Entre a cruz e a espada: dimensões do aparecimento em partilhas do sensível de travestis na prostituição durante a pandemia de covid-19 / Between a rock and a hard place: dimensions of appearance in the partition of the sensible of transvestite prostitutes during the covid-19 pandemic / Entre la cruz y la espada: dimensiones de la aparición en distribución de lo sensible de travestis en la prostitución durante la pandemia de covid-19

Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender as diferentes dimensões do aparecimento das travestis da Av. Pedro II, importante avenida da cidade de Belo Horizonte, durante a pandemia de covid-19. A partir de conceitos como partilhas do sensível e aparecimento foram analisados relatos das travestis, extraídos: a) do livro Translado - com o objetivo de contextualizar as rotinas pré-pandemia; b) de entrevistas realizadas por telefone em 2020; e c) de um grupo focal realizado em 2021 presencialmente. O método utilizado para sistematizar e analisar o material foi a montagem de cena, inspirada em Jacques Rancière. Os resultados indicam, por um lado, situações de humilhação, desigualdade e violência. Por outro, desvelam formas de subversão de hierarquias, estratégias de aparecimento e subjetivação política.

The article aims to understand the different dimensions of the appearance of transvestites during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study focused on transvestites located on Av. Pedro II, an important avenue in the city of Belo Horizonte. Based on concepts such as distribution of the sensible and appearance, reports by transvestites were analysed. They were extracted from: a) the book Translado ­ to contextualize pre-pandemic routines; b) interviews by telephone in 2020; and c) a face-to-face focus group carried out in 2021. The method used to systematise and analyse the material was scene montage, inspired by Jacques Rancière. The results indicate, on the one hand, situations of humiliation, inequality, and violence. On the other hand, they reveal forms of subversion of hierarchies, strategies of appearance and political subjectivati.

El artículo tiene como objetivo comprender las diferentes dimensiones del aparecimiento de los travestis de la Av. Pedro II, una importante avenida de la ciudad de Belo Horizonte, durante la pandemia de covid-19. A partir de conceptos como distribución de lo sensible y aparecimiento, se analizaron relatos de travestis, extraídos: a) del libro Translado ­ con el objetivo de contextualizar rutinas prepandemia; b) de entrevistas realizadas medio de telefóno en 2020; y c) de un grupo focal realizado en 2021 de forma presencial. El método utilizado para sistematizar y analizar el material fue el montaje de escena, inspirado en Jacques Rancière. Los resultados indican, por un lado, situaciones de humillación, desigualdad y violencia. Por otro lado, revelan formas de subversión de jerarquías, estrategias de aparición y subjetivación política.

Revisiting cognitive load theory: second thoughts and unaddressed questions / Revisitando a teoria da carga cognitiva: pensamentos secundários e perguntas não endereçadas

In cognitive load theory (CLT), learning is the development of cognitive schemas in a long-term memory with no known limits and can happen only if our limited working memory can process new information presented and the amount of information that does not contribute to learning is low. According to this theory, learning is optimal when instructional support is decreased going from worked examples via completion problem to autonomous problem solving and learners do not benefit from practicing retrieval with complex content. However, studies on productive failure and retrieval practice have provided clear evidence against these two guidelines. In this article, issues with CLT and research inspired by this theory, which remain largely ignored among cognitive load theorists but have likely contributed to these contradictory findings, are discussed. This article concludes that these issues should make us question the usefulness of CLT in health science education, medical education and other complex domains, and presents recommendations for both educational practice and future research on the matter.

Na teoria da carga cognitiva (CLT), a aprendizagem é o desenvolvimento de esquemas cognitivos em uma memória de longo prazo sem limites conhecidos e pode acontecer apenas se nossa limitada memória de trabalho puder processar novas informações apresentadas e a quantidade de informações que não contribui para a aprendizagem é baixo. De acordo com essa teoria, o aprendizado é ideal quando diminui o suporte instrucional, passando de exemplos trabalhados, via problemas de conclusão, para uma solução autônoma de problemas, e os alunos não se beneficiam praticando a recuperação com conteúdo complexo. No entanto, estudos sobre falhas produtivas e práticas de recuperação forneceram evidências claras contra essas duas diretrizes. Neste artigo, são discutidos problemas com a CLT e com pesquisas inspiradas nessa teoria, que permanecem amplamente ignorados entre os teóricos da carga cognitiva, mas provavelmente contribuíram para essas descobertas contraditórias. Este artigo conclui que essas questões devem nos fazer questionar a utilidade da CLT na educação em ciências da saúde, educação médica e outros domínios complexos e apresenta recomendações para a prática educacional e para pesquisas futuras sobre o assunto.

Assessment of the General Response Style: A Cross-Cultural Validation / Evaluación de Estilos Generales de Respuesta: Una Validación Transcultural

Abstract Surveys that use self-reports are susceptible to response styles. The assessment and validation of response styles would benefit from a brief measure that captures the general tendency of responding. Going beyond the traditional view that response styles amount to deliberate impression management or lying, we propose to assess and conducted a validation of brief general response style (GRS) scales which are conceptualized as a trait-like communication style preference, in multiple cultural contexts. With university student data on the GRS measure, indirect measures of GRS, and personality and values, we found that (1) this direct measure of GRS showed acceptable internal consistency and comparable factor structure across countries (metric invariance); (2) although it did not correlate strongly with the indirect measure of GRS, it showed similar mean difference patterning across countries, with a lower level of GRS in China than Mexico and the Netherlands, and (3) in line with the trait-like conceptualization, the direct GRS was associated with being extravert, open, and valuing self-enhancement. We discuss the potential usefulness of the direct GRS measure in surveys involving different groups.

Resumen Las encuestas que utilizan el auto reporte siempre son sensibles a los estilos de respuesta. La evaluación y validación de los estilos de respuesta se vería beneficiada de una medida corta que capture la tendencia general de respuesta. Este artículo va más allá de la visión tradicional sobre los estilos de respuesta que de manera deliberada afectan la conducta de mentir y el manejo de impresiones, ya que se propuso evaluar y llevar a cabo la validación de la versión corta de las escalas de Estilo de Respuesta General (General Response Style, GRS, por sus siglas en inglés), lo cual se conceptualizó como una preferencia tipo rasgo hacia un estilo de comunicación, dentro de contextos culturales múltiples. Se aplicó una muestra de estudiantes, los datos en torno a la medida de GRS, una medida indirecta de GRS, personalidad y valores, se encontró que (1) la medida directa de GRS muestra consistencia interna aceptable y una composición factorial comparable a través de países (invarianza métrica); (2) a pesar de no correlacionar fuertemente con la medida indirecta de GRS, mostró patrones similares en diferencias de medias a través de los países, con un menor nivel de GRS en China que en México y los Países Bajos, y (3) en línea con la conceptuación tipo rasgo, el GRS directo se asoció con ser extrovertido, abierto, y valorar la autopromoción. Se discuten los usos potenciales de las medidas directas de GRS en encuestas que involucran diferentes grupos.

Instrumentos de evaluación del trastorno obsesivo compulsivo: revisión / Instruments for the evaluation of obsessive-compulsive disorder: review

El trastorno obsesivo compulsivo (TOC) es una perturbación mental común, cuyo diagnóstico es puramente clínico. Su prevalencia en población colombiana, oscila entre 3.6% en adultos, y 7.4% en adolescentes. La actual revisión pretende orientar al psicólogo clínico, en la elección de los instrumentos que le permitan evaluar exhaustivamente el TOC.

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common mental disorder, whose diagnose is purely clinical. Its prevalence in Colombian population ranges from 3.6% in adults and 7.4% in adolescents. This review aims to guide the clinical psychologist, regarding the choice of instruments to enable it to fully assess the OCD.

La evaluación de los trastornos de la personalidad según el DSM-5: recursos y limitaciones / Assessment of personality disorders according to DSM-5: available instruments and limitations

El objetivo de este artículo es hacer una revisión sobre los instrumentos de medida disponibles en español para la evaluación de los trastornos de personalidad (TP) según el DSM-5. El enfoque actual de los TP figura en la Sección II del DSM-5 y no registra cambios respecto al DSM-IV. Sin embargo, se presenta en la Sección III un modelo alternativo dimensional-categorial. Las categorías diagnósticas derivadas de este modelo en la Sección III incluyen sólo los TP antisocial, evitativo, límite, narcisista, obsesivo-compulsivo y esquizotípico y se evalúan con entrevistas clínicas estructuradas, tales como el SCID-II o el IPDE. A su vez, los rasgos de personalidad patológicos se evalúan con autoinformes diseñados específicamente para el sistema clasificatorio del DSM-5, como el PID-5, o con autoinformes más genéricos, como el MMPI-2-RF, el MCMI-III o el PAI. Sin embargo, los autoinformes presentan una tendencia al sobrediagnóstico. Se desarrollan algunas sugerencias para la investigación futura.

This paper aims at reviewing interviews and self-reports avalaible in Spanish for the assessment of personality disorders (PD) according to DSM-5. The current approach to PD appears in Section II of DSM-5 and has not changed from that in DSM-IV, except that they are moved to the main disorder section from Axis II. However, there is an alternative model developed in Section III. PD are characterized by impairments in personality functioning and by pathological personality traits. Diagnostic categories derived from this model include only antisocial, avoidant, borderline, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive and schizotypal personality disorders. Diagnostic categories are assessed with structured clinical interviews, such as SCID-II or IPDE. In turn pathological personality traits are assessed with self-reports specifically designed for DSM-5 alternative dimensional model, such as PID-5, or with more general self-reports, such as MMPI-2-RF, MCMI-III or PAI. Self-reports have a tendency to over-diagnose personality disorders. Suggestions for future research are outlined.

Validity of Workers’ Self-Reports. Evaluation of a Question Assessing Lifetime Exposure to Occupational Physical Activity.

Aims: In epidemiological studies exposure assessment based on questionnaires is the most cost-effective method. A question about lifetime exposure to occupational physical activity (OPA) was used in a population-based survey (part of the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank, CAMB). The aim of the study was to validate this question through a three-step process. Methodology: Firstly, the response process was studied by cognitive interviewing of 7 persons. Secondly, 64 persons participated in semi-structured interviews about their work-life, and expert judgments of exposure to OPA were compared with questionnaire-data. Exposure was 20 years of work in one of four categories of OPA: sedentary, standing and walking, moderate or high OPA. Kappa values were calculated for agreement and interpreted according to Landis and Koch’s criteria. Agreement was visualized in Bland-Altman plots. Thirdly, intra- and inter-rater reliability of expert judgments was tested. Results: Response process: The question had a complicated instruction, and the respondents found it hard to remember, categorize, and summate exposures. Semi-structured interviews: Kappa value for exposure to sedentary work was ‘substantial’ (0.71) but ‘fair’ for the other categories of OPA (0.27-0.29). Agreement between questionnaire and interview was higher in sedentary jobs and jobs with high OPA. Intra-rater reliability of expert judgments was ‘substantial’ or ‘moderate’ (0.60-0.71). Inter-rater reliability was high in sedentary jobs but lower in the more active jobs. Conclusion: Self-reports of lifetime exposure to sedentary work are valid in the CAMB cohort, whereas the validity of self-reports of exposure to high levels of occupational physical activity (OPA) are questionable. Thorough pre-testing of questions about lifetime OPA is recommended.

Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de deseabilidad social del conductor (versión en español) / Psychometric properties of the diver social desirability scale (Spanish version)

La deseabilidad social del conductor se refiere a las descripciones positivamente sesgadas que las personas hacen al evaluar su propio comportamiento al conducir. Se trata de un factor que puede afectar la validez de los auto-informes, por ello, resulta necesario evaluar su presencia y posibles efectos. Este trabajo analiza las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Deseabilidad Social del Conductor (DSDS) en una muestra argentina de población general. Se aplicó a una muestra de 332 conductores de la ciudad de Mar del Plata la escala DSDS en diferentes condiciones de administración, conjuntamente con un cuestionario de datos socio-descriptivos y medidas de estilos de conducción (MDSI) y personalidad (ZQPK-50). Los resultados indican un comportamiento globalmente satisfactorio de la versión en español de la DSDS. Se obtuvo evidencia interna y externa de validez. No obstante, los resultados sugieren que podría tratarse tanto de una medida específica de sesgo de deseabilidad como de una medida relacionada con estilo de conducción.

Driver Social Desirability refers to positive biased self-descriptions given by drivers. As it could affect self-reported results, its assessment is necesary. The present study analyzes the psychometric properties of the Driver Social Desirability Scale (DSDS) in an Argentine sample. A sample of 332 drivers from Mar del Plata city was collected in different administration conditions. Participants answer a descriptive socio-demographic questionnaire, driving style measures (MDSI), and personality measures (ZKPQ-50) under four different administration conditions. A 2x2 quasiexperimental factor design was used to assess possible effects of social desirability bias. The first manipulated factor was type of administration (self-administration vs. face-to-face administration). The second manipulated factor was the anonymity of responses (anonimous vs. non- anonimous conditions). Results indicated good overall properties for the argentinean version of the DSDS. Evidence on the external and internal validity of DSDS was also gathered. However, results obtained suggest that DSDS could assess a extremely careful and law abiding driving style besides driver social desirability.