Undervalued tuna meat (Thunus obesus and Katsuwonus pelamis lineaus) to develop sausages / Carne infravalorada de atún (Thunnus obesus y Katsuwonus pelamis linnaeus) para desarrollar salchichas

Background: The tuna industry is one of the most essential sectors in global food production. Nevertheless, commercial meat known as "tuna loin" holds the utmost significance in producing and marketing its various products. Regrettably, fractions like tail and head meat have been overlooked and wasted due to their comparatively lower commercial value. Despite possessing notable technological value, this meat is typically reutilized into animal feed through flour production, missing the chance to create alternative high-value food products. Objective: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the sausages produced with the underutilized cuts of tuna (tail and head meat). Methods: The tuna utilized were Big-eye (Thunus obesus) and Skip-jack (Katsuwonus pelamis lineaus). Three (3) different types of sausages were formulated using 100% of Big-eye (BE), 100% of Skip-jack (SJ) tuna meat, and 100% of beef/pork meat (Control). The sausage pH changes during storage at 4 ± 1oC were analyzed and compared with the control. Proximal, microbiological, and sensory characteristics were evaluated. Results: The pH of sausages showed that the values tended to decrease in control, while this value increased in two types of tuna. The formulated tuna sausages yielded 72% moisture, 18% protein, 4.1% lipid, 0.4% ash, 0.4 % fiber, and 4.5% carbohydrates. Sensory attributes showed excellent acceptance regarding color, smell, flavor, and texture. Overall acceptability was qualified as "liked," and the acceptability index ranged from 76% to 86%. During the refrigeration storage, the microbiological analyses indicated that the total coliform count was < 3 CFU/g. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and mesophilic aerobic bacteria in tuna sausage showed absence during 24 days of storage. Conclusion: Using tuna tail and head meat enabled the development of gel-type emulsified products (sausages) that exhibited good nutritional, sensory, and microbiological quality

Antecedentes: La industria atunera se erige como uno de los sectores más importantes en la producción mundial de alimentos. Sin embargo, entre sus diversos productos, la carne comercial conocida como "lomo de atún" ostenta la mayor importancia tanto en su producción como en su comercialización. Lamentablemente, fracciones de carne provenientes de la cola y la cabeza se han desperdiciado debido a su reducido valor comercial. A pesar de poseer un notable valor tecnológico, esta carne normalmente es utilizada en la alimentación animal mediante la producción de harina, perdiendo la oportunidad de desarrollar productos alimenticios alternativos con alto valor nutricional. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar y evaluar salchichas producidas con carne subutilizada de atún (carne de cola y cabeza). Métodos: Las especies de atún utilizadas fueron Big-eye (Thunus obesus) and Skip-jack (Katsuwonus pelamis lineaus). Se formularon tres (3) tipos diferentes de salchichas usando 100 % de carne de atún Big-eye (BE), 100 % de Skip-jack (SJ) y 100 % de carne de res/cerdo (Control). Se analizaron los cambios de pH en las salchichas durante el almacenamiento a 4 ± 1 oC y se compararon con el Control. También se evaluaron la composición proximal, calidad microbiológica y atributos sensoriales. Resultados: El pH mostró que los valores tendieron a disminuir en relación a la muestra Control, mientras que este valor aumentó en los dos tipos de salchicha con carne de atún. Las salchichas con carne de atún mostraron un 72 % de humedad, 18 % de proteína, 4,1 % de lípidos, 0,4 % de ceniza, 0,4 % de fibra, 4,5 % de carbohidratos. Los atributos sensoriales mostraron buena aceptabilidad de los parámetros de color, olor, sabor y textura. La aceptabilidad general se calificó como "me gusta" y el índice de aceptabilidad osciló entre el 76 % y el 86 %. Durante el periodo de almacenamiento en refrigeración, los análisis microbiológicos indicaron que el recuento de coliformes totales fue < 3 UFC/g. No se evidenció la presencia de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y bacterias aerobias mesófilas durante 24 días de almacenamiento. Conclusión: El aprovechamiento de la carne de la cola y cabeza del atún permitió desarrollar productos emulsionados tipo gel (embutidos) que exhibieron buena calidad nutricional, sensorial y microbiológica.

Correlation between abnormal sensory characteristics and clinical symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To understand the sensory characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and to explore its relationship with the clinical symptoms and to provide a reference basis for early diagnosis and intervention treatment of ASD.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect 216 children diagnosed with ASD according to DSM-5 from September 2021 to December 2021.All children were investigated with short sensory profile (SSP), autism behavior checklist (ABC) and social response scale (SRS). SPSS 21.0 was used for statistical analysis and the correlation between sensory characteristics and clinical symptoms of ASD children was analyzed by Pearson correlation.Results:The results showed that 120 of 216 with ASD children had abnormal SSP total score, with an abnormal rate of 55.6%.Among the seven dimensions, the abnormal rate of auditory filtering was the highest, reaching 83.8%, followed by low strength/weakness(60.2%), motor sensitivity(43.5%), low response/sensation seeking(39.8%), taste/smell sensitivity(37.5%), vision / hearing sensitivity(27.8%) and tactile sensitivity(17.6%), and the total incidence of paresthesia was 92.1%.There were significant differences in the total score of ABC and the five dimensions of sensation, communication, body movement, language and life self-care of ASD children with different sensory characteristics ( F=39.15, 39.99, 46.02, 29.18, 50.98, 51.76 respectively, all P<0.01). There were significant differences in the total score of SRS and social perception, social cognition, social communication, social motivation among ASD children with different sensory characteristics ( F=19.33, 29.47, 24.82, 29.68, 31.48, 39.86 respectively, all P<0.01). With the aggravation of sensory abnormalities, the total scores of ABC and SRS and the scores of each dimension increased.The total score of SSP was negatively correlated with the scores of sensation, communication, body movement, language, self-care and the total score of ABC ( r=-0.613, -0.631, -0.643, -0.558, -0.657, -0.679 respectively, all P<0.01). The total score of SSP was negatively correlated with social perception, social cognition, social communication, social motivation, autism behavior and the total score of SRS ( r=-0.440, -0.527, -0.504, -0.522, -0.542, -0.595 respectively, all P<0.01). Conclusion:Sensory abnormalities are common in ASD children, and with the aggravation of sensory abnormalities, the core symptoms and behavioral performance of ASD children are more obvious and positively correlated.

Quality Characteristics of Chicken Meat Cutlets Incorporated with Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) Flour

In view of continuously growing demand of snacks foods worldwide due to rapid changing lifestyle, industrialization and urbanization, the present study was conducted to standardize the incorporation level of finger millet flour for preparation of chicken meat cutlets. Chicken meat cutlets were prepared with different levels of finger millet flour viz. 5, 10, and 15%, and different levels by replacing the lean meat in chicken cutlets formulation. The optimum (mention) level of finger millet was standardized as 5% for incorporation in chicken meat cutlets. Crude fiber and calcium content of chicken cutlets prepared with finger millet flour was significantly higher as compared to control thereby depicting marked improvement in the desirable food trait with health benefits. The product yield of chicken meat cutlets with optimized level of finger millet flour was significantly higher as compared to control. It did not show significant effect on any of the sensory parameters. Storage stability of aerobically packaged chicken meat cutlets with optimum level (mention level) of finger millet flour along with control was further evaluated during refrigerated storage (4±1oC) at regular intervals of 0, 3, 6 and 9 days with respect to physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics. Chicken meat cutlets could be stored safely in aerobic packaging for 6 days at refrigeration condition (4±1oC).

Caracterización de los compuestos de aroma del aceite de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) por HS-SPME-GC-MS-O / Characterization of aroma compounds in sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) by HS-SPME-GC-MS-O / Caracterização de compostos de aroma em sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) por HS-SPME-GC-MS-O

Resumen Se identificaron los componentes aromáticos activos provenientes de muestras comerciales del aceite de sacha inchi, obtenidos de cultivos de Santa Rosa de Osos (Antioquia, Colombia), mediante la técnica de microextracción en fase sólida acoplada a cromatografía de gases, espectrometría de masas y olfatometría (HS-SPME-GC-MS-O). En la optimización de la técnica de extracción se definieron las siguientes condiciones: fibra de SPME de divinilbenceno/ carboxen/polidimetilsiloxano (DVB/CAR/PDMS), temperatura de extracción de 50 °C y tiempo de exposición de 40 min. Bajo estas condiciones, se encontraron un total de 20 compuestos aromáticos activos, donde se destacan el E-2-octenal, E-heptanal, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-ona, ácido hexanóico y (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal como los componentes con mayor aporte a la formación del aroma del aceite de sacha inchi.

Abstract The active aromatic components from commercial samples of sacha inchi oil obtained from Santa Rosa de Osos (Antioquia, Colombia) crops were identified by solid phase microextraction technique coupled to gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and olfactometry (HS -SPME-GC-MS-O). In the optimization of the extraction technique, the following conditions were defined: SPME fiber of divinylbenzene/carboxen/ polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS), extraction temperature 50 °C, and exposure time 40 min. Under these conditions, a total of 20 active aromatic compounds were found, which include E-2-octenal, E-heptanal, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one, hexanoic acid and (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal as the components with the greatest contribution to the aroma formation of sacha inchi oil.

Resumo Os componentes de aroma ativos de amostras comerciais de óleo de sacha inchi obtidos de Santa Rosa de Osos (Antioquia, Colômbia) foram separados pela técnica de microextração em fase sólida acoplada a cromatografia gasosa, espectrometria de massas e olfatometria para a identificação (HS-SPME-GC-MS-O). Na otimização da técnica de extração, foram definidas as seguintes condições: fibra de SPME de divinilbenzeno/carboxeno/polidimetilsiloxano (DVB/CAR/PDMS), temperatura de extração 50 °C e tempo de exposição de 40 min. Nestas condições, foi encontrado um total de 20 compostos de aroma ativos no óleo, que incluem E-2-octenal, E-heptanal, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-ona, ácido hexanoico e (E,E)-2,4 heptadienal como os componentes com maior contribuição para a formação do aroma.

Evaluación de la capacidad antioxidante, características fisicoquímicas y perfil sensorial de Opuntia robusta y O. ficus-indica / Evaluation of antioxidant capacity, physicochemical characteristics and sensory profile of Opuntia robusta and O. ficus-indica

Las Opuntia spp. son un recurso fitogenético Mexicano de gran valor nutritivo y alto contenido de betalaínas, compuestos conocidos por sus propiedades antioxidantes. Este estudio evaluó las características fisicoquímicas, el contenido de betalaínas y su capacidad antioxidante (CA), así como el perfil sensorial de frutos de O. robusta y O. ficusindica. Esta última presentó mayor acidez y contenido de sólidos solubles (F= 769,2; P= 0,0001), (F= 360,4; P ≤0,0001), que O. robusta. En humedad y contenido de cenizas no hubo diferencias significativas entre ambas especies. La concentración de betalaínas fue superior en Opuntia robusta (F=529,1; P= ≤0,0001) betacianinas (0,114 mg/mL pulpa) y betaxantinas (0,073 mg/ mL de pulpa), en O. ficus-indica (0,023 mg/ mL de pulpa y 0,0198 mg/ mL de pulpa). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la CA (F=545,9; P ≤0,0001), en O. ficus-indica hasta 195,38 µmol equivalente Trolox/ mL por el método Ácido2, 2´-azino-bis-(3-etilbenzotiazolina)6-sulfónico (ABTS) y 22% de inhibición de radicales libres por el método 2,2 difenil-1-pricrilhidrazilo (DPPH), para O. robusta 165,6 µmol equivalente Trolox/ mL y más del 36% de inhibición de radicales libres. Los resultados mostraron que la CA está directamente relacionada con la concentración de betacianinas y betaxantinas. Ambas variedades de Opuntia exhiben una tendencia a lo dulce y ácido, con aromas, sabores y resabios con notas frutales y vegetales. Estos resultados sugieren que estas especies pueden ser empleadas para la extracción de betalaínas debido a su gran potencial para utilizarse en la industria como fuente de pigmentos naturales con propiedades antioxidantes y agradables características sensoriales(AU)

Opuntia spp. are a Mexican phytogenetic resource with great nutritive value and high betalains (compounds known for their antioxidant properties) content. Our main goal was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, betalains concentration and antioxidant capacity (AC), as well as sensory profiles of Opuntia robusta and O. ficus-indica, where the later one showed higher acidity and soluble solids content (F= 769.2; P= 0.0001 and F= 360.4; P ≤0.0001 respectively) than O. robusta. There was no significant difference between the species in terms of humidity and ash content. Betalains concentrations were higher in Opuntia robusta (F=529.1; P= ≤0.0001), while betacyanins (0.114 mg/ mL pulp) and betaxantins (0.073 mg/ mL de pulp) were higher in O. ficus-indica (0.023 mg/ mL pulp and 0.0198 mg/ mL de pulp). Significant differences for AC were found (F=545.9, P ≤0.0001), with O. ficus-indica showing up to 195.38 µmol Trolox equivalent / mL by the method 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 22% of free radicals inhibition by the method 2, 2 diphenyl-1-pricrylhydrazyl (DPPH), while 165.6 µmol Trolox equivalent / mL and more than 36% free radicals inhibition were found for O. robusta. Results showed that the antioxidant capacity is directly related with betacyanins and betaxantines concentration. Both Opuntia varieties exhibit a tendency to sweetness and acidity, with aromas, flavors and scents within fruity and vegetable notes. These results suggest that both species could be used in the extraction of betalains due to their great industrial potential as a source of natural pigments with antioxidant properties and pleasant sensorial characteristics(AU)

Sensory analysis of four cultivars of coffee (Coffea arabica L.), grown at different altitudes in the San Martin region - Peru / Avaliação sensorial de quatro cultivares de café (Coffea arabica L.), cultivadas em altitudes diferentes da região San Martín - Peru

ABSTRACT: Sensory characteristics were evaluated such as aroma, taste, aftertaste, acidity, body, consistency, balance, cleanliness of the cup, sweetness and beverage quality of four coffee cultivars (Catuaí, Caturra, Pache and Catimor) harvested from two different attitudes [sic: altitudes] (800-1000 and 1000-1200 meters above sea level) in the Province of San Martin - Peru. The focus of this research was to look for significant differences between sensory characteristics evaluated by 05 professional coffee-tasters certified by the Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera y de Servicios Oro Verde. Ripe cherries were hand-picked, wet processed with natural fermentation and last of all submitted to solar drying. The roasting and grinding procedures followed those specified by the Specialty Coffee Association of America. The coffee-tasters evaluated the sensory attributes on a scale of 6-10 for each criterion. Our results suggested that the sensory quality of Pache and Caturra coffee beans increases the higher the altitude they are cultivated. Although, there is no significant difference between altitudes, the interaction between these two varieties and altitude favors a greater gain in beverage quality as well as aroma, flavor and acidity for the Caturra variety.

RESUMO: Foram avaliados atributos sensoriais como aroma, sabor, sabor residual, acidez, corpo, consistência, equilíbrio, xicara limpa, doçura e qualidade de xicara de quatro cultivares (Catuaí , Caturra, Pache e Catimor) de café coletados sobre duas elevações (800-1000 e 1000-1200 metros de altitude) no Departamento de San Martín - Peru. O foco da pesquisa foi encontrar diferenças significativas entre os atributos sensoriais avaliados por 05 baristas certificados pela Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera y de Servicios Oro Verde. Cerejas maduras foram colhidas de forma artesanal, processadas pela via húmida com fermentação natural e finalmente exposta a uma secagem solar. As condições de torrado e moagem foram seguidas de acordo aos procedimentos da Specialty Coffee Association of America. Os baristas avaliaram os atributos sensoriais numa escala de 6-10 para cada. Nossos resultados sugerem que os grãos de café pache e caturra aumentaram sua qualidade sensorial à medida que as plantas são crescidas a maior altitude, embora não exista diferencia significativa entre altitudes, a interação entres estas duas variedades com a altitude favorece a ganhar maior qualidade de xícara, assim como aroma, sabor, acidez para a variedade caturra.

Quality and Sensory Characteristics of Cashew Dressing Added with Paprika Juice

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal amount of paprika juice added to cashew dressing. This study presents fundamental data on the quality and sensory characteristics of cashew dressings added with paprika juice (addition of 20%, 40% yellow, red and green paprika juice instead of water). The pH of cashew dressing added with paprika juice was 4.61~4.80, whereas that of control was 4.35. The viscosity of cashew dressing added with paprika juice was 34,130.5~36,515.3 cp while that of control was 26,558.8 cp. L value of control (73.83) was higher than those of other groups (65.45~72.23), and a value of dressing added with red paprika juice (9.81~10.42) was higher than those of other groups. Preference of cashew dressings added with paprika juice and foods was evaluated. The sweet, sour, and savory tastes showed no significant differences between control and cashew dressings added with paprika juice. Preference of color of cashew dressing with green paprika juice was higher than those of other groups, and the preference of cashew dressing added with yellow paprika juice 20% (Y20) was higher than those of other groups. The Y20 sample received the highest score in sensory evaluation. In the sensory evaluation for food and dressing (Y20), chicken cutlets and fruit salad received higher scores than other foods. It is expected that cashew added with paprika juice will be utilized as a healthy dressing.

Contenido nutricional, propiedades funcionales y conservación de flores comestibles: Revisión / Nutritional content, functional properties and conservation of edible flowers: Review

La florifagia, que es el consumo de flores como alimento es una práctica que, aunque no es nueva no estaba muy difundida entre los consumidores hasta hace algunas décadas. Las flores comestibles contribuyen al mejoramiento de la estética de los alimentos además, aportan sustancias biológicamente activas como vitaminas A, C, riboflavina, niacina, minerales como calcio, fósforo, hierro y potasio beneficiando la salud de quien las consume. Esta revisión incluye algunos ejemplos de flores comestibles como las rosas, violetas y capuchinas entre otras, sus usos y aplicaciones como alimento, sus características organolépticas y valor nutrimental por las cuales pueden considerarse un alimento funcional. No todas las flores pueden consumirse como alimento hay otro grupo de flores que pueden resultar tóxicas e incluso su ingesta puede ser mortal. Un factor importante que afecta la calidad de las flores es la forma en la que se conservan la cual repercute en sus características sensoriales y nutrimentales. Finalmente aunque el consumo de flores como alimento es una práctica antigua hay poca reglamentación es necesario realizar mayor investigación sobre su análisis químico y nutrimental que promueva su inclusión en la dieta ya que pueden ser una fuente alimenticia con un alto valor nutrimental y funcional.

The floriphagia that is the consumption of flowers as a food, is an old practice not widespread among consumers until some decades ago. Edible flowers contribute to increasing the appearance of food. They can provide biologically active substances including vitamin A, C, riboflavins, niacin, minerals such as calcium, phosphorous, iron and potassium that are eventually beneficial to consumers’ health. This review includes some examples of edible flowers including roses, violets and nasturtium among others, uses and applications, sensorial characteristics and nutritional values that lead them to be considered as functional food. An important factor that affects the quality of edible flowers is the form in which they are preserved since it may affect their sensorial and nutritional characteristics. However, not all flowers can be eaten as food since there are some of them that can be toxic or even mortal. Finally, although the consumption of flowers is an ancient practice, there is little regulation in this regard. Of the review on edible flowers, it is concluded that there are still numerous aspects about them to evaluate such as nutritional and functional characteristics, conservation and regulation with the aim to extend its consumption.

Campo elétrico pulsado / Pulsed electric field

Campos elétricos pulsados de alta intensidade (CEPAI) constituem um método não-térmico de conservação para alimentos em substituição à pasteurização tradicional. Em comparação ao processamento térmico, os CEPAI, além de serem eficientes na eliminação de micro-organismos e na inativação de enzimas, também minimizam as perdas de sabor, cor, textura, nutrientes e componentes termolábeis dos alimentos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi levantar dados bibliográficos atuais sobre o tema CEPAI, abordando: definição do processo, instalação experimental, efeito da ruptura dielétrica do alimento, efeito sobre micro-organismo, enzimas e constituintes dos alimentos. Os dados encontrados na literatura apontam o tratamento por CEPAI como alternativa promissora para a conservação de alimentos, podendo ser utilizado como tecnologia única ou como complemento aos processamentos térmicos.

Pulsed electric fields of high intensity (HIPEF) is a non-thermal food conservation to replace traditional thermal pasteurization. Compared to thermal processing, the HIPEF as well as being effective in removing microorganisms and inactivate enzymes also minimize the loss of flavor, color, texture, nutrients and labile components of food. The aim of this work was to gather bibliographic data current HIPEF on the subject, covering: experimental setup, effects of dielectric breakdown of food, effect on microorganisms, enzymes and constituents of food. The data found in the literature indicate treatment of HIPEF as a promising alternative for food conservation and it could be used as a single technology or in addition to thermal processing.