Review / 医药导报

This paper aimed to introduce and review the antioxidant and material base of selaginella medicinal plants.On the basis of the systematic identification of selaginella medicinal plants,we found that the ethyl acetate extract and flavonoids could inhibit the activity of XOD,LOX or/and COX-2 to some extent.Fourteen biflavonoids,one flavonoid and five flavonoid glycosides have been isolated from three resource plants,among them five compounds were firstly reported and fifteen compounds were firstly isolated in selaginella plants.Amentoflavone (AME),robustaflavone and robustaflavone-4''-dimethylether are three common characteristic constituents of selaginella plants,which can act as marks of common active ingredients and be applied to evaluate the quality of selaginella.Further studies found that some plants had stronger anti-Coxsackie virus and anti-tumor effects,and their mechanisms were associated with inhibiting multiple oxidase and mitigating harm of free radicals due to whole function.

Molecular characteristics of two Phi glutathione S-transferases in Selaginella moellendorffii / 生物工程学报

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is important in plants to resist various stresses. In this study, two Phi GST genes (SmGSTF1 and SmGSTF2) were cloned from Selaginella moellendorffii. SmGSTF1 and SmGSTF2 genes encode proteins of 215 amino acid residues. Gene expression analysis showed that the two genes were expressed in roots, stems and leaves. The recombinant SmGSTF1 and SmGSTF2 proteins were overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and purified by Ni-affinity chromatography. SmGSTF1 and SmGSTF2 had the catalytic activity towards 1-Chloro-2,4-Dieitrobenzene, 4-Chloro-7-nitro-1,2,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-Cl), and 4-Nitrobenzyl chloride substrates. SmGSTF1 also had the activity towards Fluorodifen and Cumyl hydroperoxide (Cum-OOH), whereas SmGSTF2 not. The enzyme kinetics analysis showed that SmGSTF1 and SmGSTF2 had high affinity towards glutathione, and low affinity towards 1-Chloro-2, 4-Dieitrobenzene. The enzymatic activity of SmGSTF1 and SmGSTF2 had high catalytic activity between pH 7 and 8.5, and between 45 and 55 °C. SmGSTF1 and SmGSTF2 may have an important role in the resistance of Selaginella moellendorfii against stress.

A new flavonoid with an aryl moiety from Selaginella uncinata / 中国中药杂志

The present study is to investigate the chemical constituents of the whole plants of Selaginella uncinata. A new flavonoid was isolated from the 75% ethanol extract of Selaginella uncinata by column chromatographies over macroporous resin, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and prep-HPLC. The structure was elucidated as 8-[4-(carboxyl)phenoxy]-5,4'-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (1) and named unciflacone G.

A new biflavonoid from Selaginella uncinata / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from the whole plants of Selaginella uncinata. Methods: The compound was isolated and purified by macroporous resin, silica gel, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, as well as preparative HPLC. Its structure was identified on the basis of spectroscopic techniques including UV, IR, 1D-, 2D-NMR, and HR-ESI-MS. Results: One biflavonoid was isolated from the 75% ethanol aqueous extract and identified as 4',7″-di-O-methyl-2″,3″- dihydrorobustaflavone (1). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new biflavonoid named uncibiflavone.

Study on phenylpropanoids and lignans from Selaginella involven / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of phenylpropanoids and lignans in Selaginella involven and to explore their roles in the plants evolution of Selaginella P. Beauv. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by polyamide, macroporous resin, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Results: Fifteen compounds were identified as 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid (1), 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-methyl propionate (2), cinnamic acid (3), 3-hydroxy-1-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) propan-1-one (4), 3-hydroxy-1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) propan-1-one (5), (+)-wikstromol (6), (-)-nortrachelogenin (7), (+)-matrairesinol (8), (5H)-2-furanone-3,4-bis[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) methyl] (9), acutissimalignan B (10), detetrahydroconidendrin (11), syringaresinol (12), 3,3',5-trimethoxy-4',7-epoxy-8,5'-neolignan-7-ene-4,9,9'-triol-9-aldehyde (13), ciwujiatone (14), and tarennone (15), respectively. Conclusion: Compounds 1-15 are isolated from this plant for the first time. Among them 1-3, 9-11, and 13-15 are isolated from the plants of Selaginella P. Beauv. for the first time. The discovery of a series of mustards, coniferyl alcohols, and their derivatives, which is the representative of phenypropanoids and lignans from S. involven, plays an important role in the development of plants in Selaginella P. Beauv..

Biflavonoid constituents from selaginella remotifolia spring / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Selaginella remotifolia Spring. METHODS: Fourteen biflavonoids were isolated from S. remotifolia by polyamide, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and/or Pre-HPLC. RESULTS: Their structures were identified by physiochemical properties, MS, and NMR as robustaflavone(1), robustaflavone-4'-methyl ether(2), (2''S)-2'', 3''-dihydrorobustaflavone-4'-methyl ether(3), (2S, 2''S)-tetrahydrorobustaflavone(4), amentoflavone(5), ametoflavone-7, 4'-dimethyl ether(6), amentoflavone-4', 7''-dimethyl ether(7), (2''S)-2'', 3''-dihydroamentoflavone(8), (2''S)-2'', 3''-dihydroamentoflavone-4'-methyl ether(9), (2S)-2, 3-dihydroamentoflavone (10), (2S) -2, 3-dihydroamentoflavone-4'-methyl ether (11), (2S)-2, 3-dihydroamentofla-vone-4'''-methyl ether(12), chamaeflavone A(13), and 8-8''-bi-kaempferol(14). CONCLUSION: All compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time and compounds 13 and 14 are isolated from this genus for the first time.

Phytochemical and Antidepressant Activities of Selaginella Bryopteris (L.) Baker on Albino Mice.

Selaginella bryopteris is a pteridophytic plant belongs to the family selaginellaceae. Its familiar name is sanjeevani booti. The present study emphasized on phytochemical screening and antidepressant activity of Selaginella bryopteris on Albino mice. Phytochemical analysis was carried with a view to asses the therapeutic values and safty of plant in ethnomedicine. The results of the phytochemical screening shows the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and results of the quantitative estimations revealed that maximum amount of alkaloids are present in methanolic extract when compared to flavonoids, phenols and tannins. From the results of the phytochemical estimations methanolic extract is found to be efficient. The antidepressant activity of Selaginella bryopteris was tested on mice by Hole board test and Rotarod test. In both the tests Diazepam (depressant/ for inducing depressant) is used as standard. The results of the Hole board test showed significant motar performance (head dipping behavior) with the dose of 250mg/kg (48.66±4.05 at 120min) and 500mg/kg ( 69.33±6.36 at 120min) compared to standard of 10mg/kg (1.66±1.20 at 120min) and it was very interesting to note that retention time of mice has been significantly improved in Rotarod test with the dose of 250mg/kg (3.96±0.35) and 500mg/kg (7.23±0.46) of the methanolic extract of Selaginella bryopteris.

Sinensioside A, a new sesquilignan glycoside from Selaginella sinensis / 中国天然药物

AIM@#To investigate the chemical constituents of Selaginella sinensis (Desv.) Spring.@*METHODS@#Chromatographic separations on Diaion HP-20, silica gel, and Sephadex LH-20 were used. The structures of the isolates were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, as well as chemical methods.@*RESULTS@#Eight compounds were obtained and their structures were identified as sinensioside A (1), syringaresinol-4- O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), (+)-medioresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), pinoresinol-4, 4'-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), quercetin (5), eucomic acid (6), shikimic acid (7), and 2, 3-dihydroamentoflavone (8).@*CONCLUSION@#Compound 1 is a new dihydrobenzofuran sesquilignan glycoside from Selaginella sinensis.

Induction of Apoptosis on MCF-7 cells by Selaginella Fractions.

The selaginella ethanolic extract shows cytotoxic activity against T47D and MCF-7 cells. The aim of this research is to evaluate the cytotoxic effect and apoptosis induction of selaginella fractions on MCF-7 cells. The Selaginella plana powder was extracted by absolute ethanol. Ethanolic extract was dilluted by methanol:water (4:1) and then fractionated by hexane (S_Hex), methylene chloride (S_MTC), ethyl acetate (S_EA), and buthanol (S_BuOH). Cytotoxic activity was examined by MTT assay. Apoptosis examination used acrydine orangeetidium bromide staining (double staining). The result showed that the IC50 value of S_Hex, S_MTC, S_EA, and S_BuOH on MCF-7 cells were 30 μg/mL, 19 μg/mL, 24 μg/mL, and 2 μg/mL respectively. The active fractions (S_Hex, S_MTC, S_EA and S_BuOH) at its IC50 concentration increased apoptotic cells on the MCF-7 cells 35.33%, 20.33%, 24% and 45.67% respectively compared to control. Based on the result, buthanol fraction of Selaginella plana (S_BuOH) showed the highest apoptotic induction on MCF-7 cancer cells.

Inhibition of EV71 replication in vitro by polysaccharides from Selaginella tamaritcina / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective To evaluate the inhibitory effect of polysaccharides from Selaginella tamariscina on Enterovirus 71 (EV71) replication in vitro. Methods For detecting the cytotoxicity, series of doses of polysaccharides from Selaginella tamariscina were added in RD cells, cell survival rates were evaluated by observing the cytopathic effect (CPE) and using cell counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay, then the half toxic concentration(CC50) of the drugs were calculated. For studying the antiviral activity, the cellular model was established by infecting RD cells with EV71. Several groups were set in the experiments: normal control group, virus-infected group, positive drug treated EV71 -infected group(ribavirin 3. 2 mg/L) and series of doses of polysaccharides treated EV71 -infected groups. The CPE inhibitions were determined by using CCK8 assay and the half inhibitory concentrations of drugs(IC50) were calculated. The inhibitiory effect of polysaccharides on EV71 RNA were determined by using real-time RT-PCR methods for detecting the virus RNA levels in cell cultures. Results The CC50 of 30% and 50% alcohol precipitated polysaccharides from Selaginella tamariscina on RD cells were 396 and 142 mg/L, respectively; the IC50 calculated according to the CPE inhibitory rates were respectively 40. 8 and 26. 2 mg/L. Additionally, these two polysaccharides significantly reduced viral RNA copies in EV71-infected RD cells. Conclusion Selaginella tamariscina together with its 30% and 50% alcohol precipitated polysaccharides can be developed as potential new anti - E V 71 drugs.

Chemical constituents from Selaginella doederleinii and their bioactivities / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from Selaginella doederleinii and their bioactivities. Methods: Column chromatography on silica gel, RP-C18, and Sephadex LH-20 columns was used to separate and purify the chemical constituents. The structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectroscopic analyses. The inhibition of EtOAc fraction on the tumor cells was tested in vivo and in vitro. Results: Eleven compounds were obtained from EtOAc fraction and identified as flavonoids and phenolic acids. These compounds were asamentoflavone (1), robustafavone 4'-methyl ether (2), 5, 5″, 7, 7″, 4', 4‴-hexahydroxy-(2', 8″)-biflavone (3), 7, 4', 7″, 4‴-tetra-O-amentoflavone (4), 5, 5″, 7, 7″, 4', 4‴-hexahydroxy-(2', 6″)-biflavone (5), ginkgetin (6), isoginkgetin (7), quercetin-3-O-α-D-arabinfuranosi (8), nobiletin (9), gallic acid (10), and shikimic acid (11). Two alkaloids, berberine (12) and palmatine (13) were obtained from n-BuOH fraction. The bioassays indicated that EtOAc fraction could inhibit the growth of HeLa and HepG2 in vitro with IC50 values of 0.12 and 0.60 mg/mL, respectively. The tumor-inhibition rate in S180-bearing mice was 43%. Conclusion: Compound 5 is a new natural product, and compounds 3, 6-10, 12, and 13 are isolated from the plant for the first time.