Study of the relationship between serum lipid levels and primary open-angle glaucoma

Purpose: To determine the association between serum lipid levels and primary open?angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: In this case?control study, 50 patients with POAG documented by clinical tests using standard ophthalmologic equipment and 50 age?matched controls were investigated. Twelve?hour fasting serum lipid profiles, including total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, low?density lipoproteins (LDLs), and high?density lipoproteins (HDLs), were compared between the cases and controls. Results: The mean age of cases and controls was 62.84 ± 9.68 and 60.12 ± 8.65, respectively (P = 0.65). High total cholesterol levels (>200 mg/dl) were found in 23 cases (46%) and 8 controls (16%); high serum triglyceride levels (>150 mg/dl) were found in 24 cases (48%) and 7 controls (14%); high LDL levels (130 mg/dl) were found in 28 cases (56%) and 9 controls (18%); and low HDL levels (<40 mg/dl) were found in 38 cases (76%) and 30 controls (60%). The mean total cholesterol levels were 205.24 ± 36.90 mg/dl in cases and 177.68 ± 22.56 mg/dl in controls (P < 0.001); the mean serum triglyceride levels were 150.42 ± 49.55 mg/dl and 130.84 ± 23.16 mg/dl, respectively (P = 0.013); and the mean LDL levels were 139.50 ± 31.03 mg/dl and 114.96 ± 17.73 mg/dl, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL levels were significantly higher in cases than in controls (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The present study shows that higher proportion of POAG patients have dyslipidemia compared to age?matched controls. Though these findings need to be replicated by others. This study opens new vistas for further studies, such as lowering dyslipidemia, lowering the intra?ocular pressure and incidence of POAG, and whether the use of statins to reduce dyslipidemia affects the progression of POAG.

Study of serum lipid profile and magnesium in preeclampsia

Background: A comparative study of serum lipid profile and magnesium levels in normal pregnancy versus preeclampsia (PE).Methods: A prospective study done for 2 years (October 2014 to October 2016) in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Narayana medical college and hospital, a tertiary care centre, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India. A sample size of 200 pregnant women, recruited and divided into group A and B. group A being women with PE and group B is normal pregnant women.A10ml of venous blood was collected in the fasting state and serum collected from clotted blood to measure lipid profile, magnesium, Apo lipoprotein A-I and Apo lipoprotein B 100.Serum Lipid profile  measured by enzymatic method using commercially available kit Human (GmbH Germany) using humastar 600 chemistry analyzer (Human GmbH Germany). Serum magnesium measured by dye binding method using commercially available kit Human (GmbH Germany) using Humastar 600 chemistry analyzer (Human GmbH Germany). Serum ApoA-I and ApoB were measured by immune-turbidometry using commercial kits from Spinreact Spain. Urine albumin done by dipstick method.Results: Serum total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), Apo lipoprotein B 100 (Apo B100) were high and serum Magnesium, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and Apo lipoprotein A1(Apo A1) were low in the study group (group A) compared to controls (group B).Conclusions: Abnormal lipid profile (low HDL and increased TG concentration) and serum hypomagnesaemia may be contributing etiologies of preeclampsia, having good predictive value as a screening procedure for PE in high risk pregnant population.

Association between glycemic control and serum fibrinogen levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Background: Poor glycemic control has been reported to be associated with increased vascular complications in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. High fibrinogen level has been described as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. High fibrinogen has been suggested to be involved in the excess rate of cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 DM. The present study was undertaken to find correlation between glycemic control and plasma fibrinogen level in patients with type 2 DM.Methods: Three hundred ten patients aged ≥30 years of either sex were included in this cross sectional study. Estimation of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), serum fibrinogen, serum total cholesterol (TC), serum triglycerides (TG), serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was done. Categorical and continuous variables were tested using Chi-Square test/Fisher’s exact test and unpaired ‘t’ test respectively. Pearson’s correlation was used to study correlation between serum fibrinogen levels and HbA1c, Body mass index (BMI), TC, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and TG.Results: Mean serum fibrinogen levels were significantly higher in DM patients whose HbA1c, LDL cholesterol and TG levels were higher. Correlation between serum fibrinogen was 0.59, and 0.45 with HbA1c, and BMI respectively. Multivariate step-wise regression analysis showed higher HbA1c and higher BMI were the independent and significant predictors of higher serum fibrinogen levels. HbA1c was the stronger predictor of serum fibrinogen than BMI.Conclusions: Fibrinogen levels were independently associated with HbA1c value in patients with type 2 DM.

Trends in Serum Total Cholesterol During 1998 to 2015 Among the Population-based Cohorts of China / 中国循环杂志

Objectives: To explore the trends of serum total cholesterol (TC) among Chinese adult cohorts from 1998 to 2015. Methods: The subjects of this study came from China Multicenter Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia. The baseline investigations were completed during 1998-2001, and the two follow-ups were conducted during 2007-2008 and 2013-2015, respectively. A total of 9 477 participants aged 35-74 years with complete serum TC data from three surveys were included in this study. Analysis on variance of data regarding repeated measurements were used to investigate the variation of serum TC in different subgroups. The serum TC levels were represented by mean (standard errors). Results: During 1998-2015, the mean level of serum TC of all participants significantly elevated from 4.81(0.01) mmol/L to 4.91(0.01) mmol/L, and to 4.98(0.01) mmol/L, growth rates of which were 2.08% and 3.53% in the first and second follow-up, respectively (Ptrend<0.001), especially for females. The fastest growth was noted in the group of young women aged 35-45 years over time, with a growth rate of 11.43%. No such a significant change in the male group during follow-up. The serum TC level and its growth rate in urban residents was significantly higher than those in rural residents. Conclusions: Longitudinal data demonstrated that the mean serum TC level among Chinese adults was continuously increased during 1998~2015. Prevention strategy for hypercholesterolemia should focus more on young women and urban residents.

Meta-analysis on Relationship between Serum Total Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease of Phlegm and Blood Stasis Syndrome / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to find out the relationship between the serum total cholesterol ( TC ) and coronary heart disease ( CHD ) of phlegm and blood stasis syndrome . Meta -analysis was used on the comprehensive analysis of ten research literatures on TC content of CHD patients with phlegm-turbid syndrome, blood-stasis syndrome and normal control . The results showed that the content of TC was 0.99-2.426 times h igher standard deviation in the blood-stasis syndrome patients than in the normal control, Totalcombined = 0.71. And the 95% confidence intervals of Totalcombined was 0.16-1.25. And the content of TC was 1.019-3.761 times higher standard deviation in the phlegm-turbid syndrome than in the normal control, Totalcombined= 1 . 05 . And the 95% confidence intervals of Totalcombined was 0 . 43-1 . 68 . It was concluded that there were significant variations of TC content in CHD patients with blood-stasis and phlegm-turbid syndrome compared to normal control . Therefore , abnormal changes of TC content can be used as one of the objective CHD diagnostic criteria of phlegm and blood stasis syndrome .

The 10-years follow up study on serum total cholesterol levels in normal Korean adult male workers living in Pohang / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND: The serum total cholesterol is supposed to be increased as dietary pattern is Westernized recently in our country. We studied the longitudinal change of serum total cholesterol levels in normal Korean adult male workers and analyzed the influence of age, weight, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, lifestyle (exercise, smoking, alcohol drinking habits) on change of serum total cholesterol levels. METHODS: The 6279 healthy adult male workers were studied during recent 10 Years (1992 and 2002). Those who suffered from hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, nephropathy, thyroid disease were excluded. Those who took antilipidemic drugs were also excluded. Blood sampling for serum total cholesterol and sugar was done after overnight fasting for more than 12 hours. Data on lifestyle were obtained using self administered questionnaires. RESULT: The serum total cholesterol levels had increased by 23.2 +/- 23.60 mg/dL (2.32 mg/dL per year) between 1992 and 2002 surveys. The increment of serum total cholesterol levels was most prominent in twenties (3.30 mg/dL per year) during 10 years and less prominent in thirties (2.80 mg/dL per year), forties (2.19 mg/dL per year) and fifties (1.55 mg/dL per year). The change of body mass index (BMI) was most significantly correlated with that of serum total cholesterol level (r=0.290, p=0.0001) (r2=0.084, p=0.0001). The change of serum total cholesterol levels was also significantly correlated with age, diastolic blood pressure change, fasting blood sugar change, exercise and smoking habits. However, it was not significantly correlated with the alcohol drinking habits among influencing variables. CONCLUSION: The serum total cholesterol levels were increased by 23.2 +/- 23.60 mg/dL (2.32 mg/dL per year) during recent 10 years. The increment of serum total cholesterol levels was most prominent in younger age group. The change of serum total cholesterol levels was most significantly correlated with that of body mass index (BMI) among influencing variables.

Serum Lipids by Gender, Age and Lifestyle in Korean Adults / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to measure serum lipids concentrations by gender and age, and to investigated the relation of serum lipids levels to cigarette smoking alcohol intake exercise and menopausal status in Korean adults. The subjects consisted of 463 healthy adult(29- men and 173 women) volunteers who were visiting the health Promotion Center in the Asan Medical Center from July 1, 1994 to July 22, 1994 Subjects were ambulatory free-living people and aged 20- 80 years, Anthropometric measurement was performed and serum triglyceride(TG), HDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol(TChol) concentrations were measure by automatic system(Hitachi 736-40). Data on life styles were obtained using structured questionnaires issued by a trained interviewer, All data were statistically analyzed by PC-SAS(Version 6.04) Serum concentrations of triglyceride and total cholesterol was higher(p170 mg/dL and TChol>220 mg /dL) was 12.5% in men and 4.1% in women. The levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and BMI increased with age in women. The distribution curves of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of women were located in lower increased more rapidly with aging than in men, The distribution curves of BMI of women increased with aging after the thirties, The BMI of women was located in higher levels than of men in their sixties. The serum concentration of triglyceride and total cholesterol of male current-smokers and non-smokers were significantly(p<0.05) higher than those of ex-smokers. The concentrations triglyceride the male current0drinkers were higher(p<0.05) than those of male non-drinkers. In non-smokers and non-drinkers, serum TG concentration were lower (p<0.05) than those of current-smokers and current-drinkers. In exercisers, the serum triglyceride concentration was significantly(p<0.05) lower than in non-exercisers. In postmenopausal woman BMI and serum concentrations of TChol, TG and LDL-Chol were significantly by age and gender and smoking alcohol drinking, exercise and menopausal staus might be a better indicator to predict serum lipids in both genders.

The 5 Years Follow Up Study on Serum Total Cholesterol Levels in Normal Adult Korean Male Workers Resident in Pohang / 대한내과학회지

OBJECTIVES: The serum total cholesterol is supposed to be increased as dietary pattern is westernized recently in our country. We studied the longitudinal change of serum total cholesterol levels in normal adult Korean male workers and analyzed the influence of lifestyle on change of serum total cholesterol levels. METHODS: The 7677 healthy adult male workers were studied during recent 5years(1992 and 1997). Those who suffered from hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, nephritis were excluded. Those who ingested antilipidemic drugs were also excluded. Serum total cholesterol were measured by the same enzymatic method and their levels were analyzed during fasting state. Data on lifestyle were obtained using self administered questionnaires. RESULTS: 1) The serum total cholesterol levels increased by 9.45+/-23.99mg/dl(1.89mg/dl per year) between 1992 and 1997 surveys. 2) The increment of serum total cholesterol levels was most prominent in the twenties (3.45mg/dl per year) and less prominent in 5th, 6th decades. 3) A change of 1kg/m2 in body mass index contributed a change of 3.449mg/dl in serum total cholesterol. 4) The change of body mass index(BMI) was most significantly correlated with that of serum total cholesterol levels among the influencing variables.( =3.449 p=0.0001 r2=0.035) 5) The changed value of serum total cholesterol levels was significantly correlated with smoking and exercise, however, was not significantly correlated with the amount of alcohol ingestion. CONCLUSION: The serum total cholesterol levels increased by 9.45mg/dl(1.89mg/dl per year) during recent 5 years. The increment of serum total cholesterol levels was more prominent in younger age group. The changed value of BMI was most strongly correlated with that of serum total cholesterol levels of all influencing variables.

A Meta-analysis on the Risk Factors of Cerebrovascular Disorders in Koreans / 예방의학회지

This study was conducted to integrate the results of studies which evaluated or identified the risk factors of CVD(cerebrovascular disorders) for Koreans. We retrieved the literature published in Korean by manual search and the English literature by Medline database to identify studies on the relationship between reported risk factors and CVD conducted for the Korean from 1980 to August, 1997. Hypertension and total serum cholestrol were selected as subjects of quantitative meta-analysis as risk factors of CVD in Koreans. The overall effect sizes of the risk of CVD due to hypertension and total serum cholesterol were calculated by common odds ratio(OR) and average standardized mean difference, retrospectively. Before the integration of each effect sizes into common effect sizes, the heterogeneity tests were conducted. Also, sensitivity tests were conducted for the estimated common effect sizes. Regarding hypertension and CVD, a total of 9 epidemiologic studies were identified with a total of 2,271 cases of CVD. The overall OR of hypertension associated CVD was 4.10(95% confidence interval[CI] 3.56 to 4.71). The OR of hypertension associated with hemorrhagic CVD and ischemic CVD were 6.56(95% CI : 4.92 to 8.80) and 3.28(95% CI : 2.77 to 3.90), retrospectively. The OR of hypertension in relation to hemorrhagic CVD was significantly higher than that of hypertension in relation to overall CVD or ischemic CVD. Regarding serum total cholesterol and ischemic CVD, total 9 epidemiologic studies were identified with a total of 843 cases of ischemic CVD. Average mean difference as an effect size was 0.76, which was judged an important value according to Cohen's criteria. Our data suggested that hypertension was an important risk factor of overall CVD and its subtypes, and that the total serum cholesterol was associated with ischemic CVD in Koreans. For the lack of reliable prospective studies, however, we concluded that further research designed longitudinally would be required in this area.

Relationship of Serum Cholesterol and Anxiety in Rural Residents / 예방의학회지

In other to study relationship of anxiety and serum cholesterol in general population, we performed the interview survey and screening test for the Ju-am cohort and residents in controlling area at 1995. Among them, 622 people are selected for this analysis. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Anxiety and total serum cholesterol related each other in the group of anxiety. Correlation coefficient was 0.39(p<0.01). 2. According to the result of multiple regression that the total serum cholesterol regarded as the dependent variable, anxiety and total serum cholesterol were related each other positively in the group of anxiety(p<0.05). 3. As the symptoms of anxiety was dichotomized affective and somatic symptom. There was no relationship of 2 symptoms and total serum cholesterol in all subjects, but there was more relationship on the affective symptom than on the somatic symptom in the group of anxiety(p<0.05). The above results show that anxiety and total serum cholesterol related each other significantly in the anxiety group. And the relationship of psychological factors and serum cholesterol could be applied significantly in general population as well as in the special group.

Four-year change and tracking of serum lipids in Korean adolescents / 예방의학회지

It has been known that there is a tracking phenomenon in the level of serum lipids. However, no study has been performed to examine the change and tracking of serum lipids in Korean adolescents. The purpose of this study is to examine the changes of serum lipids in Korean adolescents from 12 to 16 years of age, and to examine whether or not there is a tracking phenomenon in serum lipids level during the period. In 1992 serum lipids(total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), LDL cholesterol(LDL-C), HDL cholesterol(HDL-C)) were measured in 318 males, 365 females who were 12 years of age in Kangwha county, Korea. These participants have been followed up to 1996 and serum lipids level were examined in 1994 and 1996. Among the participants 162 males and 147 females completed all three examinations in fasting state. To examine the effect of eliminating adolescents with incomplete data, we compared serum lipids, blood pressure and anthropometric measures at baseline between adolescents with complete follow-up and adolescents who were withdrawn. To examine the change of serum lipids we compared mean values of serum lipids according to age in males and females. Repeated analysis of variance was used to test the change according to age. We used three methods to examine the existence of tracking. First, we analyzed the trends in serum lipids over 4-year period within quartile groups formed on the basis of the first-year serum lipids level to see whether or not the relative ranking of the mean serum lipids among the quartile groups remained in the same group for 4-year period. Second, we quantified the degree of tracking by calculating Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between every tests. Third, the persistence extreme quartile method was used. This method divides the population into quartile groups according to the initial level of blood lipids and then calculates the percent of the subjects who stayed in the same group at follow-up measurement. The decreases in levels were noted during 4 years for TC, LDL-C, primarily for boys. The level of HDL-C decreased between baseline and first follow-up for both sexes and girls. Tracking, as measured by both correlation coefficients and persistence extreme quartiles, was evident for all of the lipids. The correlation coefficients of TC between baseline and 4 years later in boys and girls were 0.55 and 0.68, respectively. And the corresponding values for HDL-C were 0.58 and 0.69. More than 50% of adolescents who belonged to the highest quartile group in TC, HDL-C and LDL-C at the baseline were remained at the same group at the examination performed 2 years later for both sexes. The probability of remaining at the same group was more than 35% when examined 4 years later. The tracking phenomenon of TG was less evident compared with the other lipids. Percents of girls who stayed at the same group 2 years later and 4 years later were 42.9% and 25.7%, respectively. It was evident that serum lipid levels tracked in Korean adolescents. Researches with longer follow-up would be needed in he future to investigate the long-term change of lipids from adolescents to adults.

A Study on Serum Lipid Levels of Children in Pusan / 예방의학회지

This is a cross-sectional study to evaluate the serum lipid levels of children living in Pusan in 1996. The distribution of age is from 2 years old to 12 years old. In female children mean total cholesterol is 171.4+/-26.2mg/dl, triglyceride is 104.7+/-50.6mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol is 54.4+/-14.8mg/dl, and LDL-cholesterol is 95.4+/-32.9mg/dl. In male children mean total cholesterol is 167.9+/-25.2mg/dl, triglyceride is 90.6+/-45.5mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol is 55.4+/-11.7mg/dll, and LDL-cholesterol is 94.4+/-23.6mg/dl. The percentile of serum lipid levels is measured in children. The 95th percentile of serum total cholesterol is 210mg/dl in male children, and 214mg/dl in female children. And, the 95th percentile of serum triglyceride is 184mg/dl in male children, and 191mg/dl in female children. And, the 95th percentile of LDL-cholesterol is 133mg/dl in male children, and 135mg/dl in female children. Serum total cholesterol is positively related to age(r=0.18), height(r=0.08), weight(r=0.17), obesity index(r=0.12), and negatively related to father's education level(r=-0.13), mother's education level(r=-0.13). Serum triglyceride is positively related to weight(r=0.23), age(r=0.31) and negatively related to father's education level(r=-0.12), mother's education level(r=-0.18). Serum HDL-C was positively related to mother's education level(r=0.07) and negatively related to height(r=-0.12), weight(r=-0.09). Conclusively, the serum lipid levels of children living in Pusan is generally so high that the family and school must try to control the serum lipid levels.

Leisure time physical activity and its relationship to coronary risk factors in male workers / 예방의학회지

This study was attempted to observe leisure time physical activity pattern and its relationship to coronary risk factors(BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood sugar). Subjects participated in this study were 277 adult male workers of an industry in Kyungpook province, Korea. Energy expenditure were measured using modified Physical Activity History questionnaire of CARDIA study by interviewing. Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and blood sugar level were tested with 5 ml fasting blood and height, weight and blood pressure were measured. Data on smoking and drinking habits and others were obtained. Geometric mean of leisure time physical energy expenditure were estimated as 212.80 kcal per week for study subjects and only 22.4% of them expended 2,000 kcal or more per week in leisure time physical activity. Taking walks or hikes and jogging or running were more frequent leisure time physical activities in study subjects. Statistically significant mean differences in total weekly leisure time physical activity for all coronary risk factors were not found among three groups. Because energy expenditure of leisure time was generally low in this subjects and most of them were healthy men, we did not found that leisure time physical activity was significantly associated with coronary risk factors.