SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WOMEN IN MANJU KAPUR'S NOVELS

The contemporary world's highlight is women and their harrowing experiences. Times gone by there are a perceptible unwillingness to acknowledge the reality of suffering. After independent India when a woman's life started altering owing to spread in education, the modern attitude woman started emerging. Women aware of their rights and when they started becoming economically independent, there was a striving for the realization of their own ambitions. Now, the new woman is a obsessive appearance out of the Indian existing ethos and not just a blind replication. Even in modern India, women are still caught between cultural values and traditional style of life and fast approaching new life. Caught among the burden of the administrative center, residence, childbearing, mothering, and struggling with principles; women's ?rst step to survive with equality is a far weep. The wide-ranging image of women in literature identi?es the real position according to woman in society – as daughter, mother, and wife in a familial setting.

Las posibilidades de autorrealización expresas en los proyectos de vida de adolescentes / As possibilidades de autorrealização expressas nos projetos de vida de adolescentes / The possibilities of self-realization expressed in adolescent's life projects

O Esta pesquisa avalia o projeto de vida de adolescentes e sua relação com a percepção e tendência à autorrealização. Utilizou-se um Questionário de Propósito e outro de Perfil, com 507 sujeitos dos sexos femino e masculino, entre 12 e 17 anos, escolarizados, da cidade de Santos/SP. Como hipótese, aponta-se que as conquistas do amadurecimento pessoal contribuem para um autoconceito positivo, tornando a autorrealização uma parte importante da formação da personalidade. A linha teórica centra-se na Psicologia Moral, articulada às discussões filosóficas e sociológicas sobre ética, valores morais e desenvolvimento humano. Os resultados apontam um apreço à subjetividade, ao sentimento de insegurança e de autoafirmação. A hipótese foi confirmada parcialmente, pois os sujeitos demonstraram que estabelecem propósitos e planos para suas vidas, que se percebem potencialmente transformadores, mas que ainda estão muito voltados ao contexto privado, às necessidades materiais e ao apego familiar.

En esta investigación se evalúa el proyecto de vida de adolescentes y su relación con la percepción y tendencia a la autorrealización. Se utilizó un Cuestionario de Propósito y otro de Perfil, con 507 sujetos masculinos y femeninos, entre 12 y 17 años, escolarizados, de la ciudad de Santos/SP. Como hipótesis, se apunta que las conquistas de la madurez personal contribuyen para un autoconcepto positivo, volviendo la autorrealización una parte importante de la formación de la personalidad. La línea teórica se centra en la Psicología Moral, articulada a las discusiones filosóficas y sociológicas sobre ética, valores morales y desarrollo humano. Los resultados apuntan un aprecio a la subjetividad, al sentimiento de inseguridad y de autoafirmación. La hipótesis fue confirmada parcialmente, pues los sujetos demostraron que establecen propósitos y planes para sus vidas, que se perciben potencialmente transformadores, pero que aún están muy volcados al contexto privado, a las necesidades materiales y al vínculo familiar.

This research evaluates the life project of adolescents and its relationship with the perception and tendency to self-realization. A Purpose Questionnaire and a Profile Questionnaire were used, with 507 female and male sbjects between 12 and 17 years old, educated, in the city of Santos/SP. As a hypothesis, it is pointed out that the achievements of personal maturation contribute to a positive self-concept, making self-realization an important part of personality formation. The theoretical line focuses on Moral Psychology, articulated with philosophical and sociological discussions on ethics, moral values and human development. The results show an appreciation for subjectivity, the feeling of insecurity and self-assertion. The hypothesis was partially confirmed, as the subjects demonstrated that they establish purposes and plans for their lives, which they perceive as potentially transforming, but that they are still very much focused on the private context, material needs and family attachment.

Felicidad, optimismo y autorrealización en estudiantes de un programa de educación superior para adultos / Happiness, optimism and self-realization in students from a higher education program for adults

Actualmente se comienzan a estudiar temas novedosos e interesantes que son promovidos por la Psicología Positiva (PP). Esta nueva orientación de la Psicología estudia lo que va bien en la vida, desde el momento en el que el ser humano llega a este mundo hasta que fallece (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). Seligman después de muchos años de estudiar la depresión, realizó un giro de 180º para estudiar las emociones positivas, dando lugar a lo que hoy se conoce como Psicología Positiva (Zúñiga, 2010). Se presenta un estudio que analiza la relación que existe entre felicidad, optimismo y autorrealización, en alumnos de un Programa de Educación Superior para Adultos. Se estudió también la descripción de las variables de estudio, a través de datos sociodemográficos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 300 sujetos de ambos sexos, de 19 a 59 años de edad. Se administraron la versión revisada y española del Test de Orientación Vital, la Escala de Felicidad de Lima (EFL) y la Escala de Autorrealización APICE de LENI. Las propiedades psicométricas de los instrumentos evidencian su validez y confiabilidad. Entre los principales hallazgos se encontró que existe una correlación directa y altamente significativa entre felicidad y optimismo y felicidad y autorrealización. De igual forma, se observa una distribución normal múltiple de las dimensiones de felicidad, optimismo y autorrealización, las que representan las variables de entrada al análisis de correlación canónica. Se encontró una correlación positiva muy intensa entre el sentido positivo de la vida y una correlación negativa muy intensa con el pesimismo.

Currently, new and interesting topics are being studied and they are promoted by Positive Psychology. This new psychological approach studies what makes life worth living, analyzes what is going well in life since birth until death (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). Positive Psychology studies the optimal experience, in which people show how they are and do their best in each activity they perform. Thus, a new look at humans, focusing on their positive qualities, welfare, optimism and happiness, this new landscape gives us a new approach to solving the problems of mental health and obtaining optimum quality is provided of life. The results of the Positive Psychology are aimed at contributing to a more complete and balanced scientific understanding of the existence and experience of the human being and transmitting valuable lessons about how to build a happy, healthy, productive and significant life (Park & Peterson, 2009). Based on the literature review, there are currently few studies addressing topics of Positive Psychology, and of happiness, optimism and self-realization in adult college students compared to self-concept or anxiety. "Martin Seligman was one of the mentors in relation with this. After he had studied about depression for many years, he started to study positive emotions giving place to what is known today as Positive Psychology" (Zúñiga, 2010, p. 9). A research was done and it analyzes the relationship between happiness, optimism and self-realization in students of a Higher Education Program for Adults. The description of study variables was also studied using sociodemographic data. Samples consisted of 300 adult students of both genders and of age 19 to 59. The reviewed Spanish version of Life Orientation Test, the Happiness Scale of Lima (EFL) and the APICE Self-realization Scale of Leni were applied. The psychometric properties of the instruments show that they are valid and reliable. The validity of the content was obtained from the opinions of experts, and reliability values for the scales. Among the main findings, it was found that there is a direct and highly significant correlation between happiness and optimism, happiness and self-realization and optimism and self-realization, that is, high levels of happiness and optimism are better predictors of self-realization, ie that as college students adults evidencing higher levels of happiness, also presented higher levels of optimism, which allows feel self-realization, so students who are perceived happy and optimistic have less unsolved problems when fighting for their goals, targets or face the difficulties of their environment, performing them in a more successful way. Likewise, there is a multiple normal distribution of happiness, optimism and self-realization dimensions, which represent input variables to the canonical correlation analysis. A very intense positive correlation was found between positive meaning of life and a very intense negative correlation with pessimism. In conclusion, each stage of the cycle of life in the human being implies getting adapted, setting goals, accepting losses, as well as new challenges; but during the early adult hood stage, the human being experiences and develops physical, cognitive, affective and social changes, which are framed in a single goal, responsibility in the family, work and studies (François, 2001). Thus, people who feel happy, optimistic and self-realized will be more socially affective, more persistent, tenacious in achieving their goals and more competitive and will be more motivated for the effective performance. By focusing on the discussion of this article, the positive relationships they play an important role, are related to social skills which favors the academic development, especially in adults who undertake the challenge of becoming professionals; also it is invited to these results as a basis to highlight the need to expand research with positive variables as its application in academia can help promote the role of a student.

Empreendedorismo: um caminho para a ampliação da consciência / Entrepreneurship: a path to awareness expansion

Este artigo tem por objetivo iluminar os aspectos psíquicos envolvidos no empreendedorismo; assim como apresentar informações colhidas em uma pesquisa qualitativa de base junguiana, na qual foram feitas entrevistas individuais semi dirigidas com três empreendedores. Entre os principais aspectos psicológicos identificados e abordados nesse artigo destacam-se a busca dos empreendedores pela auto realização e por algo que dê sentido a suas vidas; o consumo e o comércio como elementos de relação e expressão da alma; os conflitos entre os desejos e possibilidades; a força movimentadora, propulsora e transformadora dos símbolos; o movimento reflexivo; a ampliação da consciência e a proximidade com omito do herói.

This article aims to highlight the psychological aspects involved in the entrepreneurship, as well as share information gathered in a qualitative research Jungian based, in which semi directed interviews were made with three entrepreneurs. Among the major psychological issues identified and addressed in this article, we can include the pursuit of entrepreneurs through self realization and something that gives meaning to their lives; consumption and trade as elements of expression of the soul; conflicts between wishes and possibilities; mover strength; propelling and transforming of symbols; the reflexive movement, the expansion of consciousness and the proximity to the hero myth.

Teoría Crítica, riesgo y justicia en salud pública / Critical Theory, Risk and Justice in Public Health / Teoria, crítica, risco e justiça em saúde pública

En este trabajo discuto la pertinencia del programa de Teoría crítica de la sociedad para examinar las demandas de la justicia en salud pública desde una perspectiva no reduccionista, es decir, no sectorial, que a la vez que dé cuenta de la relación íntima que existe entre arreglos sociales y salud permita explorar un poco la pregunta, más fundamental, por las condiciones necesarias para la autorrealización humana...

In this paper I discuss the relevance of the program of social critical theory to examine the demands for justice in public health from a non-reductionist perspective —that is, a not sectorial one— that accounts for the intimate relationship between health and socialarrangements and allows further exploration of the fundamental question about the necessary conditions for human self-realization...

Neste artigo discuto a pertença do programa da Teoria crítica da sociedade para examinar exigências da justiça em saúde pública a partir de uma perspectiva não reducionista, isto é,não setorial, embora consciente da relação íntima existente entre arranjos sociais e saúde permite descobrir um pouco a questão mais fundamental, das condições necessárias à auto-realização humana...

The Basic Principle and Course of Psychological Consultation and Mind-cure of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 国际中医中药杂志

This paper made a explore on basic standpoint of human being, and basic principle and process of psychological consult and mind-cure recorded in Huangdi's Internal Classic. We found the essence of self-realization is the perception of body activity in different levels, which can be divided into cognitional evaluation, self-concept evaluation and body-direct evaluation. Self-concept evaluation and body-direct evaluation were full-fledged at 10 years old, and the cognitional evaluation continues its development after 10 years old. The disparity of formed concepts between Self-concept evaluation and body-direct evaluation leads to various mental state harassment. The general therapeutic principle for mind-cure is to restore coherence of Self-concept evaluation and body-direct evaluation by weakening the former one and enhancing the later one. The concrete process includes three procedures of establishing therapeutic relationship, deciding therapeutic action, and proving therapeutic result.