Apego al Lugar e Identidad de Lugar en Barrios Patrimoniales / Place Attachment and Place Identity in Heritage Neighborhoods

Resumen La política internacional de protección del patrimonio mundial de la UNESCO se integró en las agendas de desarrollo nacional y local de los países de América Latina, gestionando proyectos de mejoramiento social y urbano en barrios históricos de las ciudades. Los efectos sociales, ambientales y económicos de estos procesos de patrimonialización de los lugares no han sido suficientemente analizados. En este sentido, y asumiendo una perspectiva psicoambiental, esta investigación describe y compara los índices de Apego al Lugar e Identidad de Lugar en habitantes de tres barrios de la ciudad de Valparaíso (n=544) (Chile) y dos en la ciudad de Quito (n=209) (Ecuador), que se encuentran ubicados en zonas catalogadas como Patrimonio de la Humanidad. A través de la aplicación de pruebas t de Student de comparación de medias y d de Cohen de valoración del tamaño del efecto, se observó que las personas que cuentan con mayor tiempo de residencia, que habitan barrios patrimoniales consolidados (donde las dimensiones socio-urbanas del entorno se encuentran mayormente intervenidas y desarrolladas) y que son propietarias de sus viviendas presentan puntajes más altos de Apego al Lugar e Identidad de Lugar. Se observó un nivel moderado de Apego de Lugar e Identidad de Lugar en los habitantes de los barrios patrimoniales de las ciudades de Valparaíso y Quito.

Abstract UNESCO's international policy for the protection of world heritage was integrated into the national and local development agendas of Latin American countries, managing social and urban improvement projects in historic city districts. The social, environmental and economic effects of these processes of heritage sites have not been sufficiently analyzed. In this sense and assuming a psycho-environmental perspective, this research describes and compares the indices of place attachment and place identity in 3 neighborhoods in the city of Valparaiso (n=544) and 2 in the city of Quito (n=209), which are located in areas classified as World Heritage. Through the application of Student t tests for comparing means and Cohen d tests for assessing the size of the effect, it was observed that people who have resided for longer periods of time, who live in consolidated heritage neighborhoods and who own their own homes, show higher scores in terms of place attachment and place identity. A moderate level of Place Attachment and Place Identity was observed in Valparaíso and Quito.

Adaptación psicométrica de la Escala de Sentido de Comunidad (SCI-II) en escuelas públicas chilenas / Adaptação psicométrica da Escala de Sentido de Comunidade (SCI-II) em escolas públicas chilenas / Psychometric adaptation of the Sense of Community Index (SCI-II) in Chilean public schools

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar la Escala de Sentido de Comunidad (SCI-II) a escuelas chilenas y analizar sus propiedades psicométricas. Se utilizó una muestra compuesta por 2871 estudiantes que cursaban entre 6. ° de enseñanza básica y 4. ° de enseñanza media de la comuna de Calama al norte de Chile. El 52.4 % (n = 1506) se identificó con el género femenino y la edad promedio de la muestra fue de 14.64 (DE = 2.046). Como resultados, el análisis factorial exploratorio indicó una solución de tres factores: conectividad escolar, pertenencia valorada y membresía-reciprocidad; la fiabilidad de la escala fue adecuada (α = .879 para conectividad escolar, α = .884 para pertenencia valorada y α = .716 para membresía reciprocidad); y los análisis confirmatorios indicaron índices de ajuste adecuados (CFI = .939; TLI = .933). Se concluye que el modelo propuesto de la versión adaptada es válido y es utilizable en futuros estudios sobre el sentido de comunidad en el contexto escolar. Al final se discute el valor de este instrumento para las políticas públicas y los procesos de innovación de la educación pública.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo adaptar a Escala de Sentido de Comunidade (SCI-II) a escolas chilenas e analisar suas propriedades psicométricas. Participaram 2871 estudantes que cursavam entre o 6° do ensino básico e o 4° do ensino médio [nomenclatura usada no Chile] da comunidade de Calama, no norte do Chile. 52.4 % (n = 1506) foram identificados com o gênero feminino e idade média da amostra de 14.64 (DP = 2.046). A análise fatorial exploratória indicou uma solução de três fatores: conectividade escolar, pertencimento valorizado e filiação-reciprocidade. A confiabilidade da escala foi adequada (α = .879 para conectividade escolar, α = .884 para pertencimento valorizado e α = .716 para filiação-reciprocidade). As análises confirmatórias apresentaram índices de ajuste adequados (CFI = .939; TLI = .933). Conclui-se que o modelo proposto da versão adaptada é válido e é útil em futuros estudos sobre o sentido de comunidade no contexto escolar. Discute-se o valor desse instrumento para as políticas públicas para os processos de inovação da educação pública.

Abstract This study aimed to adapt the Sense of Community Index (SCI-II) in Chilean schools and to examine its psychometric properties. The validation process was conducted with 2871 students from 6th grade of elementary school to 4th grade of high school in a city of Northern Chile. A 52.4 % (n = 1506) of the sample identified with the female gender and the average age of the sample was 14.64 (SD = 2.046). An exploratory factor analysis indicated a three-factor solution: school connectivity, valued belongingness, and membership-reciprocity. The reliability of the scale was adequate (α = .879 for school connectivity, α = .884 for valued belongingness and α = .716 for membership-reciprocity), and confirmatory analyzes indicated adequate adjustment rates (CFI = .939; TLI = .933). It was concluded that the proposed model of the adapted version is valid and is appropriate to be used in future studies on the sense of community in the school context. Finally, the article discusses the value of this instrument for public policies and innovation processes of public education.

Validación de un Instrumento de Cohesión Vecinal para la Ciudad de México / Validation of a Neighborhood Cohesion Instrument in Mexico City

Resumen La cohesión vecinal podría ser un constructo tanto multidimensional como de un solo factor, según la población que se mida; sin embargo, su operacionalización se ha realizado en culturas individualistas o con economías de altos ingresos. Por lo tanto, los objetivos de este trabajo fueron conocer la estructura factorial de la cohesión vecinal en una población colectivista y comprobar su consistencia interna global y por factor. Se aplicó de manera individual una escala de auto-reporte tipo Likert con 48 reactivos a 513 habitantes de la Ciudad de México con edades entre 15 y 78 años, que residían en colonias de distintos niveles socioeconómicos. Un análisis factorial exploratorio arrojó una estructura organizada en tres factores que explican el 54% de la varianza (α = .91), lo cual se corroboró con un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Se concluye que, en la versión adaptada del Instrumento de Cohesión Vecinal, se valida el modelo de tres factores (sentido de comunidad, atracción al vecindario y relaciones vecinales), y se comprueba una consistencia interna global excelente y buena para sus factores. Se sugiere el uso y baremación de esta escala en México.

Abstract Neighborhood cohesion comprises three elements: Sense of community, neighboring, and attraction to neighborhood. This theoretical structure has not always been found in empirical research and it has only been tested in individualistic cultures or in high economy countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to obtain the factorial structure of neighborhood cohesion among a collectivist population. To achieve this, a total sample of 513 residents of Mexico City was obtained; participants lived in neighborhoods with different income levels and had ages from 15 to 78 years old. Participants individually answered a self-report neighborhood cohesion instrument with a Likert scale response format that ranged from one (totally disagree) to five (totally agree). The instrument was previously translated to Spanish from the English original version and then adapted to the intended population. The sample was divided into two randomized sub-samples in order to conduct separated analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted with the first sub-sample (n = 240), and it displayed a three-factor structure of neighborhood cohesion that explained 54% of the total variance with high internal consistency (α = .91). Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with the second sub-sample (n = 273); a three-factor model showed better fit indexes compared with a one factor model. Also, a modification search was conducted to obtain a model with better fit, resulting in the removal of some items. In conclusion, through the adapted version of the Neighborhood Cohesion Instrument the three-factor model is validated (sense of community, attraction to neighborhood and relations with neighbors) along with an excellent global internal consistency and good for each factor. The use of this scale in Mexico is recommended, as well as obtaining norms for this population.

Bem Estar Pessoal e Sentimento de Comunidade: um estudo psicossocial da pobreza1 / Personal Well-being and Sense of Community: a psychosocial study of poverty

O estudo objetivou analisar as implicações psicossociais da pobreza, a partir do bem estar pessoal e sentimento de comunidade, em populações de comunidades rural e urbana do Ceará (Brasil). A pesquisa quantitativa contou com amostra de 411 sujeitos adultos. Aplicou-se questionários compostos por: itens de identificação, Instrumento de Mensuração da Pobreza Multidimensional, Sense of Community Index (SCI) e Personal Well-Being Index (PWI). Os resultados indicam média de pobreza multidimensional no contexto rural (M=0,28) maior que no urbano (M=0,23), entretanto o primeiro apresenta maiores médias de sentimento de comunidade e bem estar pessoal. Tais categorias apresentam correlação positiva (r=0,305). Os aspectos psicossociais da pobreza interagem com o contexto sociocultural assumindo diferentes configurações nos cenários urbano e rural.

This study aimed to analyze the psychosocial implications of poverty based on Personal Well-being and on Sense of Community in populations of rural and urban communities of Ceará (Brazil). The quantitative research included a sample of 411 participants. The questionnaires were composed of identification items, Measurement Index of the Multidimensional Poverty, Sense of Community Index (SCI) and Personal Well-Being Index (PWI). The results indicate a mean of multidimensional poverty in the rural context (M = 0.288) higher than in the urban context (M = 0.23). However, the first one shows higher meanings of Sense of Community and Personal Well-being. These categories showed positive correlation (r = 0.305). The psychosocial aspects of poverty interact with the sociocultural context creating different configurations in the urban and rural areas.

Sentido de comunidad en el barrio: una propuesta para su medición / Sense of community: A proposal for its assessment

Resumen El sentido de comunidad es un constructo en torno al cual existen importantes discusiones en la actualidad. Los estilos de vida, prácticas de consumo y cambios culturales en las ciudades globales cuestionan las nociones tradicionales de comunidad y plantean el reto de una restructuración teórica. Las nociones tradicionales del sentido de comunidad no parecen ser consonantes con las percepciones de la gente y sus maneras de relacionarse con los demás en las ciudades. Es importante hacer una revisión del marco teórico, realizar estudios exploratorios y proponer instrumentos de medición para comprender y explicar la naturaleza de las comunidades en las ciudades contemporáneas. Hiernaux (2001) y Krause (2001) proponen reconsiderar las nociones de comunidad y sentido de comunidad y redefinir dichos constructos de forma operacional y útil. Krause (2001) propuso una estrutura mínima del sentido de comunidad que incluye como componentes la pertenencia, la interrelación y la cultura común. El propósito de este estudio es contribuir desde la psicometría al abordaje del sentido de comunidad en la Ciudad de México. Se diseñó y validó psicométricamente una escala de 39 reactivos con opciones de respuesta tipo Likert. Se llevaron a cabo análisis para conocer el poder discriminativo de los reactivos, se calculó el índice de confiabilidad y la estructura factorial válida para la población de la Ciudad de México. Se trabajó con 2 muestras, una para el análisis factorial exploratorio (N = 202) y otra para el análisis factorial confirmatorio (N = 218). Se concluyó con una escala culturalmente relevante, con validez de constructo, constituida por 9 reactivos organizados unifactorialmente, con un índice de confiabilidad α = 0.95 y una varianza explicada del 46.11%.

Abstract Sense of community is a subject rounded by a lot of discussions about. Nowadays, lifestyles, consumption practices and cultural changes in global cities make difficult to define sense of community. Traditional notions seem not to agree with people's perceptions and ways of connect with each other in the city. It is necessary to review theoretical framework, to conduct exploratory studies and to propose assessment scales in order to understand and explain the nature of the communities in contemporary cities. Hiernaux (2001) and Krause (2001) propose to reconsider community and sense of community notions and redefine it in an operational and useful way. A minimal structure for sense of community has been defined by Krause (2001) which includes belonging, interconnection and common culture. Considering Krause's proposal and results of a previous exploratory study in Mexico City a Likert scale was developed. The main purpose is to contribute to evaluation of sense of community in the city. The original 39 items scale was applied to a sample of 202 Mexico City's in habitants to obtain its psychometrical validation, 50% were woman and 50% were men from 143 different neighborhoods. A proper analysis took place to learn about items discriminative power, reliability and valid factorial structure. Subsequently a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to verify if the structure obtained from the Principal Component Analysis was correct, and a good fit was achieved (df = 26, x2 = 37.57, p = .066; CFI = .981; RMSEA = .045), the sample for the confirmatory factor analysis was of 218 Mexico City's inhabitants, 50% were woman and 50% were men from 90 different neighborhoods. Final scale is constitute for 9 items structured in a single factor with a reliability index of α= .85. Neighborhood's sense of community scale is a brief, with criteria validity and culturally outstanding scale.

Sentido de comunidad, participación y apego de lugar en comunidades desplazadas y no desplazadas post desastres: Chaitén y Constitución / Sense of Community, Participation and Place Attachment in Post Disasters Displaced and Non-displaced Communities: Chaitén and Constitución

La relación socio-espacial de personas y comunidades se ve afectada por procesos de desplazamientos a causa de desastres socio-naturales. A partir de experiencias de la comunidad disgregada de Chaitén por la erupción del volcán Chaitén y la que se mantuvo unida en Constitución después del terremoto de 2010, se exploró cómo los procesos vividos inciden en niveles de apego e identidad de lugar, así como sentido de comunidad y participación. Las comunidades estudiadas presentan diferentes vínculos espaciales y relacionales con respecto a su barrio de origen y actual. Las diferencias presentadas evidencian que vínculos comunitarios como aspectos psicológicos deben ser considerados centrales en la elaboración e implementación de estrategias para desplazamientos o reconstrucción. Se encuestó a un total de 224 personas.

Socio spatial relationships of people and communities are affected by processes of displacement due to socio-natural disasters. Based on the experiences of the disintegrated community of Chaitén by the eruption of the Chaitén volcano and the community which remained united in Constitution after the earthquake of 2010, this research explores how the experienced processes affect levels of place identity and place attachment, as well as in sense of community and participation. The studied communities express different spatial and relational links with their origin and actual neighborhood. Differences evidence that community bonds and psychological aspects must be considered as central in the development and implementation of displacement or reconstruction strategies post disasters. The survey considered a total of 224 individuals.

Towards a socio-community model: a well-being approach / Hacia un modelo socio-comunitario: un enfoque de bienestar

The objective of the present study is to develop a socio-community wellbeing model incorporating material resources, sense of community and environment satisfaction, and to verify the relation between the overall life satisfaction and the socio-community well-being model. Participants are 1157 children with ages from 10 to 13 years old, being 54.9% girls and 45.1% boys of five cities of the Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil). The scales used were the Sense of Community Index (SCI), the Children's Environmental Attitudes Scale (CEAS), Material Resources and Overall Life Satisfaction (OLS) scale. Results show that all parameters in the model were statistically significant, that the well-being (OLS) has a significant and positive relationship with the proposed socio-community model indicating the validity of the measure and the construct have high factor weights for the socio-community well-being

El presente trabajo busca desarrollar un modelo de bienestar sociocomunitario incorporando recursos materiales, sentimiento de pertenencia a la comunidad y satisfacción con el ambiente, y verificar la relación entre la satisfacción global con la vida y el modelo de bienestar sociocomunitario. Participaron 1157 niños de 10 a 13 años, siendo 54.9% niñas y 45.1% niños, de escuelas públicas y particulares de cinco ciudades del Estado del Rio Grande del Sur (Brasil). Las escalas utilizadas fueron: Sense of Community Index (SCI), Children's Environmental Attitudes Scale (CEAS), recursos materiales y Overall Life Satisfaction (OLS). Los resultados evidencian que todos los parámetros del modelo fueron estadísticamente significativos, que el bienestar (OLS) tiene una relación significativa y positiva con el modelo sociocomunitario propuesto indicando validez de la medida y el constructo presenta altos pesos factoriales para el bienestar sociocomunitario

Influencia de la estructura de las redes personales sobre el desarrollo de procesos comunitarios en población desplazada / Influence of personal networks structure on the development of community processes in displaced population

El desplazamiento forzado afecta a más de 5 millones de personas en Colombia. El proceso de movilidad que experimentan los desplazados implica el debilitamiento de los vínculos con su entorno relacional y supone la privación del derecho de incidir a nivel sociopolítico. El sentido de comunidad, la participación y el empoderamiento sirven para comprender tanto el proceso de adaptación en la comunidad de destino, como el incremento de la participación comunitaria. Desde un enfoque estructural, el Análisis de Redes Sociales hace posible evaluar las redes de apoyo social de la población desplazada. Los objetivos de la investigación son (a) evaluar los tres procesos mencionados, (b) analizar las redes personales de los participantes y (c) examinar los posibles efectos que la estructura de las redes personales pueda ejercer sobre el desarrollo de los procesos comunitarios analizados. Los resultados indican que las propiedades estructurales de las redes inciden en el nivel de participación en actividades de desarrollo comunitario. Sin embargo, no se han detectado relaciones significativas entre los indicadores estructurales y los otros dos procesos comunitarios evaluados. Existen evidencias que indican que la densidad contribuye positivamente sobre la participación mientras que los parámetros de centralización afectan de forma negativa. Concluimos discutiendo el alcance de nuestros resultados para diseñar estrategias de intervención que promuevan la integración plena de los desplazados en la comunidad receptora.

Forced displacement affects over 5 million people in Colombia. The process of mobility experienced by displaced implies the weakening of the linkages with their relational environment and may involve the deprivation of the right to decide at socio-political level. The sense of community, the community engagement and the psychological empowerment display a strong potential to understand both the adaptation process in destination community, and the increase in community involvement. From a structural viewpoint, Social Network Analysis allows to evaluate the social support networks of the displaced population. The aims of this study are: (a) assess the three community processes; (b) analyze the personal networks structure of the displaced population; and (c) identify the potential effects that personal networks may exert on the development of community processes. Results suggest that structural properties of networks impact on the level of participation in community development activities. However, no significant relationships were identified between the structural measures and the other two community processes evaluated. Density contributes positively on community participation while centralization parameters affect in a negative way. We conclude discussing the applications of our results to design effective intervention strategies to promote the full integration of displaced population in the host community.

Influence of Self Efficacy, Social Support and Sense of Community on Health-related Quality of Life for Middle-aged and Elderly Residents Living in a Rural Community

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-efficacy, social support, sense of community and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), including the direct and indirect effects of the variables on HRQoL. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 249 middle-aged and elderly residents living in a rural community in A-County, K Province. The structured questionnaire included 4 scales from the Euro Quality of life-5 Dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression), and measures of General Self-Efficacy, Social Support, and Sense of Community. Data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 20.0 and AMOS 21.0 program. RESULTS: The mean HRQoL score for the participants was 0.87+/-0.13. Self-efficacy (beta=.13, p=.039) and age (beta= -.38, p<.001) were significantly associated with HRQoL, explaining 21% of the variance. In the path analysis, self-efficacy showed a significant direct effect on HRQoL (beta=.14, p=.040) and significantly mediating relationships between both social support (beta=.05, p=.030) and sense of community (beta=.02, p=.025) and HRQoL. CONCLUSION: Although self-efficacy was found to be the main predictor for HRQoL, the findings imply that social environmental factors such as social support and sense of community need to be considered when developing interventions to increase HRQoL in middle-aged and elderly residents in rural communities.