O papel mediador da satisfação com a vida na relação entre adição ao trabalho e o conflito trabalho-família / The mediating role of life satisfaction in the relation between work addiction and work-family conflict / El papel mediador de la satisfacción con la vida en la relación entre adicción al trabajo y el conflicto trabajo-familia

O estudo objetivou avaliar se a satisfação com a vida (SV) desempenha papel mediador na relação entre a Adição ao Trabalho (AT) e o conflito trabalho-família (CTF) em uma amostra de 490 profissionais autônomos (PA) brasileiros. Como instrumentos de pesquisa, foram utilizados um questionário sociodemográfico e laboral, a Dutch Work Addiction Scale (DUWAS), a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida (ESV) e a Escala de Interação Trabalho-Família - Survey Work-Home Interaction Nijmegen (SWING). Os resultados confirmam a hipótese de que a SV funciona como mediadora entre as dimensões da AT e o CTF. Assim, destaca-se a importância da gestão do tempo, visando conciliar as atividades de trabalho com as responsabilidades familiares, o convívio e o lazer familiar para a prevenção da AT.

This study aimed to evaluate whether life satisfaction (LS) plays a mediating role in the relation between work addiction (WA) and work-family conflict (WFC) in a sample of 490 Brazilian self-employed professionals. As research instruments, a sociodemographic and labor questionnaire, the Dutch Work Addiction Scale (DUWAS), the Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS) and the Work-Family Interaction Scale (Survey Work-Home Interaction Nijmegen, SWING) were used. The results confirmed the hypothesis that LS acts as a mediator between WA and WFC dimensions. Thus, the importance of time management is highlighted. The balance of work activities with the responsibilities and family leisure is a key feature of prevention of WA.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar si la satisfacción con la vida (SV) desempeña un papel mediador en la relación entre la Adición al Trabajo (AT) y el conflicto trabajo-familia (CTF) en una muestra de 490 profesionales autónomos (PA) brasileños. Como instrumento de investigación, se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y laboral, la Dutch Work Addiction Scale (DUWAS), la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (ESV) y la Escala de Interacción Trabajo-Familia - Survey Work-Home Interaction Nijmegen (SWING). Los resultados, verificados, confirman la hipótesis de que la SV funciona como mediadora entre las dimensiones de la AT y el CTF. Así, se destaca la importancia de la gestión del tiempo para conciliar las actividades de trabajo con las responsabilidades familiares, la convivencia y el ocio familiar para la prevención de la AT.

From Workers to the Working-Age Population: A New Paradigm for the Occupational Health Service

No abstract available.

Sickness Presenteeism among the Self-employed and Employed in Northwestern Europe-The Importance of Time Demands

BACKGROUND: European policymakers encourage individuals to become self-employed because it is a way to promote innovation and job creation. It can be assumed that health and well-being among the self-employed and managers in small-scale enterprises are particularly crucial in this enterprise group because the smallness of the enterprise makes its members vulnerable. Earlier studies have indicated that the self-employed have a high working pace and work for long and irregular hours, indicating that it can be difficult to stay at home because of sickness. The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrence of sickness presenteeism among the self-employed in relation to the organizationally employed and to analyze whether any differences can be explained by higher work demands among the self-employed. METHODS: The study is based on the fifth European survey on working conditions (2010) and includes the northwestern European countries in the survey. The questions cover a wide range of topics designed to meet the European Union's political needs. The main variables in this study are sickness presenteeism and several indicators of time demands. RESULTS: The results show that the self-employed report a higher level of sickness presenteeism than the employed: 52.4 versus 43.6%. All indicators of time demands are significantly related to the risk for sickness presenteeism, also when controlling for background characteristics. CONCLUSION: The results confirm that the level of sickness presenteeism is higher among the selfemployed and that high time demands are a major explanation to this.

Predictors of Hypertension among Middle-aged and Elderly Self-employed Workers: Results from a Baseline Survey of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging / 한국직업건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the individual and working environment-related factors affecting hypertension among middle-aged and elderly self-employed workers in South Korea. METHODS: This was a secondary data analysis of data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA). The study sample included 1,319 middle-aged and elderly self-employed workers who were diagnosed without hypertension and older than 45 years at Wave 1 of the KLoSA. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis using SPSS 20.0. RESULTS: About 20% of the middle-aged and elderly self-employed workers were diagnosed with hypertension within about 8 years from the baseline. the significant predictors of hypertension among the participants were age, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, frequency of health examinations, working hours per week, the presence of regular day off, and the type of job. CONCLUSION: Middle-aged and elderly self-employed workers are vulnerable to work-related health problems. In order to prevent hypertension among self-employed workers, it is necessary to improve the work environment-related factors as well as individual life styles.

Long Working Hours in Korea: Based on the 2014 Korean Working Conditions Survey

BACKGROUND: Long working hours adversely affect worker safety and health. In 2004, Korea passed legislation that limited the work week to 40 hours, in an effort to improve quality-of-life and increase business competitiveness. This regulation was implemented in stages, first for large businesses and then for small businesses, from 2004 to 2011. We previously reported that average weekly working hours decreased from 2006 to 2010, based on the Korean Working Conditions Survey. METHODS: In the present study, we examine whether average weekly working hours continued to decrease in 2014 based on the 2014 Korean Working Conditions Survey. RESULTS: The results show that average weekly working hours among all groups of workers decreased in 2014 relative to previous years; however, self-employed individuals and employers (who are not covered by the new legislation) in the specific service sectors worked > 60 h/wk in 2014. CONCLUSION: The Korean government should prohibit employees from working excessive hours and should also attempt to achieve social and public consensus regarding work time reduction to improve the safety, health, and quality-of-life of all citizens, including those who are employers and self-employed.

O Serviço Social brasileiro na entrada do século XXI: considerações sobre o trabalho profissional / The Brazilian Social Work at the entrance of the XXI century: considerations of professional work

Resumo: Este artigo analisa o Serviço Social brasileiro na entrada do século XXI, refletindo a respeito das mudanças do capitalismo contemporâneo e de suas implicações para o trabalho profissional. Objetiva discutir como os assistentes sociais têm se posicionado no plano teórico-prático/interventivo e ético-político/organizativo, na tentativa de enfrentar essa realidade, defender seus valores e responder, enquanto trabalhadores assalariados dotados de estatuto intelectual, às exigências impostas pela sociedade capitalista e às necessidades sociais dos sujeitos sociais.

Abstract: This article analyzes the Brazilian Social Service at the entrance of the century, reflecting on the changes of contemporary capitalism and its implications for employment. It aims to discuss how social workers has positioned itself in the theoretical and practical plan / interventional and ethical-political / organizational in an attempt to address the current reality, to defend its values ​​and respond as salaried workers with intellectual status, the requirements imposed by capitalist society and social needs of social subjects.

El emprendedurismo femenino rural

En este artículo se muestra la participación económica de las mujeres en el espacio rural y se confirma que se involucran principalmente en la gestión emprendedora, realizando actividades por cuenta propia, la mayoría de ellas inicia su entrada en el mercado en condiciones de irregularidad e inestabilidad. La actividad emprendedora de las mujeres es diversa y abarca casi todos los sectores económicos. Esta investigación se realizó con base en un trabajo de campo llevado a cabo en 2014 en el municipio de Coatepec Harinas, Estado de México y con base en los censos del INEGI.

This article shows the economic participation of women in rural areas and confirms that women are mainly involved in entrepreneurial activity, carrying out activities on their own; most of them started entering the market in irregular and instability Entrepreneurial activity of women is diverse and covers almost all sectors of economic activity. This research was based on fieldwork in 2014 in the town of Coatepec Harinas, Estado de Mexico and based on INEGI census.

Neste artigo, a participação econômica das mulheres é mostrado em áreas rurais e confirmou que principalmente envolver em gestão empresarial, a realização de actividades por conta própria, a maioria deles começar a sua entrada no mercado em condições de irregularidade e instabilidade. A actividade empresarial das mulheres é diversificada e abrange quase todos os setores da economia. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com base no trabalho de campo realizado em 2014 no município de Coatepec Harinas, Estado do México e com base no censo INEGI.

A Descriptive Study of Occupational Health Services in Self-employed Enterprises (Nanoscale Enterprises), Shiraz, Iran

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted with aim of providing an overview of the current status of occupational health services and identifying the most common harmful agents at workplaces of Iranian self-employed enterprises (Nano-Scale Enterprises). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed among a random sample including 1,758 employees engaging in self-employed enterprises with 5 and less employees. RESULTS: Coverage of occupational health surveillance was very poor, annual health examinations were been conducted only for 64 (3.64%) of males and 31 (1.76%) of females, and occupational health trainings were not included of the services at all. Personal Protective Equipment were available in 462 (26.3%) of the enterprises. only in 0.4% of the enterprises working processes were been equipped by a local exhaust ventilation system. Difficult postures were the most common (81.5%) adverse working conditions. CONCLUSION: This study revealed a poor level of the implementation of occupational health services in Iranian self-employed enterprises. Based on the findings, providing basic training on the occupational health, more enforcing in conduction of health examinations and providing PPE, and taking appropriate strategies aimed at eliminating or minimizing work environment harmful agents are the major factor that should be considered to improve the level of occupational health services among the studied enterprises.

Presenteeism among self-employed workers: Korean working conditions survey

OBJECTIVE: Presenteeism has become a public concern recently. Thus, we aimed to understand the relationship between self-employed workers and presenteeism using a nationally representative sample of Korean workers. METHODS: Using data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey conducted in 2011, a total of 43,392 workers including paid employees and self-employed workers were analyzed. The effect of employment status on presenteeism was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The independent variables were socioeconomic characteristics, working conditions, and working environments. RESULTS: Among the 43,392 workers, 34,783 were paid and 8,609 were self-employed. Self-employed workers were more likely to exhibit presenteeism than were paid workers. An elevated odds ratio of 1.27 (95% CI 1.19-1.36) was found for presenteeism among self-employed workers. CONCLUSION: Being self-employed was significantly related with exhibiting presenteeism. Additional research should investigate whether other factors mediate the relationship between employment status and presenteeism as well as ways to reduce presenteeism among self-employed workers.

Por uma política para a saúde do trabalhador não assalariado: o caso dos pescadores artesanais e das marisqueiras / Approving a policy to promote self-employed workers' health: the case of the artisanal fishermen and shellfish pickers

O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil não tem garantido o direito universal à saúde do trabalhador das categorias não assalariadas que não dispõem de proteção empregatícia ou suporte institucional típicos do mercado formal de trabalho. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de analisar os riscos e os agravos relacionados ao trabalho de pescadores e marisqueiras artesanais para contribuir com a construção de uma política de saúde do trabalhador não assalariado. Trata-se de um estudo de caso com metodologia qualitativa e abordagens etnográfica, ergonômica e de vigilância em saúde. O estudo foi realizado em comunidades de pescadores artesanais e marisqueiras, durante o período de 2005 a 2010. Os resultados evidenciaram: sobrecarga ergonômica condicionada por exposição a riscos variados; precárias condições de vida; invisibilidade dos acidentes e das doenças do trabalho, como lesões por esforço repetitivo; inexistência de ações de prevenção e de assistência à saúde; e a importância dos saberes tradicionais na organização do trabalho na pesca artesanal. O SUS e a Rede Nacional de Saúde do Trabalhador poderiam assegurar ações de vigilância em saúde do trabalhador, realização de exames médicos ocupacionais e melhoria do reconhecimento das doenças do trabalho, garantindo a inclusão do direito à saúde do trabalhador às categorias artesanais e não assalariadas.

The Brazilian public health system (SUS) has not been able to assure self-employed workers their universal right for health. These workers have neither the employment protection, nor the institutional support that is typical in the formal labor market. The present study aimed at analyzing the risks and health problems related to the artisanal fishermen's and shellfish pickers' work in order to contribute for the development of a workers' health policy toward the self-employed. It is a case study which adopts a qualitative methodology with ethnographic, ergonomic and health surveillance approaches. The study was conducted in artisanal fishing communities between 2005 and 2010. The results showed ergonomic overload caused by exposure to different risks; precarious living conditions; invisibility of accidents and occupational diseases, such as repetitive strain injuries; lack of actions concerning prevention and health care, and the relevance of traditional knowledge within the artisanal fisheries' labor organization. The Brazilian public health system and the National Occupational Health Network should provide both occupational health surveillance actions and occupational medical exams. These organizations should also contribute to increase awareness of occupational diseases, ensuring artisanal fishermen's and self-employed workers' right for health.

Políticas públicas en seguridad social para la protección de los trabajadores informales en Colombia / Public policies on social security for the protection of informal workers in Colombia / Políticas públicas em segurança social para a proteção dos trabalhadores informais na Colômbia

El crecimiento de la economía informal mundial ha generado el no acceso de los trabajadoresinformales a los mecanismos formales de seguridad social. El objetivo de este artículo es revisarlas políticas públicas en seguridad social dirigidas a proteger a los trabajadores informales enColombia y analizarlas a la luz de la situación de otros países de América Latina. Se realizó unarevisión bibliográfica con análisis documental, en el contexto del Sistema General de SeguridadSocial, y se analizó comparativamente con otros países latinoamericanos. Se concluye que sibien existen políticas para proteger a los trabajadores informales, la afiliación a seguridad socialsigue siendo baja y que esta situación no difiere sustancialmente de la de los demás paísesde América Latina. Se deben generar mecanismos alternativos de aseguramiento para estapoblación, con responsabilidad estatal y que promuevan formas de asociación y organizaciónde las personas ocupadas en este sector...

The growth of the informal economy worldwide has generated no informal workers’ access toformal social security mechanisms. The purpose of this article is to review the social securitypublic policies aimed at protecting informal workers in Colombia and analyze them in thelight of the situation of other Latin American countries. A literature review was conductedwith documental analysis in the context of the Social Security System, and it was analyzed incomparison with other Latin American countries. We conclude that although there are policiesto protect informal workers, the social security affiliation continues to be low, and this situationdoes not differ substantially from that of other countries in Latin America. Alternative assurancemechanisms must be created for this population, with state responsibility which promote formsof association and organization of people employed in this sector...

O crescimento da economia informal mundial tem gerado o não acesso dos trabalhadores informaisaos mecanismos formais de segurança social. O objetivo deste artigo é revisitar as políticaspúblicas em segurança social dirigidas a proteger os trabalhadores informais na Colômbia eanalisá-las à luz da situação de outros países de América Latina. Realizou-se revisão de literaturacom análise documental no contexto do Sistema Geral de Segurança Social, e analisou-se comparativamentecom outros países latino-americanos. Conclui-se que, embora existam políticaspara proteger aos trabalhadores informais, a afiliação a segurança social continua a ser baixa eque esta situação não difere substancialmente da dos outros países de América Latina. Devemse gerar mecanismos alternativos de seguridade para esta população, com responsabilidadeestatal e que promova formas de associação e organização das pessoas empregadas neste sector...

The Possibility of Regional Health Insurance Data in Blueprinting the Local Community Health Plan / 예방의학회지

The health center has to play an important role in promoting community health and satisfying a variety of community health needs and demands in the decentralized Korea. The nearly enacted Community Health Act compels every health center to make its own health plans which intend to deal with local health problems and plan its future health care. This obligation is obviously a big burden to most health centers. They do not have experiences in and abilities of making local health care plans. In order to establish a systematic community health plan, health centers have to concentrate their efforts on enhancing the ability of making health care plan through gathering and analysing the local health informations. However, it is very difficult in reality. This is simply because it will take long time to accomplish these activities. It seems natural that various professionals and researchers participate in carrying out the process of making community health plan in the initial stage. No standardized methodology and analysing framework exist even in the health professional society. Nonetheless, it is common to introduce survey research methodologies in analysing consumer's health care utilization and cost, and in identifying factors influencing health behaviors. Many researchers and professionals have applied social survey methodologies in obtaining information on providers and health policy makers as well. The authors have found that few studies have ever utilized local health data stored at the self-employed medical insurance society as the data source of planning activities. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the usefulness of the data stored at the Sung-Dong Gu Self-employed Medical Insurance Society in establishing the community health plan. The major contents of this study are as follows ; 1. Frequency of utilization by age, area, sex, type of medical care institutions, and some major diseases 2. Medical treatment by type of medical care institutions, by classification of 21 diseases, by frequency of three-character categories 3. Medical treatment of major neoplasm and some chronic diseases by age, sex, and area. The conclusion of this study is that it is of great potentiality to find out the local health problems and to use them in blueprinting the community health plan through comparing the frequency of medical utilization analyzed by a variety of variables with NHI health data or the health data from survey research.

Determinant Factors for Expenditure of the Medical Insurance Program for Self-Employeds / 예방의학회지

This study was conducted to examine the determinant factors for expenditure of the medical insurance program for self-employeds based on the analysis of 1991 "The Medical Insurance program for self-Employeds Statical Yearbook", and also similar yearbooks in the metropolitan and other provinces. The major findings are as follows: We have divided benefits into these four components such as the utilization rate for out-patients. expenses per claim for out-patients as paid by the insurer, utilization rate for in-patients, and the expenses per claim for in-patients as paid by the insurer, in order to examine the determinant factors for it. The results of the study revealed the following findings: in urban areas, the supply of medical care had more influence on the benefits than other demographic and economic variables, while, in county areas, both the supply of medical care and the rate of those aged over 65 affected the provision of benefits. The determinant factors for financial balance of the medical insurance program for self-employeds are: first, the determinant factor for administrative expenses was the number of households. The more the number of household, the less the administrative expenses per the insured. This shows that the economy of scale is being. And so, the administrative district must be taken into consideration in the incorporation of small regional medical societies and should be re-organized for more efficient management. Second. in urban areas. the supply of medical care had more influence on utilization rate and expenses per claim as paid by insurer, and therefore it is necessary to control it. In county areas the supply of medical care and the rate of those aged over 65 raised the utilization rate and expenses per claim as paid by insurer. For the financial stability of county areas. a common fund for medical care for the aged and expansion of finance stabilization fund would be necessary. But, in county areas, it would be unnecessary to control the supply of medical care because it was much more insufficient than in urban areas. The vitalization of public health facilities must be carried out in county areas, for they reduced benefits. Since the more insured in a single household, the less the utilization of the medical insurance program, benefits for habilitation at home should be given consideration. The law of majority and the economy of scale were applied here, and therefore the incorporation of regional medical societies must be taken into consideration. In integrating regional medical societies, it would be absolutely necessary to review the structural differences among all regional medical societies, the medical demand of each region, and also the local characteristics of each region.

Minimum Optimal Scale of the Self-Employed Health insurance Programs in Korea / 예방의학회지

The purpose of this study is to estimate the minimum optimal scale(MOS) of the self-employed health insurance associations. Considering the high proportion of operating expenses, the author have selected 254 regional health insurance associations from the 1990 Finance Report of the self-employed health insurance programs. both a quadratic function and a hyperbolic function were chosen for the analysis. The dependent variables are the average maintenance cost per insured person and per household, and the independent variables are the number of insured members and of household. The minimum optimal scale was obtained from the differentiation of the quadratic function. Major findings are summarized as follows: 1. The M.O.S. was calculated as 166,174 members (27,442 households) for the rural self-employed health insurance associations and 258,462 members (75,446 households) for the urban. Providing that both the rural and urban health insurance associations would e integrated, the M.O.S. be found to become 231,687 members (68,101 households) 2. Compared with the optimal minimum scale, the magnitude of the current health insurance association found to be much smaller, less than half of the optimal scale. 3. In order to reduce the operating cost, it is necessary to enlarge the operational scale of self-employed health insurance associations.