O autocultivo de Cannabis e a tecnologia social / Cannabis self-cultivation and social technology

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o autocultivo de Cannabis para fins medicinais no Brasil, avaliando em que medida a prática poderia ser enquadrada como uma tecnologia social, na formulação de Renato Dagnino. Com base em dados coletados em trabalho de campo (entrevistas semiestruturadas) em dois centros urbanos no Brasil (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro) e de uma participante nos Estados Unidos, identificam-se características dessas práticas que as aproximam de uma tecnologia social, como a adaptação a pequena escala, o atendimento a demandas sociais por meio de trabalho cognitivo, a participação ativa de produtores e usuários em seu desenvolvimento, e a ausência de diferenciação entre patrão e empregado. Pondera-se, entretanto, que a noção de tecnologia social está bastante ligada a um objetivo de transformação do setor produtivo, o que talvez limite a aplicação desse conceito em situações de produção não-comercial, para atendimento de necessidades diretas; e que a consideração dos riscos na produção de medicamentos talvez torne pouco aconselhável a generalização de práticas caseiras como a do autocultivo. Propõe-se que essa situação poderia ser remediada com o emprego de estratégias de ciência aberta e cidadã, envolvendo o diálogo com instituições públicas do campo tecnológico e científico.

Abstract The objective of this study is to analyze Cannabis self-cultivation for medicinal purposes in Brazil, evaluating to what extent the practice may fit into the framework of what Renato Dagnino termed a social technology. Based on data collected during fieldwork (semi-structured interviews) carried out in two Brazilian urban centers (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) and from a participant in the United States, we identified characteristics of these practices that make them akin to a social technology: adaptation to small-scale production, use of cognitive labor to meet social demands, active participation of producers and users in the practice's development, and lack of differentiation between boss and employee. It is worth noting, however, that the notion of social technology is closely linked to the objective of transforming the productive sector. This may limit the application of this concept to non-commercial production aimed at satisfying direct needs. Moreover, given the risks involved in the production of medicines, the generalization of homemade practices such as self-cultivation may not be advisable. These issues could be remedied by the use of open, democratic and citizen-oriented scientific strategies, involving dialogue with public institutions in the technological and scientific field.

From Woohwang Cheongsimwon (牛黃淸心元) to Ginseng (人蔘): The History of Medicine Use in the Joseon Era / 의사학

In Korean traditional medicine, though herbal decoction, acupuncture, and moxibustion are all used to treat diseases, restorative medicines are the most widely preferred treatment method. This paper explores the historical background of restorative herbal medicines and ginseng among the Korean public and Korean traditional medicine practice. It also seeks to clarify how social and cultural perspectives on drug use have changed since restorative medicine became mainstream during the Joseon era. Drug use tendencies were affected by the medical system of the Joseon Dynasty, patients' desires for reliable treatment, and perceptions of the human body and the causes of disease. In the late Joseon Dynasty, medicine, an industry originally monopolized by the government, began to be manufactured and traded on the free market, and medical personnel began to participate in medical activities on a large scale. As the healthpreserving theory became more popular and medical personnel became more accessible, medicinal preferences also changed. Specifically, whereas preference was first given to common medicines, such as Cheongsimwon, which are effective for various symptoms, restorative medicines, such as ginseng, gradually became more popular. These restorative medicines were faithful to the basic tenet of East Asian traditional medicine: to avoid disease by making the body healthy before the onset of illness. Patients' desires for safe treatment and growing competition among commercial doctors who wanted stable profits further increased the popularity of milder medicines. Ultimately, as ginseng cultivation was realized, its use expanded even further in a wave of commercialization.

A History and Philosophy of Bio-Medical Ethics Seen from a Dentist's Point of View / 의사학

When we think about ethics or morals, we tend to look at them from the viewpoint of here and now. Actual implications of then and there, however, could be different. That is why we should study history of bio-ethics along with philosophy involved in it. Bio-medical ethics is situated in spatial and cultural dimension as well as temporal and historical. Dentistry has been in a peculiar situation in that although it has evolved from the same root as medicine it has become separate discipline. Ethical implications of dentistry, however, share the historical and philosophical background with its mother discipline, i.e., medicine, surgery, barber-surgery and even smithery. This paper tries to grasp the main ideas of bio-medical ethics from the ancient Greek and China and picks up three of them as guiding principles, i.e., deontology and teleology from the west and self-cultivation from the east, It also tracks down the contents of modern biomedical ethics; from etiquette to ethics, from morals to contract (ethics of autonomy), and ethics of professional responsibility. Finally it reviews and analyzes two different traditions of dental professional regulation from the legal and ethical point of view (U.S. and Europe), and proposes a new direction for the construction of dental ethics in Korea.

Target and Orientation of Students′ Self-Cultivation Education for Honesty in Medical Vocational College / 中国医学伦理学

In the new era,the students′ self-cultivation education for honesty in medical vocational college must be based on the current condition of specific college,the foundation of students′ moral accomplishment,and the accurate orientation of future career,in order to cultivate qualified socialist medical talents with noble morality,sense of upright practice,and the commitment to medical career.The students′ self-cultivation education for honesty in medical vocational college should be aimed to establish a decent ideal to commit to medical career,guarantee medical students′ healthy development,and improve medical morality and ethics standard.Orientation of students′ self-cultivation education should be made to build a decent vocational value,abide by vocational behavioral institutions,and form favorable conception and behaviors,in order to lay a solid foundation for students′ self-cultivation education in medical vocational college and achieve the desired target.

On the Cultivation of Medical Ethics among Military Medical Trainees / 中国医学伦理学

As a specific professional ethics,medical ethics regards to the behavioral principles for medical staff,and moreover,the important qualifications of military medical trainees.Aimed to the cultivation of medical ethics among military medical trainees,this thesis raises four approaches including strengthening medical ethics education and enhancing recognition of medical ethics,emphasizing atmosphere cultivation,self-conscious medical practice to cultivate medical ethics qualification,and stressing self-cultivation to strengthen one′s conscience of medical ethics,to improve the direction,scientific features,and effectiveness of medical ethics cultivation.