Validación del instrumento Self-Compassion Scale para valoración de la autocompasión en estudiantes y médicos en Chile / Validation of the 12 items self-compassion scale in Chile

BACKGROUND: Self-compassion is understood as a mental framework when facing difficulties in life or personal insufficiency. It arises in response to the negative aspects of self-esteem. It is assessed using the 26 item and six factor Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) in the United States and Spain but not in Chile. AIM: To validate the 12-item version (SCS-12) of the self-compassion scale. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A back translation process of the original SCS-12 scale was carried out and then it was reviewed by 6 experts. The scale was applied to a sample of 359 medical students and 795 physicians. For internal validity, confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed for one, two, three, and six factors. For external validity, bivariate correlations were made with variables about mental health, burnout, symptoms of depression and anxiety. Finally, a path analysis was carried out to study the relationship between the six factors and mental health. RESULTS: The CFA for the six-factor model presents the best fit for both groups of respondents (χ2 = 216.17, df = 80, p < .01; comparative fit index (CF)I = .96; Tucker-Lewis index (TL)I = .94; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = .05 [.04, .06]; Standarized Root Mean-Square(SRMR) = .04 and χ2 = 85.97, df = 39, p < .01; CFI = .97; TLI = .95; RMSEA = .06 [.04, .07]; SRMR = .04). The external validity was adequate. CONCLUSIONS: The 12-item version of the linguistically adapted Self-Compassion Scale instrument applied to medical students and physicians in Chile, had adequate internal validity and psychometric properties.

The influence of acceptance and commitment therapy on the psychological flexibility, self-compassion, anxiety and depression of the primary caregivers of patients with primary liver cancer / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the intervention effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on the psychological flexibility, self-compassion, anxiety and depression of the primary caregivers of patients with primary liver cancer, so as to provide reference for the clinical care of the primary caregivers of cancer patients.Methods:This was a prospective study. A total of 80 primary caregivers of patients with primary liver cancer treated in Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology from July to December 2021 were selected as the observation objects, and they were randomly divided into the control group and the intervention group according to the random drawing method, with 40 cases in each group. The control group was given routine nursing measures, while the intervention group was given acceptance and commitment therapy on the basis of routine nursing. The intervention effect was evaluated by the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-2nd Edition (AAQ-Ⅱ), Self-Compassion Scale Short-Form (SCS-SF) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) before the intervention, on the day of discharge, and one month after discharge.Results:Finally, 71 primary caregivers completed the intervention and follow-up, 36 in the control group and 35 in the intervention group. Before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in the scores of AAQ-Ⅱ, SCS-SF, Anxiety subscale of HADS(HADS-A) and Depression subscale of HADS(HADS-D) between the two groups ( P>0.05). The AAQ-Ⅱscores of the intervention group on the day of discharge and one month after discharge were (19.63±2.59), (19.12 ± 2.20) points, which were significantly lower than those of the control group (23.14 ± 2.49), (22.56 ± 2.40) points. The differences were statistically significant ( t=5.83, 6.25, both P<0.01). The SCS-SF scores of the intervention group on the day of discharge and one month after discharge were (39.34 ± 2.68), (39.89 ± 2.81) points, which were significantly higher than those of the control group (36.69 ± 3.08), (37.72 ± 2.41) points, the differences were statistically significant ( t=-3.86, -3.49, both P<0.01). The HADS-A/HADS-D scores of the intervention group on the day of discharge and one month after discharge were (9.31 ± 1.95), (9.09 ± 1.60) points and (8.80 ± 2.15), (8.54 ± 1.75) points,which were significantly lower than those of the control group(11.42 ± 1.50), (11.03 ± 1.70) points and (10.11 ± 1.92), (10.03 ± 1.84) points, the differences were statistically significant( t values were 2.71-5.10, all P<0.01). The scores of AAQ-Ⅱ, SCS-SF, HADS-A and HADS-D of the two groups were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance, and there were significant differences in time effect, inter-group effect and interaction effect ( F vaules were 3.42-37.90, all P<0.05). Conclusions:Acceptance and commitment therapy can improve the self-compassion and psychological flexibility, reduce anxiety and depression of the primary caregivers of patients with primary liver cancer.

Emotional eating in women with generalized anxiety disorder

Abstract Introduction Individuals diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) seek pleasurable foods to avoid their negative emotional experiences. Ineffective regulation of negative emotions may be a risk factor for emotional eating (EE), leading to suffering, dysfunctional behaviors, and weight gain. Objectives The aim of this study is to understand the relationship between emotional dysregulation and EE, investigating potential mediators such as the intensity of the worry, avoidance of internal experiences, mindfulness, and self-compassion in female patients with anxiety. Methods In this cross-sectional study, participants from a randomized clinical trial diagnosed with GAD answered the following instruments at baseline: the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21), the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), the Action and Acceptance Questionnaire (AAQ), the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). We estimated Pearson correlation coefficients and performed mediation analyses. Results We evaluated 51 female individuals, 34 of whom completed all the questionnaires. Our data showed that EE was positively correlated with emotional dysregulation (r = 0.593; p < 0.001), worry trait (r = 0.402; p = 0.018), and avoidance of internal experiences (r = 0.565; p < 0.001), whereas it was negatively correlated with self-compassion (r = -0.590; p < 0.001) and mindful state (r = -0.383; p = 0.026). Moreover, we demonstrated that self-compassion mediates the relationship between emotional dysregulation and EE (ab product estimate = 0.043, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.003-0.084). Conclusion Our findings contribute to the literature by identifying psychological factors that could mediate the association between emotional dysregulation and EE, enabling identification of more effective eating behavior intervention targets for patients with GAD.

The effects of short video app-guided loving-kindness meditation on college students' mindfulness, self-compassion, positive psychological capital, and suicide ideation

Abstract Objective The study investigated the effects of a short video app guided loving-kindness meditation (LKM) on college students' mindfulness, self-compassion, positive psychological capital, and suicide ideation. The purpose of the study is to investigate the intervention effect of LKM training on suicidal ideation among college students with the help of the short video application and to provide an empirical basis for the exploration of early suicide intervention strategies for college students. Methods We recruited 80 college students from a university in China. The final 74 eligible participants were divided into two groups: app use group (n = 37) and the control group (n = 37). The app group accepted an 8-week app use interference, while the control group underwent no interference. We measured four major variable factors (mindfulness, self-compassion, positive psychological capital, and suicide ideation) before and after the app use intervention. Results In the app group, self-compassion and positive psychological capital were significantly higher, and suicide ideation was significantly lower than the control group. In the control group, there were no noticeable differences in any of the four variables between the pre-test and post-test. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that the short video app guided LKM may help to improve self-compassion, and positive psychological capital, and reduce suicide ideation. The finding of the short video app-guided LKM's effect extends our understanding of the integrative effects of positive psychology and digital media on the reduction of suicide ideation.

Self-compassion among Undergraduate Nursing Students at a State University in Indonesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic / Autocompaixão entre estudantes de enfermagem de uma Universidade Estadual da Indonésia durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Autocompasión entre estudiantes universitarios de enfermería en una universidad estatal de Indonesia durante la pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the level of self-compassion and investigate the relationships between sociodemographic variables and self-compassion among undergraduate nursing students at a state university in Indonesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. Samples were selected using a proportionate stratified random sampling technique (n=260). Data were collected using an Indonesian version of the Self-compassion Scale, which consists of 6 subscales: self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and overidentification. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis. Results: 60% of students had moderate self-compassion. Students scored the highest in self-kindness (3,93±1,02) and over-identification (3,58±0,94), indicating that they often tried to love themselves when they felt emotional pain and often get carried away when something upsetting happened. Subsequently, a significant correlation was found between age and self-compassion (p<0.05). Conclusion: Self-compassion among nursing students should be improved through interventions such as compassion literacy, mindfulness training, and compassion-based experiential techniques.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o nível de autocompaixão e investigar as relações entre variáveis sociodemográficas e autocompaixão entre estudantes de enfermagem de uma universidade estadual da Indonésia durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Este estudo utilizou um desenho transversal. As amostras foram selecionadas aplicando técnica de amostragem aleatória estratificada proporcional (n=260). Os dados foram coletados usando uma versão indonésia de Escala de Autocompaixão que consiste em 6 subescalas: auto bondade, autojulgamento, humanidade comum, isolamento, atenção plena e superidentificação. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise univariada e bivariada. Resultados: 60% dos alunos tinham autocompaixão moderada. Os alunos pontuaram mais em auto bondade (3,93±1,02) e superidentificação (3,58±0,94), o que indica que muitas vezes tentaram amar a si mesmos quando sentiram dor emocional e que, igualmente, deixaram-se levar quando algo perturbador aconteceu. Posteriormente, foi encontrada correlação significativa entre idade e autocompaixão (p<0,05). Conclusão: A autocompaixão entre estudantes de enfermagem deve ser melhorada por meio de intervenções, como grau de instrução em compaixão, treinamento em atenção plena e técnicas experienciais baseadas na compaixão.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de autocompasión e investigar las relaciones entre las variables sociodemográficas y la autocompasión entre estudiantes de pregrado de enfermería en una universidad estatal de Indonesia durante la pandemia de COVID-19 Métodos: Este estudio utilizó un diseño transversal. Las muestras se seleccionaron mediante una técnica de muestreo aleatorio estratificado proporcional (n=260). Los datos se recopilaron utilizando una versión indonesia de la Escala de Autocompasión, que consta de 6 subescalas: bondad propia, autocrítica, humanidad común, aislamiento, atención plena y sobre identificación. Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis univariado y bivariado. Resultados: El 60% de los estudiantes tenían autocompasión moderada. Los estudiantes puntuaron más alto en amabilidad consigo mismos (3,93±1,02) y sobre identificación (3,58±0,94), lo que indica que a menudo intentaban amarse a sí mismos cuando sentían dolor emocional y a menudo se dejaban llevar cuando sucedió algo perturbador. Posteriormente, se encontró una correlación significativa entre la edad y la autocompasión (p<0,05). Conclusión: La autocompasión entre los estudiantes de enfermería debe mejorarse por medio de intervenciones como la alfabetización de la compasión, el entrenamiento en atención plena y las técnicas experienciales basadas en la compasión.

Study of Self-Compassion and Resilience among College Students

Background: The difficulties faced during early childhood can be cushioned against by psychological factors. The aim of the study was to find out the relationship between resilience and self-compassion among young adults and to find out gender difference on the two variables. Methodology: Data was collected from 62 early adults and data was analysed using Mann Whitney-U test and Spearman correlation statistical techniques. Result: According to the results, no gender difference existed on either of the variables. Along with this self- compassion and resilience were found to have a positive correlation among early adults. However, this correlation was not found in males alone but was found among females. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, if young adults are taught about these traits, their transition can be made easier and smoother.

Narcissism Of School Students In Relation To Their Self-Compassion And Social Loafing

The study was conducted to explore the relationship of narcissism with social loafing and self-compassion. The study was conducted on 200 government school students.The Narcissism scale was developed by the researchers, Social Loafing Scale (SLS) by Q.G. Alam and Ramji Srivastava (2008) and Self-compassion Scale (SCS) by Kristin Neff (2003) were used to collect the data. The results revealed a no significant gender differences in narcissism of school students. But there were significant locale wise differences in narcissism among school students. It was also found that there is a significant positive relationship of narcissism with both self-compassion and social loafing.

Autoeficácia, mindfulnesse autocompaixão: possíveis interlocuções a partir da Psicologia Positivana educação superior / Self-efficacy, mindfulness and self-compassion: possible interconnections from Positive Psychology in higher education

O objetivo deste estudo foi refletir as possíveis interlocuções entre autoeficácia, mindfulnesse autocompaixão em Psicologia Positivana educação superior. Neste trabalho, a discussão se deu da seguinte forma: (i) autoeficácia de Albert Bandura à Psicologia Positiva; (ii) mindfulnessem Psicologia Positiva: da tradição à ciência do bem-estar; (iii) autocompaixão em Psicologia Positiva: sob a ótica de Kristin Neff; (iv) possíveisinterlocuções entre autoeficácia, mindfulnesse autocompaixão em Psicologia Positivana educação superior; e (v) considerações finais. Nos estudos encontrados para inclusão nesta revisão narrativa, foram relatados que autoeficácia, mindfulnesse autocompaixão, sob o olhar da Psicologia Positiva, são fatores protetivos diante do adoecimento psicológico e promotores de um melhor desempenho acadêmico em estudantes universitários. Com isso, entende-se que são construtos imprescindíveis para o gerenciamento e enfrentamento das dificuldades acadêmicas que favorecem o bom ajustamento psicológico em alunos no ensino superior.

The purpose of this study was to reflect on the possible interconnections amongself-efficacy, mindfulness, and self-compassion in positive psychology in higher education. In this paper, the discussion was as follows: (i) self-efficacy from Albert Bandura to positive psychology; (ii) mindfulness in positive psychology: from tradition to the science of well-being; (iii) self-compassion in positive psychology: from Kristin Neff's perspective; (iv) possible interconnections amongself-efficacy, mindfulness, and self-compassion in positive psychology in higher education; and (v) final considerations. In the studies found for inclusion in this narrative review, it was reported that self-efficacy, mindfulness, and self-compassion, from a positive psychology perspective, are protective factors against psychological illness and promoters of better academic performance in college students. Thus, it is understood that these constructs are essential for the management and coping with academic difficulties that favor good psychological adjustment in students in higher education.

Mediating role of alexithymia in the relationship between self-compassion and postpartum depression in premature mothers separated from their infants / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the status and correlation of 6 weeks postpartum self-compassion, alexithymia and postpartum depression in preterm mothers separated from their infants.Methods:Convenience sampling method was used to select 300 premature mothers separated from their infants in Binzhou Medical University Hospital as the research objects. A cross-sectional survey was conducted by the general data, the Chinese version of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-C), the Chinese version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).Results:The total scores of SCS-C, TAS-20 and EPDS at 6 weeks postpartum were (19.94 ± 2.64), (48.74 ± 3.87) and (10.61 ± 3.07) respectively. The self-compassion ability was negatively correlated with alexithymia and postpartum depression ( r = -0.365, -0.313, both P<0.01), alexithymia was positively correlated with postpartum depression ( r = 0.657, P<0.01). Alexithymia played a partial mediating role in the relationship between self-compassion and postpartum depression, accounting for 72.83% of the total effect. Conclusions:Self-compassion and alexithymia are both important factors affecting postpartum depression in premature mothers separated from their infants. By enhancing emotional cognition and processing ability of premature mothers, self-compassion ability can be improved to reduce the incidence of postpartum depression.

Effect of family cohesion on loneliness in adolescents: mediating role of self-compassion / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the mediating effect of self-compassion between family cohesion and loneliness among adolescents.Method:From November to December 2020, a total of 626 adolescents were investigated with the family adaptability and cohesion scale, children loneliness scale and the self-compassion scale short form.Data were analyzed by SPSS 23.0 and PROCESS v 2.16 softwares.The statistical methods included t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis and intermediary effect analysis. Results:Compared with girls, boys’ score of family cohesion((63.52±8.47), (65.48±9.07)) was significantly lower but the scores of self-compassion((37.68±5.26), (36.49±5.75)) and loneliness((37.74±10.44), (36.01±10.48)) were significantly higher( t=-2.79, 2.06, 2.70; all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the scores of family cohesion((63.67±8.71), (64.74±8.85)), self-compassion((37.45±5.71), (36.98±5.49)) and loneliness((36.60±10.52), (36.96±10.49)) between left-behind and non-left-behind children( t=1.29, -0.87, 0.38, all P>0.05). The score of family cohesion of the adolescents from Grade 7 was significantly lower than those of Grade 8, Grade 10 and Grade 11( P<0.01), while the score of self-compassion of the adolescents from Grade 10 was significantly lower than those of Grade 7 and Grade 11(both P<0.01), but the score loneliness of the adolescents from Grade 11 was significantly lower than those of Grade 8 and Grade 10(both P<0.05). Family cohesion(64.50±8.82)was significantly positively associated with self-compassion(37.09±5.54)( r=0.22; P<0.01). Loneliness(36.88±10.49)were significantly negatively associated with self-compassion( r=-0.27, P<0.01) and family cohesion( r=-0.28, P<0.01). The relation between family cohesion and loneliness was partly mediated by self-compassion and the effect of mediation was 20.9%. Conclusion:Family cohesion will not only directly affect the loneliness of adolescents, but also affect loneliness through the mediating effect of self-care.

Existe uma relação entre autocompaixão e adição à comida em mulheres com comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais? / Is there a relationship between self-compassion and food addiction in women with dysfunctional eating behaviors?

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre autocompaixão e adição à comida em mulheres com comportamento alimentar disfuncional. Métodos: Mulheres de um grupo de apoio completaram as escalas de compulsão alimentar, restrição cognitiva, autocompaixão, Escala de Adição à Comida de Yale versão modificada 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) e questionário de Hay para práticas compensatórias. Foram identificados a prevalência de adição à comida e sintomas segundo a YFAS. Para serem incluídas, as participantes deveriam atingir pontuação para compulsão alimentar e, para análises, foram divididas em função da presença de práticas compensatórias. O grupo foi analisado por meio de testes de correlação de Pearson entre variáveis de interesse, e os grupos bulímico e compulsivo foram comparados com teste t de Student (p < 0,05; software JASP). Resultados: Participaram do estudo 190 mulheres. De acordo com a YFAS, 95,3% (n = 181) tinham adição à comida, e os escores da escala apresentaram correlação negativa com a autocompaixão e com a compulsão alimentar (p = 0,014 em ambas). Os níveis de autocompaixão apresentaram correlação negativa com as questões #3, #5, #6, #8 e #9 da YFAS (p < 0,05). Conclusões: Este estudo traz dados para a discussão da necessidade de analisar como a autocrítica atrelada ao sofrimento de quem apresenta comportamento alimentar disfuncional afeta o preenchimento da escala, trazendo identificação com a noção de vício, já que esta é culturalmente aceita.

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the relationship between self-compassion and food addiction in women with disordered eating behavior. Methods: Women from a support group completed the binge eating scale, cognitive restraint, self-compassion, modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0), and Hay's questionnaire for compensatory practices. The prevalence of "food addiction" and symptoms, according to YFAS, was identified. To be included, participants should achieve binge eating scores, and for analysis, they were divided according to the presence of compensatory practices. The group was analyzed using Pearson's correlation tests between variables of interest, and the bulimic and compulsive groups were compared with Student's t-test (p < 0.05; JASP software). Results: 190 women participated in the study. According to YFAS, 95.3% (n = 181) had food addiction, and the scale scores showed a negative correlation with self-compassion and binge eating (p = 0.014 for both). The levels of self-compassion showed a negative correlation with questions #3, #5, #6, #8 and #9 of YFAS (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study brings data to discuss the need to analyze how self-judgment linked to the suffering of the experience of those who show upset eating behavior, affects the scale filling, bringing identification with the notion of addiction since it is culturally accepted.

Pilot study of a brief psychological intervention for reducing emotional exhaustion and secondary traumatic stress among physicians of intensive care units in Mexico / Estudio piloto de una intervención psicológica breve para reducir el agotamiento emocional y el estrés traumático secundario en personal médico de las unidades de cuidados intensivos en México

Abstract Introduction Physicians of Intensive Care Units (ICU) have a potential risk to develop negative outcomes such as emotional exhaustion and secondary traumatic stress (STS). Specifically, job demands in these units (i.e., work stressors and emotional effort) may positively predict these outcomes, whereas personal resources such as harmonious passion and self-compassion may diminish them. Objetive To design a specific intervention for physicians in ICU and provide preliminary evidence of its effectiveness. Method A brief intervention of five weekly sessions (two hour-sessions) was carried out with four physicians in ICU in a hospital in Mexico. Other four physicians were selected as a control group. The intervention was aimed at reducing emotional exhaustion and STS by increasing harmonious passion and self-compassion, and diminishing the emotional effort. Results The intervention group showed a significant reduction in: a) work stressors (2/4 physicians; RCI = .21); emotional effort (1/4 physicians; (RCI = .60); emotional exhaustion (2/4 physicians; RCI = .34); and STS (3/4 physicians; RCI = .26). One physician experienced a significant increase in harmonious passion (RCI = 1.00), but the intervention seems to maintain high levels of this and self-compassion in comparison with the control group. The control group showed a worse result in its outcomes. Discussion and conclusion Despite the limitations, this study provides preliminary evidence for effectively reducing emotional exhaustion and STS. Our findings highlight the individual analysis of the effective tools per physician and address interventions focused on harmonious passion and self-compassion. This study calls for future research concerning intervention proposals in ICU with follow-up measures to diminish the negative consequences in the long-term.

Resumen Introducción Los médicos de las unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) presentan un riesgo de desarrollar agotamiento emocional y estrés traumático secundario (ETS). Las demandas laborales en estas unidades (estresores laborales y esfuerzo emocional) pueden predecir positivamente estos resultados, mientras que los recursos personales como la pasión armoniosa y la autocompasión pueden disminuirlos. Objetivo Diseñar una intervención específica para médicos de UCI y proporcionar evidencia preliminar de su efectividad. Método Se realizó una intervención de cinco sesiones semanales (de dos horas de duración cada una) con cuatro médicos de una UCI en un hospital de México. Otros cuatro médicos fueron seleccionados como grupo control. El objetivo fue reducir el agotamiento emocional y el ETS mediante el aumento la pasión armoniosa y la autocompasión; y la disminución del esfuerzo emocional. Resultados En el grupo de intervención se halló una disminución significativa en: a) estresores laborales (2/4 médicos; RCI = .21); esfuerzo emocional (1/4 médicos; RCI = .60); agotamiento emocional (2/4 médicos; RCI = .34); y ETS (3/4 médicos; RCI = .26). Un médico experimentó un aumento significativo en la pasión armoniosa (RCI = 1.00), en tanto que el resto mantuvo altos niveles de ésta y autocompasión en comparación con el grupo control. Discusión y conclusión A pesar de las limitaciones, este estudio proporciona evidencia preliminar para reducir el agotamiento emocional y el ETS. Nuestros hallazgos destacan el análisis individual de las herramientas efectivas y destaca las intervenciones centradas en la pasión armoniosa y la autocompasión. Nuestro estudio recalca la importancia de desarrollar investigaciones futuras sobre intervenciones en UCI con medidas de seguimiento que puedan disminuir las consecuencias negativas a largo plazo.

The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for reducing rumination and improving mindfulness and self-compassion in patients with treatment-resistant depression

Abstract Introduction Depression is one of the most important psychiatric disorders, and the rate of recurrence is high. The heavy cost burden of depression is probably due to treatment-resistant depression. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Method The present study was a quasi-experimental study conducted with twenty-four patients with treatment-resistant depression. Participants were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two groups, an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received MBCT and antidepressants, while the control group received antidepressants only. The Hamilton and Beck Depression Inventory, Self-Compassion Scale, Thought Rumination Scale, and Mindfulness Scale were administered. The treatment program was conducted in eight sessions; with a follow-up period of one month subsequent to treatment termination. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (analysis of variance for repeated measures and Bonferroni's post-hoc test). Results The results showed that MBCT significantly reduced depression and ruminative thinking in the experimental group and also improved mediators such as mindfulness and self-compassion. Patients maintained gains over the one month follow-up period (p < 0.01). Conclusion The present study provides additional evidence for the effectiveness of MBCT for TRD.

The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy for social anxiety disorder: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective Acceptance and commitment therapy has been used to treat anxiety disorders recently. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy for psychological symptoms in students with social anxiety disorder, including difficulty in emotion regulation, psychological flexibility based on experiential avoidance, self-compassion, and external shame. Methods This study was a semi-experimental clinical trial. Twenty four students with social anxiety disorder were randomly divided into two groups after initial evaluations: an experimental group (12 subjects) and a control group (12 subjects). The experimental group received 12 treatment sessions based on a protocol of acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety disorders, and the control group was put on a waiting list. Self-Compassion (SCS), Difficulty in Emotion Regulation (DERS), External Shame (ESS), Social Anxiety (SPIN), and Acceptance and Action (AAQ-II) questionnaires were used to assess participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results Acceptance and commitment therapy was shown to be effective at the post-test and follow up stages for reducing external shame, social anxiety, and difficulty in emotion regulation and its components, and for increasing psychological flexibility and self-compassion (p < 0.05). The largest effect size of treatment was for increase of psychological flexibility and the lowest efficacy was for the components "difficulty in impulse control" and "limited access to emotional strategies" at the post-test and follow-up stages, respectively. Conclusion Acceptance and commitment therapy may be an appropriate psychological intervention for reducing the symptoms of students with social anxiety disorder and helping them to improve psychological flexibility. Emotion and related problems can be identified as one of the main targets of this treatment. Clinical trial registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT20180421039369N1.

Empowering Single Mothers through Creative Group Counselling: An Effective Intervention to Improve Mental Wellbeing

@#Introduction: Single parent families, especially, those headed by single mothers are becoming increasingly common around the world especially in Malaysia. Single mothers generally suffer from poorer mental health, job discrimination, abuse and neglect. Hence, they often experience high anxiety, depression, and stress. This calls for research to empower their mental wellbeing. The present study examined the effectiveness of creative group counselling in increasing self-compassion, and decreasing depression, anxiety and stress among single mothers. Methods: A quasi experimental pre-test post-test design was employed in the study. Research participants consisted of 36 single mothers placed in two experimental and two control groups. The instruments used were Self-Compassion Scale and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale. A self-compassion module was developed that comprised creative therapeutic activities which was administered to the participants in the experimental groups via a 7-session group counselling programme. Participants in the control groups, on the other hand, took part in guidance activities. Semi structured interviews were also performed to gather feedback on the impact of the creative intervention from three single mothers. Results: Findings revealed that creative group counselling successfully increased the level of self-compassion among single mothers. Additionally, the depression, stress and anxiety scores of single mothers were lower after joining the group counselling programme. Furthermore, three themes emerged from the present study which are i) be kind to oneself; ii) mistakes are part of life; and iii) self-transformation. Conclusion: It is evident that the implementation of creative group counselling improves the mental wellbeing of single mothers.

Self-compassion in religious practitioners: criterion validity evidence for the Self-Compassion Scale: Brazil / Autocompaixão em praticantes religiosos: evidência de validade de critério para a Escala de Autocompaixão: Brasil / Auto-compasión en practicantes religiosos: evidencia de validad de criterio para la Escala de Auto-Compasión: Brasil

The construct of self-compassion is based on Buddhist's teachings on compassion towards oneself. This study provides criterion validity evidence for the Self-Compassion Scale ­ Brazil. A comparison on self-compassion in Buddhist and Catholic practitioners may contribute to support the Brazilian version of the scale, as well as shed light into religious differences on the matter. Participated in the study 59 Catholics and 59 Buddhists, all self-declared a religious practitioner. We administered a socio-demographic questionnaire and the Self-Compassion Scale ­ Brazil. Buddhist practitioners presented significantly higher score in self-compassion (M = 4.45, SD = .51) than Catholic practitioners (M = 2.98, SD = .63): t(116) = 13.78, p < .001 (d = 2.56). In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between frequency of religious practice and self-compassion (r = .39, p = .003). Future studies may investigate the relationship between self-compassion and neo-Pentecostal practitioners, which has been increasing in number in Brazil.

O construto de autocompaixão está baseado em ensinamentos budistas sobre a compaixão direcionada a si. Este estudo fornece evidência de validade de critério para a Escala de Autocompaixão ­ Brasil. Uma comparação da auto-compaixão em praticantes budistas e católicos contribui para apoiar a versão brasileira da escala, bem como sobre diferenças religiosas associadas ao tema. Participaram 59 católicos e 59 budistas, todos autodeclarados como praticantes de sua religião. Foi administrado um questionário sociodemográfico e a Escala de Autocompaixão ­ Brasil. Os praticantes budistas apresentaram escore significativamente maior em autocompaixão (M = 4.45, SD = .51) do que os católicos (M= 2.98, SD = .63): t(116) = 13.78, p < .001 (d = 2.56). Ademais, encontrou-se correlação positiva significativa entre frequência da prática religiosa e autocompaixão (r = .39, p = .003). Futuros estudos podem investigar a relação entre autocompaixão e praticantes de religiões neopentecostais, que vêm crescendo em número no Brasil.

El constructo de auto-compasión está basado en enseñanzas budistas sobre compasión direccionada a uno mismo. Este estudio tiene como finalidad aportar evidencia de validad de criterio para la Escala de Auto-compasión ­ Brasil. Una comparación del auto-compasión en practicantes budistas y católicos apoya la versión brasileña de la escala, así como evidencia diferencias religiosas en el tema. Participaron del estudio 59 católicos y 59 budistas, todos autodeclarados practicantes de su religión. Se administró una encuesta sociodemográfico y la Escala de Auto-compasión ­ Brasil. Los practicantes budistas presentaron puntuaciones más altas en auto-compasión (M = 4.45, SD = .51) que los católicos (M = 2.98, SD = .63): t(116) = 13.78, p < .001 (d = 2.56). Fue detectada correlación positiva entre frecuencia de práctica y auto-compasión (r = .39, p = .003). Futuros estudios pueden investigar la relación entre auto-compasión y practicantes de religiones neo-pentecostales, que crecen en número en Brasil.

Influence factors analysis of nurse self-compassion in a psychiatric hospital / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To understand psychiatry hospital nurse' s self-compassion situation, explore the influencing factors, for nursing managers to know about the clinical nurses psychological health and to provide a reference data of intervention to improve the level of self-compassion. Methods A total of 381 clinical nurses from the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital) completed the survey using the questionnaire including the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) and general information questionnaire. The influence factors were analyzed by chi-square test and Logistic regression analysis. Results The total score of SCS was (85.43 ± 10.23) points in 381 clinical nurses with the medium level, which was less than that of other nurse group (109.21±9.76) points, and there was significant difference(t=-45.388, P < 0.01).The Logistic regression analysis showed that female and working in the psychiatric ward were the risk factors of self compassion(OR=1.772, 1.995, P<0.05 or 0.01). While on the night shift was the protective factor(OR=0.536, P < 0.01). Conclusions Psychiatric hospital nurse' s self-compassion is at medium level. When the nurses cope with the negative events may lack adjustment method. Nursing managers should pay attention to train the ability of the nurse individual self-compassion, targeted to carry out active intervention measures.

Mediating effects of self-compassion in relation of personality, and self-esteem to social physique anxiety in middle school student / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the mediating effects of self-compassion among personality,self-esteem and social physique anxiety in middle school students.Methods:The Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS),Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale for Chinese (EPQ-RSC),Self-Esteem Scale (SES) and Self-Compassion Scale(SCS) were used to measure social physique anxiety,extroversion,neuroticism,self-esteem and self-compassion.Results:Boys got lower SPAS scores [(38 ± 8) vs.(39 ± 7);P ＜ 0.05] than girls.The SPAS scores were negatively correlated with the scores of extroversion,SES,SCS(r =-0.54--0.26,P ＜ 0.01),while the SPAS scores were positively correlated with the scores of neuroticism (r =0.44,P ＜ 0.01).Self-compassion played a partly mediating role between neuroticism and social physique anxiety,self-esteem and social physique anxiety,the confidence interval from Bootstrap output were 95 ％ (0.09-0.21) and 95 ％ (-0.22--0.08).The effect of neuroticism and self-esteem accounted for 45.5％,39.0％ of total effect.Conclusion:It suggests that self-compassion could mediate the relation of neuroticism and self-esteem to social physique anxiety partially.

Self-compassion in relation to self-esteem, self-efficacy and demographical aspects / Autocompaixão e suas relações com autoestima, autoeficácia e aspectos sociodemográficos / Autocompasión y sus relaciones con autoestima, autoeficacia y aspectos sociodemográficos

This study investigated relationships between self-compassion, self-efficacy, and self-esteem, as well as age and sex differences and other sociodemographic variables in relation to self-compassion. Four-hundred and thirty-two Brazilian adults (50% women) from nearly all country states participated in the study filling out a sociodemographic survey and three scales: self-compassion, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Comparisons of means between self-compassion and pairs of groups designed by sociodemographic data showed higher self-compassion in men, people aged from 31 to 66 years-old, not under psychiatric medication, without a job, and with children. Results also showed that self-compassion is highly correlated with self-esteem and self-efficacy. We highlight that results are sample dependent and further studies on self-compassion need to be conducted in Brazil.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar as relaçõesentre autocompaixão, autoestima e autoeficácia e diferenças de sexo, idade e de outras variáveis sociodemográficas na autocompaixão. Participaram 432 adultos (50% mulheres), de 24 estados brasileiros, preenchendo dados sociodemográficos e um conjunto de três escalas: autocompaixão, autoestima e autoeficácia. Comparações de médias da autocompaixão por grupos compostos a partir dos dados sociodemográficos permitiram observar maior autocompaixão em: homens, com idade entre 31 e 66 anos, sem uso de medicação psiquiátrica, sem atividade remunerada e com filhos. Os resultados também mostraram que autocompaixão apresenta correlações elevadas com autoeficácia e autoestima. Salienta-se que os resultados são atinentes a esta amostra e que mais estudos precisam ser conduzidos no Brasil sobre autocompaixão.

El presente trabajo investigó las relaciones entre autocompasión, autoestima y autoeficacia y las diferencias entre sexo, edad y otras variables sociodemográficas en la autocompasión. Participaron 432 adultos (50% mujeres) de 24 Estados brasileños, llenando datos sociodemográficos y un conjunto de tres escalas: autocompasión, autoestima y autoeficacia. Comparaciones de promedios de la autocompasión en grupos compuestos a partir de los datos sociodemográficos, permitieron observar mayor autocompasión en: hombres con edad entre 31 y 66 años, sin uso de medicamento psiquiátrico, sin actividad remunerada y con hijos. Los resultados también mostraron que autocompasión presenta correlaciones elevadas con autoeficacia y autoestima. Se resalta que los resultados son relacionados con esta muestra y que más estudios necesitan ser conducidos en Brasil, con respecto a la autocompasión.

Adaptação da escala de autocompaixão para uso no Brasil: evidências de validade de construto / Adaptation of the self-compassion scale for use in Brazil: evidences of construct validity / Adaptación de la escala de autocompasión para uso en el Brasil: evidencias de validez de constructo

O presente estudo relata evidências de adaptação, validação de construto e fidedignidade da Escala de Autocompaixão para uso no Brasil. A autocompaixão é uma atitude saudável e positiva direcionada ao self diante de situações de sofrimento e dificuldades. Abrange bondade consigo no lugar de autocrítica severa, mindfulness no lugar de sobre identificação, e senso de humanidade em vez de isolamento social. A análise fatorial confirmatória endossou a estrutura de seis fatores (seis subescalas) da escala original; correlações policóricas adequadas foram encontradas entre as subescalas; um fator de segunda ordem foi confirmado por modelagem hierárquica; e a consistência interna foi de 0,92. A escala apresenta condições para uso com amostras brasileiras na continuidade de sua validação, por exemplo, com medidas disponíveis de desejabilidade social, autoestima, depressão e ansiedade, bem como constructos afins, como autoaceitação, mindfulness, autorregulação emocional e autocrítica.

This study reports evidences of adaptation, construct validation, and reliability of the Self-Compassion Scale for use in Brazil. Self-compassion is a positive healthy attitude towards the self when facing suffering and difficulties. It encompasses self-kindness instead of self-judgment, mindfulness instead of over-identification, and common humanity instead of social isolation. A confirmatory factor analysis endorsed the six-factor structure (six subscales) of the original scale; adequate polychoric correlations were identified among subscales; a higher-order factor was confirmed via hierarchical model analysis; and internal consistency was .92. The scale is ready for application on Brazilian samples in continuing validation studies, for example, with available measures of social desirability, self-esteem, depression, and anxiety, as well as with similar constructs, such as self-acceptance, mindfulness, emotional self-regulation, and self-judgment.

El estudio actual trata de evidencias de adaptación, validez de constructo y fidedignidad de Escala de Autocompasión para uso en el Brasil. La autocompasión es una actitud saludable y positiva dirigida al 'self' delante de situaciones de sufrimiento y dificultades. Abarca bondad consigo en lugar de autocrítica severa, mindfulness en el lugar de sobre identificación, y sentido de humanidad en vez de aislamiento social. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró una estructura de seis factores (seis subescalas) de la escala original; correlaciones policoricas adecuadas fueron encontradas entre las subescalas; un factor de segundo orden se confirmó por modelaje jerárquica y la consistencia interna fue de .92. La escala presenta condiciones para uso con muestras brasileñas en la continuidad de su validación, por ejemplo, con medidas disponibles de deseabilidad social, autoestima, depresión y ansiedad, bien como constructos afines como autoaceptación, mindfulness, auto-regulación emocional y autocrítica.