Manejo clínico quirúrgico de la necrosis pancreática infectada en adultos: experiencia en un hospital especializado, Paraguay / Surgical clinical management of necrotizing pancreatitis in adults: experience in a specialized hospital, Paraguay

Introducción: la necrosis pancreática se presenta entre 10 y 20 % de los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda, tiene una mortalidad de 10 a 25 % y si se agrega infección a la necrosis entre 40 y 70 %. Objetivo: describir el manejo clínico quirúrgico de la necrosis pancreática infectada en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Nacional entre el periodo 2021-2022. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte temporal transversal. En pacientes internados en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Nacional por pancreatitis aguda grave con necrosis pancreática infectada. Resultados: se analizaron un total de 30 pacientes. La media de edad fue de 39 años. Predominó en nuestra población pacientes de sexo masculino en el 56.67 %. En cuanto a las comorbilidades asociadas un 33.3 % los pacientes presentaron principalmente Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e Hipertensión arterial; en menor medida Obesidad en un 23.3 %. De la población en estudio 76.6 % recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico y 23.33% tratamiento médico principalmente antibiótico terapia. De los pacientes sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico 9 fueron a necrosectomia abierta, 7 a drenaje percutáneo, y en menor medida drenaje biliar y endoscópico. En cuanto a la mortalidad por necrosis pancreática infectada encontramos un 10 % de mortalidad. Discusión: la mayor parte de los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave sufren de necrosis pancreática; la necrosis pancreática infectada se asocia con mayor riesgo de mortalidad y en su mayoría requieren tratamientos invasivos. Conclusión: el manejo mínimamente invasivo en el tratamiento inicial de la necrosis pancreática infectada podría resolver la mayoría de los casos sin necesidad de realizar necrosectomia; reservando esta última solo a los que fracasan en el tratamiento inicial.

Introduction: pancreatic necrosis occurs between 10 and 20 % of patients with pancreatitis, has a mortality of 10 to 25 % and if infection is added to the necrosis between 40 and 70 %. Objective: to describe the surgical and clinical management of infected necrotizing pancreatitis in patients admitted to the General Surgery Service of the Hospital Nacional between the period 2021-2022. Methodology: this was an observational, descriptive and cross-section study with a temporal cut. We included patients admitted to the general surgery service of the National Hospital with severe acute pancreatitis with infected necrotizing pancreatitis. Results: a total of 30 patients were included. The mean age was 39 years. Male patients prevailed in our population in 56.67 %. Regarding the associated comorbidities, 33.3 % of the patients presented mainly type 2 diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension; to a lesser extent Obesity in 23.3 %. In the study population, 76.6 % received surgical treatment and 23.33 % medical treatment, mainly antibiotic therapy. Of the patients who underwent surgical treatment, 9 were open necrosectomy, 7 had percutaneous drainage, and to a lesser extent biliary and endoscopic drainage. Regarding mortality due to infected necrotizing pancreatitis, we found a 10% mortality. Discussion: most of the patients with severe acute pancreatitis suffer from necrotizing pancreatitis; infected necrotizing pancreatitis is associated with increased risk of mortality and most require invasive treatment. Conclusion: minimally invasive management in the initial treatment of infected necrotizing pancreatitis, which could resolve most cases without the need to perform necrosectomy; the latter should be reserved for those who fail the initial treatment.

Compound anisodine combined with retinal laser photocoagulation for the treatment of severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To investigate the clinical efficacy of the compound anisodine combined with retinal laser photocoagulation in the treatment of severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR). METHODS: According to the retrospective study, totally 120 eyes of patients with severe NPDR who admitted to Daxing Teaching Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from May 2023 to July 2023 were selected. The patients were divided into the observation group and the control group according to treatment methods, with 60 eyes in each group. The observation group was treated with panretinal photocoagulation combined with the compound anisodine injection. The control group was only treated with panretinal photocoagulation. The optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)and optical coherence tomography(OCT)were used to quantitatively analyze the fundus retinal structure and blood flow. Furthermore, the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), superficial vascular density(SVD), deep vascular density(DVD), choroidal blood flow density and central macular foveal retinal thickness(CMT)were compared before treatment and at 1 d, 1 and 2 mo after treatment.RESULTS:At 2 mo postoperatively, the rate of visual improvement and the BCVA in the observation group of patients were significantly better than those of the control group, and the incidence of macular edema in the observation group was significantly lower than the control group(P<0.05). The BCVA at 1 and 2 mo after treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment in both groups(P<0.05). The SVD in the observation group was better than the control group at 1 d, 1 and 2 mo after treatment(all P<0.05). The DVD and choroidal flow density in the observation group were better than those of the control group at 1 d after treatment(all P<0.05). The CMT of the observation group was smaller than that of the control group at 1 d after treatment(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Compound anisodine can effectively improve the fundus microcirculation after panretinal photocoagulation and reduce the incidence of macular edema, thus promoting the visual function.

Epidemiological characteristics of patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Dongyang City / 预防医学

Objective @#To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in Dongyang City, Zhejiang Province from 2017 to 2022, so as to provide insights into SFTS prevention and control. @*Methods@#Data pertaining to patients with SFTS in Dongyang City from 2017 to 2022 were collected from Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with SFTS were descriptively analyzed, and the trends in incidence of SFTS was evaluated using annual percent change (APC). @*Results@#A total of 32 SFTS cases were reported in Dongyang City from 2017 to 2022, with mean annual incidence of 0.63/105, and 8 cases died, with a fatality rate of 25.00%. The incidence of SFTS appeared a tendency towards a rise from 2017 to 2022 (APC=40.697%, P<0.05). The male to female ratio of SFTS cases was 0.78∶1, and farmer was the predominant occupation (31 cases, 96.88%). SFTS predominantly occurred among individuals at ages of 51 to 69 years (20 cases, 62.50%), and the incidence peaked during the period between March and May and between July and August (28 cases, 87.50%). SFTS cases were reported in 11 out of the 18 townships (streets) in Dongyang City, with the highest number found in Zuocun Township (8 cases, 28.13%), and had the lowest platelet count of (41.46±5.19)×109 platelets/L, with the lowest count of (3.00 to 67.00) ×109 platelets/L. All the SFTS cases had a history of mountain forest and farmland activities 2 weeks prior to onset of the disease, and 5 cases (15.63%) had a history of tick bites.@*Conclusions@#The incidence of SFTS appeared a tendency towards a rise in Dongyang City from 2017 to 2022, and SFTS was highly prevalent in spring and summer, with high incidence among farmers. Intensified health education of SFTS is recommended among residents in high-incidence areas.

Immunologic characteristics and management and prospects of targeted biological therapy in adults with severe asthma / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Severe asthma stands as a formidable contributor to both mortality and morbidity of patients suffering asthma, casting substantial social and economic shadows on communities. As our understanding of asthma's pathophysiology deepens, a beacon of hope emerges in the form of biological targeted therapies, offering a promising avenue for the management of this challenging condition. These therapies, by precisely inhibiting or modulating pivotal molecules in the inflammatory cascade, offer potential benefits in symptom alleviation, lung function enhancement, and risk reduction of acute exacerbations. They signify a paradigm shift in severe asthma treatment. Within the confines of this article, we embark on a systematic exploration of the immunological underpinnings that define severe asthma. By delving into the intricacies of the immune system's role in exacerbating this condition, we aim to offer a comprehensive assessment of both the current landscape and the future prospects of biological therapies. Our objective is to provide a scientifically robust and valuable reference that can guide the individualized treatment of patients grappling with severe asthma.

Rare and severe adverse reaction diabetic ketoacidosis induced by bevacizumab：one case report / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for the safe use of bevacizumab in cancer patients. METHODS The diagnosis and treatment of a 65-year-old female lung adenocarcinoma patient with diabetic ketoacidosis （DKA） induced by bevacizumab was retrospectively analyzed， and the possible mechanisms and causes were analyzed based on literature review. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis and treatment process of patients were analyzed， and DKA caused by other drugs and disease factors were excluded. DKA was considered to be caused by the use of bevacizumab according to Naranjo’s ADR evaluation scale； the acidosis of the patient improved rapidly after one hemodialysis treatment. DKA caused by bevacizumab is rare in clinic， clinicians should be aware that bevacizumab may affect pancreatic function and induce DKA， and early detection and treatment should be achieved to improve the prognosis.

Expression of Gn protein of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and its immunogenicity / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To express the Gn protein of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV) through adeno-associated virus 9(AAV9) expression system and evaluate its immunogenicity.Methods SFTSV Gn gene was inserted into viral vector pAAV-CMV-FH and the recombinant plasmid was transfected into HEK293T cells to obtain recombinant virus AAV9-Gn.The expression of Gn protein was determined by immunofluorescence and Western blot.Eighteen fernale BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups:Mock group(serum-free DMEM),AAV9-GFP group(1 × 10~(11) vg) and AAV9-Gn group(1 × 10~(11) vg),all of which were injected intramuscularly into the right hind limb at a dose of 100 μL per mouse.The body mass,diet,behavior and mental state of mice in each group were monitored continuously for 21 d,and the change rate of body mass was calculated;At 2,4,8 and 16 weeks after immunization,the levels of SFTSV neutralizing antibody in serum of mice in each group were detected by fluorescent reduction neutralization test(FRNT),and the levels of specific IgGl and IgG2a in serum of mice in AAV9-Gn group were detected by ELISA.Results After incubation with specific antibody,Vero cells transfected with AAV9-Gn showed specific green fluorescence under fluorescence microscope,and had specific binding to mouse anti-SFTSV Gn monoclonal antibody,and the specific binding bands were found at a relative molecular mass of about 61 000.The body mass of the three groups showed an increasing trend,there was no significant difference between the three groups(F=0.158—2.621,P> 0.05),and the diet,behavior and mental state were normal.At 2,4,8 and 16 weeks after immunization,the titer of SFTSV neutralizing antibody in serum of mice in AAV9-Gn group was significantly higher than that of Mock group and AAV9-GFP group(H=13.332—14.538,each P <0.001),and the titer peak appeared at 8 weeks;The level of specific IgG1 in serum of mice was significantly higher than that of IgG2a(F=4.373—12.975,each P <0.05) at different time points.Conclusion SFTSV Gn protein can be expressed correctly through AAV9 expression system,and has low toxicity to mice with good immunogenicity,which is expected to be a candidate component of SFTSV vaccine.

Effectiveness of Tocilizumab in COVID-19 patients with pneumonia: A systematic review

Background and Objective@#COVID-19 contributes significantly to global morbidity and mortality. Age-related comorbidities elevate the risk of severe cases. Studies have recently demonstrated that widely available medications, including tocilizumab (TCZ), can manage severe symptoms. However, its effectiveness is unclear, particularly among the older population. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate TCZ’s efficacy in managing severe pneumonia in individuals aged 50 and older.@*Methods@#We systematically search several databases and gray literature including Web of Science, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, SocINDEX, CENTRAL/Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE for original research articles in English across several study designs published in the year 2020-2022. A narrative synthesis was conducted to summarize the evidence. We employed the NIH quality assessment tool for observational cohort studies to evaluate risk of bias. Additionally, we utilized GRADE to appraise the certainty of evidence.@*Results@#Among 539 screened articles, only five studies met the selection criteria. Tocilizumab's impact on severe COVID-19 pneumonia revealed a diverse effect on mortality rate, with 29% in the TCZ group, and 40% in the controls died within 30 days of intubation (OR 0.61; 95% CI, 0.27-1.36). It is also reported that TCZ was not associated with mortality, despite faster decline in pulmonary function and prolonged fever. Hospital mortality in the TCZ group was significantly lower than in the controls, and age over 60 was the only significant risk factor. Moreover, administering TCZ reduced mechanical ventilation needs, with 82% extubated compared to 53% in controls. However, 45% in TCZ group was associated with a higher ventilator-associated pneumonia rate than in the untreated group which was 20% (P < 0.001). Despite this, TCZ-treated patients had shorter hospital stays.@*Conclusions@#The effects of tocilizumab on reducing mortality risk and improving the survival rate of COVID-19 patients with pneumonia remained inconclusive. Yet, the majority of results suggested that giving tocilizumab leads to shorter hospital stays, lowers the requirement for mechanical ventilation, and decreases the likelihood of ICU transfer. Tocilizumab is linked to the incidence of secondary infections; hence, this medication should be closely monitored for side effects.

Risk prediction models of dangerous behaviors among patients with severe mental disorder in community / 四川精神卫生

BackgroundThe occurrence rate of dangerous behaviors in patients with severe mental disorders is higher than that of the general population. In China， there is limited research on the prediction of dangerous behaviors in community-dwelling patients with severe mental disorders， particularly in terms of predicting models using data mining techniques other than traditional methods. ObjectiveTo explore the influencing factors of dangerous behaviors in community-dwelling patients with severe mental disorders and testing whether the classification decision tree model is superior to the Logistic regression model. MethodsA total of 11 484 community-dwelling patients with severe mental disorders who had complete follow-up records from 2013 to 2022 were selected on December 2023. The data were divided into a training set （n=9 186） and a testing set （n=2 298） in an 8∶2 ratio. Logistic regression and classification decision trees were separately used to establish predictive models in the training set. Model discrimination and calibration were evaluated in the testing set. ResultsDuring the follow-up period， 1 115 cases （9.71%） exhibited dangerous behaviors. Logistic regression results showed that urban residence， poverty， guardianship， intellectual disability， history of dangerous behaviors， impaired insight and positive symptoms were risk factors for dangerous behaviors （OR=1.778， 1.459， 2.719， 1.483， 3.890， 1.423， 2.528， 2.124， P<0.01）. Being aged ≥60 years， educated， not requiring prescribed medication and having normal social functioning were protective factors for dangerous behaviors （OR=0.594， 0.824， 0.422， 0.719， P<0.05 or 0.01）. The predictive effect in the testing set showed an area under curve （AUC） of 0.729 （95% CI： 0.692~0.766）， accuracy of 70.97%， sensitivity of 59.71%， and specificity of 72.05%. The classification decision tree results showed that past dangerous situations， positive symptoms， overall social functioning score， economic status， insight， household registration， disability status and age were the influencing factors for dangerous behaviors. The predictive effect in the testing set showed an AUC of 0.721 （95% CI： 0.705~0.737）， accuracy of 68.28%， sensitivity of 64.46%， and specificity of 68.60%. ConclusionThe classification decision tree does not have a greater advantage over the logistic regression model in predicting the risk of dangerous behaviors in patients with severe mental disorders in the community. ［Funded by Chengdu Medical Research Project （number， 2020052）］

Anti-infection treatment and pharmaceutical care for a patient with severe pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide ideas and reference for the anti-infection treatment and pharmaceutical care for severe pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci. METHODS Clinical pharmacists participated in the whole process of the treatment for a patient with C. psittaci-induced severe pneumonia. According to the patient’s medical history， clinical symptoms and test results， clinical pharmacists assisted the physician to dynamically adjust the anti-infective scheme； for C. psittaci infection， the patient was treated with tigecycline combined with azithromycin successively， and other infection therapy plans were dynamically adjusted according to the results of pathogen examination. During the treatment， the patient suffered from suspicious adverse drug reactions such as prolonged QTc interval， elevated lipase and amylase； the clinical pharmacists conducted pharmaceutical care and put forward reasonable suggestions. RESULTS The physician adopted the pharmacists’ suggestion， and the patient was discharged after treatment. CONCLUSIONS For the treatment of severe pneumonia caused by C. psittaci， the characteristics of patients， drugs and pathogens should be taken into account to develop individualized anti-infective treatment. Tetracyclines and macrolides have a definite effect on C. psittaci infection， but attention should be paid to the possible ADR caused by drugs in clinical application.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic / 中国当代儿科杂志

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a complex syndrome characterized by multi-organ involvement that has emerged in the context of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak. The clinical presentation of MIS-C is similar to Kawasaki disease but predominantly presents with fever and gastrointestinal symptoms, and severe cases can involve toxic shock and cardiac dysfunction. Epidemiological findings indicate that the majority of MIS-C patients test positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of MIS-C remain unclear, though immune dysregulation following SARS-CoV-2 infection is considered a major contributing factor. Current treatment approaches for MIS-C primarily involve intravenous immunoglobulin therapy and symptomatic supportive care. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of MIS-C.

Machine learning in predicting severe acute respiratory infection outbreaks / Aprendizado de máquina na previsão de surtos de síndrome respiratória aguda grave / Aprendizaje automático en la predicción de brotes de síndrome respiratorio agudo grave

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) outbreaks occur annually, with seasonal peaks varying among geographic regions. Case notification is important to prepare healthcare networks for patient attendance and hospitalization. Thus, health managers need adequate resource planning tools for SARI seasons. This study aims to predict SARI outbreaks based on models generated with machine learning using SARI hospitalization notification data. In this study, data from the reporting of SARI hospitalization cases in Brazil from 2013 to 2020 were used, excluding SARI cases caused by COVID-19. These data were prepared to feed a neural network configured to generate predictive models for time series. The neural network was implemented with a pipeline tool. Models were generated for the five Brazilian regions and validated for different years of SARI outbreaks. By using neural networks, it was possible to generate predictive models for SARI peaks, volume of cases per season, and for the beginning of the pre-epidemic period, with good weekly incidence correlation (R2 = 0.97; 95%CI: 0.95-0.98, for the 2019 season in the Southeastern Brazil). The predictive models achieved a good prediction of the volume of reported cases of SARI; accordingly, 9,936 cases were observed in 2019 in Southern Brazil, and the prediction made by the models showed a median of 9,405 (95%CI: 9,105-9,738). The identification of the period of occurrence of a SARI outbreak is possible using predictive models generated with neural networks and algorithms that employ time series.

Resumo: Surtos de síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) ocorrem anualmente, com picos sazonais variando entre regiões geográficas. A notificação dos casos é importante para preparar as redes de atenção à saúde para o atendimento e internação dos pacientes. Portanto, os gestores de saúde precisam ter ferramentas adequadas de planejamento de recursos para as temporadas de SRAG. Este estudo tem como objetivo prever surtos de SRAG com base em modelos gerados com aprendizado de máquina usando dados de internação por SRAG. Foram incluídos dados sobre casos de hospitalização por SRAG no Brasil de 2013 a 2020, excluindo os casos causados pela COVID-19. Estes dados foram preparados para alimentar uma rede neural configurada para gerar modelos preditivos para séries temporais. A rede neural foi implementada com uma ferramenta de pipeline. Os modelos foram gerados para as cinco regiões brasileiras e validados para diferentes anos de surtos de SRAG. Com o uso de redes neurais, foi possível gerar modelos preditivos para picos de SRAG, volume de casos por temporada e para o início do período pré-epidêmico, com boa correlação de incidência semanal (R2 = 0,97; IC95%: 0,95-0,98, para a temporada de 2019 na Região Sudeste). Os modelos preditivos obtiveram uma boa previsão do volume de casos notificados de SRAG; dessa forma, foram observados 9.936 casos em 2019 na Região Sul, e a previsão feita pelos modelos mostrou uma mediana de 9.405 (IC95%: 9.105-9.738). A identificação do período de ocorrência de um surto de SRAG é possível por meio de modelos preditivos gerados com o uso de redes neurais e algoritmos que aplicam séries temporais.

Resumen: Brotes de síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SRAG) ocurren todos los años, con picos estacionales que varían entre regiones geográficas. La notificación de los casos es importante para preparar las redes de atención a la salud para el cuidado y hospitalización de los pacientes. Por lo tanto, los gestores de salud deben tener herramientas adecuadas de planificación de recursos para las temporadas de SRAG. Este estudio tiene el objetivo de predecir brotes de SRAG con base en modelos generados con aprendizaje automático utilizando datos de hospitalización por SRAG. Se incluyeron datos sobre casos de hospitalización por SRAG en Brasil desde 2013 hasta 2020, salvo los casos causados por la COVID-19. Se prepararon estos datos para alimentar una red neural configurada para generar modelos predictivos para series temporales. Se implementó la red neural con una herramienta de canalización. Se generaron los modelos para las cinco regiones brasileñas y se validaron para diferentes años de brotes de SRAG. Con el uso de redes neurales, se pudo generar modelos predictivos para los picos de SRAG, el volumen de casos por temporada y para el inicio del periodo pre-epidémico, con una buena correlación de incidencia semanal (R2 = 0,97; IC95%: 0,95-0,98, para la temporada de 2019 en la Región Sudeste). Los modelos predictivos tuvieron una buena predicción del volumen de casos notificados de SRAG; así, se observaron 9.936 casos en 2019 en la Región Sur, y la predicción de los modelos mostró una mediana de 9.405 (IC95%: 9.105-9.738). La identificación del periodo de ocurrencia de un brote de SRAG es posible a través de modelos predictivos generados con el uso de redes neurales y algoritmos que aplican series temporales.

Spatial analysis of hospital-related mortality due to COVID-19 among children and adolescents in Brazil / Análise espacial da mortalidade hospitalar por COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil

Abstract The objective was to perform a spatial analysis of the hospital mortality rate (HMR) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) attributed to COVID-19 among children and adolescents in Brazil from 2020 to 2021. A cluster method was used to group federal units (FUs) based on HMR. In 2020, clusters with high HMRs were formed by north/northeast FUs. In 2021, there was a reduction in HMR. Clusters with higher rates remained in the N/NE region. Regional differences were observed in the HMR. The findings may reflect social inequalities and access to hospital care, especially in the under 1-year-old age group due to the severity of the disease in this group.

Resumo Objetivou-se realizar uma análise espacial da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar (TMH) por síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) atribuída à COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil no período de 2020 a 2021. Utilizou-se o método de cluster para agrupar as unidades federativas (UFs) com base na TMH. Em 2020, clusters com altas TMHs foram formados por UFs Norte/Nordeste. Em 2021, houve redução na TMH. Os clusters com maiores taxas permaneceram na região N/NE. Diferenças regionais foram observadas nas TMHs. Os achados podem refletir as desigualdades sociais e o acesso à atenção hospitalar, principalmente na faixa etária de menores de 1 ano pela gravidade da doença neste grupo.

Vaccine effectiveness in preventing deaths in people with severe acute respiratory syndrome due to COVID-19 in Blumenau, Brazil, 2021 / Efectividad de las vacunas en la prevención de la muerte por síndrome respiratório agudo grave por covid-19 en Blumenau, Brasil, 2021 / Efetividade vacinal na prevenção de óbitos em pessoas com síndrome respiratória aguda grave por covid-19 em Blumenau, 2021

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze the vaccine effectiveness in preventing deaths attributed to severe acute respiratory syndrome due to COVID-19 (SARS/COVID-19) in adults and the elderly, in Blumenau, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2021. this was a population-based study conducted among individuals aged 20 years and older hospitalized with SARS/COVID-19; each death due to SARS/COVID-19 was considered a "case", and every survivor was considered a "control"; the association between vaccination status and the outcome of "death" was estimated using logistic regression, and vaccine effectiveness was estimated as (1-OR)*100. The study included 1,756 cases of SARS/COVID-19 (59.2% male, mean age of 56 years, 50.4% with elementary education, 68.4% with comorbidities and 39.1% in intensive care), of whom 398 died (cases) and 1,358 survived (controls); vaccine effectiveness was 74% and 85% (20-59 years old) and 72% and 75% (≥ 60 years old), respectively, for those who were partially vaccinated and fully vaccinated. Conclusion vaccines proved to be effective in reducing case fatality ratio due to SARS/COVID-19 in individuals ≥ 20 years old.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar la efectividad de la vacuna para prevención de muertes por SRAG-COVID en adultos y ancianos de Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2021. Método estudio de base poblacional con personas hospitalizadas por SRAG-COVID mayores de 20 años; las muertes por SRAG-COVID se consideraron casos y todos los supervivientes, controles; la asociación entre el estado de vacunación y la muerte se estimó mediante regresión logística; la efectividad de la vacuna se estimó por (1-OR)*100. Resultados participaram do estudo 1.756 casos de SRAG-COVID (59,2% del sexo masculino, edad media de 56 años, 50,4% con estudios primarios, 68,4% con comorbilidades y 39,1% en cuidados intensivos), dos quais 398 foram a óbito (casos) e 1.358 sobreviveram (controles); la efectividad de la vacuna fue del 74% y el 85% (20 a 59 años) y del 72% y el 75% (60 y más años), entre los que tenían vacunación parcial y completa, respectivamente. Conclusión las vacunas fueran efectivas para reducir la letalidad del SRAG-covid.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a efetividade vacinal na prevenção de óbitos atribuídos a síndrome respiratória aguda grave por covid-19 (SRAG-covid) em adultos e idosos, em Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2021. Métodos Estudo populacional, entre maiores de 20 anos de idade internados por SRAG-covid; considerou-se "caso" cada óbito por SRAG-covid, e "controle", todo sobrevivente; estimou-se a associação entre a condição vacinal e o desfecho "óbito" por regressão logística, e a efetividade vacinal, por (1-OR)*100. Resultados Participaram do estudo 1.756 casos de SRAG-covid (59,2% do sexo masculino, idade média de 56 anos, 50,4% com ensino fundamental, 68,4% com comorbidades e 39,1% em cuidado intensivo), dos quais 398 foram a óbito (casos) e 1.358 sobreviveram (controles); a efetividade vacinal foi de 74% e 85% (20-59 anos) e de 72% e 75% (≥ 60 anos), respectivamente, para quem possuía vacinação parcial e vacinação completa. Conclusão Vacinas mostraram-se efetivas na redução da letalidade por SRAG-covid em indivíduos com idade ≥ 20 anos.

Evaluation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome surveillance caused by respiratory viruses in a pediatric unit, 2013 to 2019 / Avaliação da vigilância da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave causada por vírus respiratórios em uma unidade pediátrica, 2013 a 2019

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate severe acute respiratory syndrome surveillance in a pediatric unit. Methods: Descriptive study of reported severe acute respiratory syndrome cases with the detection of respiratory viruses in the nasopharyngeal sample of patients hospitalized between 2013 and 2019, in a reference hospital in the Federal District, Brazil. Results: A total of 269 children had one or more viruses detected, resulting in 280 viruses, of which 152 (54%) were respiratory syncytial virus. The detection of respiratory syncytial virus was higher during the autumn-winter period. Children´s median age was 6.9 months, 156 (58%) were male, 104 (39%) had comorbidity, 197 (73%) required mechanical ventilation, 241 (90%) received antibiotics, and 146 (54%) oseltamivir. There were 19 (7%) deaths. The median time from symptom onset to sample collection was 5 days and the median time from sample collection to final results was 6 days. Conclusions: The system needs to reduce the time to deliver results so that inappropriate use of antibiotics and antivirals can be avoided. Moreover, the burden of viral pneumonia was relevant and the system must be flexible enough to include emerging viruses in order to be useful in responding to public health emergencies caused by respiratory viruses.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a vigilância da síndrome respiratória aguda grave em uma unidade pediátrica. Métodos: Estudo descritivo dos casos de síndrome respiratória aguda grave, notificados e com a detecção de vírus respiratório em amostra de nasofaringe de pacientes internados entre 2013 e 2019, em um hospital de referência do Distrito Federal. Resultados: Um total de 269 crianças tiveram algum vírus detectado, resultando em 280 vírus, sendo 152 (54%) vírus sincicial respiratório. A detecção do vírus sincicial respiratório foi maior durante o período de outono-inverno. A mediana da idade das crianças foi de 6,9 meses, 156 (58%) eram do sexo masculino, 104 (39%) tinham comorbidade, 197 (73%) necessitaram de ventilação mecânica, 241 (90%) receberam antibióticos e 146 (54%) oseltamivir. Ocorreram 19 (7%) óbitos. A mediana do tempo desde o início dos sintomas até a coleta da amostra foi de 5 dias, e do tempo da coleta até o resultado foi de 6 dias. Conclusões: O sistema necessita reduzir o tempo do resultado final para que seja possível evitar o uso inadequado de antibióticos e antivirais. Ademais, o impacto das pneumonias virais foi relevante e o sistema deve ser flexível suficiente para incluir vírus emergentes, para ser útil na resposta às emergências de saúde pública causada por vírus respiratórios.

Compatibility Theory of Yiqi Zengmian Prescription as Vaccine Adjuvant / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveThis study explored the application of Yiqi Zengmian prescription as a vaccine adjuvant， aiming to provide a new scheme for the prevention and control of corona virus disease 2019（COVID-19） with traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. By analyzing the compatibility and efficacy， this paper examines the compatibility effect of Yiqi Zengmian prescription， which is modified from the classic tonifying agent Si Junzitang， as a vaccine adjuvant. MethodUsing the Database of Ancient Classical Prescriptions， this paper analyzed the composition of Yiqi Zengmian prescription and probed into the theoretical basis for the compatibility of this prescription from the properties， medicine combination， and efficacy. Furthermore， the compatibility effect of this prescription with vaccines was analyzed. ResultAs a TCM prescription， Yiqi Zengmian prescription focuses on the lung and spleen and enhances the Qi in the two organs. The lung governs Qi movement. The body breathes fresh air through the lungs and exchanges the turbid gas in the lungs， and the gas circulates alternately in the lungs to ensure the normal breathing of the human body. The spleen governing transportation and transformation is the hub for Qi movement， and Qi is the embodiment of metabolic function. By regulating qi movement and enhancing the functions of Qi and blood， Yiqi Zengmian prescription can enhance the immunogenicity of the vaccine， which provides a theoretical basis for enhancing the immune effects of vaccines. ConclusionYiqi Zengmian prescription has the effects of replenishing Qi and invigorating spleen， regulating Qi and drying dampness， and enhancing immunity. The in-depth analysis of the TCM theory of Yiqi Zengmian prescription as a vaccine adjuvant and the results of clinical and laboratory studies suggest that Yiqi Zengmian prescription may enhance the induction of immune response after vaccination and maintain the immune memory. However， the mechanism of Yiqi Zengmian prescription in regulating the complex immune network remains to be elucidated.

Relationship between prehospital clinical status intracranial pressure and outcomes in pediatric patients with severe head trauma

Introduction: The prehospital phase of the management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury may have a direct influence on the results. Objective: To evaluate the influence of prehospital variables on intracranial pressure and the results in pediatric patients with severe TBI. Method: A descriptive study of 41 pediatric patients who were admitted to the medical emergency department and later admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit due to severe head trauma was carried out between January 2003 and December 2018. Results: children aged 5-17 years predominate, and the highest number of cases were received between 0-3h at the neurotrauma center. Of the 41 cases, 27 arrived with a non-expedited airway and hypoxia was verified upon arrival by pulse oximetry. A correlation was observed between arterial hypotension on admission and elevated intracranial pressure in 9 of 15 children (60%) and in the deceased (40%). Discussion: Clinical conditions, oxygenation, arterial hypotension, and treatment in the prehospital phase may influence the state of intracranial pressure and other intracranial variables in pediatric patients with severe head injury.

Introducción: La fase prehospitalaria del manejo del traumatismo craneoencefálico grave pediátrico puede tener una influencia directa en los resultados. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de variables prehospitalarias sobre la presión intracraneal y los resultados en pacientes pediátricos con TCE grave. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de 41 pacientes pediátricos que ingresaron al servicio de urgencias médicas y posteriormente ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos por traumatismo craneoencefálico severo entre enero de 2003 y diciembre de 2018. Resultados: predominan los niños de 5 a 17 años, y el mayor número de casos se recibieron entre las 0-3h en el centro de neurotrauma. De los 41 casos, 27 llegaron con vía aérea no acelerada y se verificó hipoxia al llegar mediante oximetría de pulso. Se observó correlación entre hipotensión arterial al ingreso y presión intracraneal elevada en 9 de 15 niños (60%) y en los fallecidos (40%). Discusión: Las condiciones clínicas, la oxigenación, la hipotensión arterial y el tratamiento en la fase prehospitalaria pueden influir en el estado de la presión intracraneal y otras variables intracraneales en pacientes pediátricos con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave.

Desbridamiento retroperitoneal video asistido: una nueva técnica quirúrgica para una vieja patología, la pancreatitis aguda severa presentación de caso clínico / Video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement: a new surgical technique for an old pathology, severe acute pancreatitis clinical case presentation

INTRODUCCIÓN: el desbridamiento retroperitoneal video asistido (DRVA) es una técnica mínimamente invasiva usada para el tratamiento de la necrosis pancreática infectada (NPI). MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: reporte de caso. RESULTADOS: se presenta un caso de pancreatitis aguda severa tratada con DRVA en una paciente femenina de 43 años, con un cuadro clínico de 5 días de evolución caracterizado por dolor abdominal espasmódico en hipocondrio derecho, de moderada intensidad, irradiado a epigastrio y en cinturón a ambos flancos. La paciente recibió atención privada en dos centros previos al ingreso al nuestro. Al ingreso, en el laboratorio, presenta leucocitosis y desvió izquierdo, amilasémia y lipasémia altas. Se realizaron tomografías contrastadas y punciones guiadas por TAC y DRVA cuando se evidencia necrosis amurallada. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica. Súbitamente la paciente presenta insuficiencia respiratoria y datos compatibles con tromboembolia pulmonar y fallece. CONCLUSIÓN: bajo la visión de terapia escalonada, el desbridamiento retroperitoneal video asistido va ganando adeptos en el manejo de la Pancreatitis Aguda Severa

BACKGROUND: video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement (VARD) is a minimally invasive technique used for the treatment of infected necrotizing pancreatitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: case report. RESULTS: a case of severe necrotizing pancreatitis is presented in a 43 years old female patient, with 5 days clinical evolution with spasmodic abdominal pain in epigastrium and right hypochondrium of moderate intensity, irradiated to both flanks in belt. The patient received private care in two centers upon the admission in our hospital. In the laboratory at the admission, she showed leukocytosis and left deviation, high level in amylase and lipase. Contrasted enhanced tomography and guided punctures were realized and VARD were considered when evidence of wall of necrosis was observed in scanner. The surgical technique is described. Suddenly the patient presented acute respiratory failure with massive pulmonary thromboembolism and died. CONCLUSION: under the step-up approach vision, the video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement is gaining popularity in the management of the acute necrotizing pancreatitis

Inclusión social de persona con trastorno mental en situación de calle: una intervención comunitaria

Introducción: Experiencia de una comunidad de barrio capitalino (Asunción-Paraguay), movilizada por la grabación de un corto documental a cargo de estudiantes de cinematografía, que inician un proceso de participación para mejorar la calidad de vida de una persona con trastornos mentales y discapacidad psicosocial en situación de calle, logrando su inclusión social. Objetivo : Identificar los elementos claves que favorecieron la participación comunitaria, derivando en el proceso de reinserción social de una persona con trastorno mental y discapacidad psicosocial para contribuir con estrategias innovadoras de modelos de atención basados en la comunidad con enfoque de derechos humanos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cualitativo de diseño narrativo, utilizando datos de la historia de una persona y la experiencia de una comunidad para describir, analizar e identificar elementos que se consideran claves para los resultados logrados. La experiencia comunitaria fue observada y registrada de cerca durante más de 4 años. Resultado: Participación comunitaria activa en torno a un objetivo colectivo impulsado por un proyecto cinematográfico logrando la reinserción social de una persona con trastorno mental o discapacidad psicosocial que se encontraba en situación de calle. Conclusión : El cine o arte generan un impacto emocional y sensibilizador que acompañados con estrategias sostenibles; facilitación, tecnología, recursos económicos, lugares de residencia o acogida, acompañamiento; permiten aprovechar y movilizar recursos comunitarios, con participación y enfoque de derechos humanos. El resultado en este caso es la inclusión social de una persona con trastornos mentales y discapacidad psicosocial, que se encontraba en el extremo de exclusión social: vida en calle por más de 20 años.

Introduction : Experience of a community from a neighborhood of the Capital City (Asunción-Paraguay), mobilized by the recording of a Short Documentary by cinematography students, who begin a process of participation to improve the quality of life of a person with mental disorders and psychosocial disabilities who are homeless, achieving their social inclusion. Objective : Identify the key elements that allowed community participation and the social reintegration process of a person with a mental disorder or psychosocial disability to contribute with innovative strategies of community-based care models with a human rights approach. Materials and Methods : A qualitative type study of narrative design, using data from a person's story and the experience of a community to describe, analyze and identify the key elements to the results achieved. The community experience was closely observed and recorded for more than 4 years. Results : active community participation around a collective objective driven by a film project, achieving the reintegration and social rehabilitation of a person with mental disorder who was in street situation. Conclusion : Cinema or art generates an emotional and sensitizing impact that, accompanied by sustainable strategies; facilitation, technology, economic resources, places of residence or reception, support; allows taking advantage of and mobilizing community resources, with participation and a human rights approach. The result in this case is the social inclusion of a person with mental disorders or psychosocial disabilities who was at the extreme of social exclusion; street life for more than 20 years.

Puntaje APP como predictor de mortalidad en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria agudo grave por COVID-19 en un hospital referencial del norte del Perú / APP score as a predictor of mortality in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19 in a reference hospital in northern of Peru

INTRODUCCIÓN: La mortalidad por pacientes por COVID-19 grave que desarrollaban neumonía grave y síndrome de dificultad respiratoria agudo (SDRA) grave ha sido significativa a pesar del tratamiento oportuno. Es importante determinar predictores tempranos de enfermedad que nos ayuden a estratificar aquellos pacientes con mayor riesgo de fallecer. Se pretende estudiar el comportamiento del puntaje APP (APPS) como predictor de ello, basados en algunos reportes de uso y utilidad en el SDRA. no COVID-19. OBJETIVO: Determinar si el APPS es útil como predictor de mortalidad en SDRA. por COVID-19 grave. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio tipo cohorte retrospectivo, incluyendo pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), con SDRA. por COVID-19 grave, que ingresaron a la UCI del Hospital Regional Docente de Trujillo (HRDT) en el período abril 2020- abril 2021. Se evalúo la utilidad del APPS como predictor de mortalidad em dicha población. RESULTADOS: El APPS demostró ser un factor asociado a mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA. y COVID-19 grave (RPa 1,34; IC 95% 1,16 a 1,56; p < 0,001). Además, encontramos que, al realizar un modelo de predicción ajustado por edad, sexo, SOFA, APPS, shock, Indice de Charlson (ICh), se comportan como factores asociados a mortalidad el APPS, el sexo masculino (RPa: 1,48; IC 95% 1,09 a 2,049; p < 0,05) y el ICh (RPa: 1,11; IC 95% 1,02 a 1,21; p < 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: El APPS, el sexo masculino y el ICh son predictores de mortalidad en SDRA. por COVID-19 grave.

BACKGROUND: Mortality in patients with severe COVID-19 who developed severe pneumonia and severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) has been significant despite timely treatment. It is important to determine early predictors of disease that help us to stratify those patients with a higher risk of death. It is intended to study the behavior of the APPS score as a predictor of this, based on some reports of use and usefulness in non-COVID-19 ARDS. AIM: To determine if the APP score is useful as a predictor of mortality in ARDS due to severe COVID-19. METHOD: A retrospective cohort study was carried out, including patients from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with ARDS due to severe COVID-19 who were admitted to the ICU of the Trujillo Regional Teaching Hospital (HRDT) in the period March 2020 to March 2021. The usefulness of the APP score as a predictor of mortality in mentioned population was evaluated. RESULTS: The APP score proved to be a factor associated with mortality in patients with ARDS and severe COVID-19 (APR 1.34; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.56; p < 0.001). We also found that when performing a prediction model adjusted for age, sex, SOFA, APP score, shock and Charlson Index (ICh) we found that the APP score, male sex (APR: 1.48; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.049; p < 0.05) and the ICh behave as factors associated with mortality (RPa: 1.11; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.21; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The APP score, male sex, and ICh are predictors of mortality in ARDS due to severe COVID-19.

Lesión pulmonar aguda producida por transfusión (TRALI): Reporte de caso

Introducción: La lesión pulmonar aguda (TRALI) y la sobrecarga circulatoria (TACO) son las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad relacionadas con la transfusión. La TRALI se presenta durante o después de las transfusiones de plasma y sus derivados, o por inmunoglobulinas en alta concentración intravenosa; se asocia a procesos sépticos, cirugías y transfusiones masivas. La TACO es la exacerbación de manifestaciones respiratorias en las primeras 6 horas postransfusión. Reporte caso: Paciente de sexo masculino de 38 días de vida, ingresó al servicio de urgencias con un cuadro clínico de 8 días de evolución, caracterizado por dificultad respiratoria dado por retracciones subcostales y aleteo nasal sin otro síntoma asociado, con antecedentes de importancia de prematuridad y bajo peso al nacer. El reporte de hemograma arrojó cifras compatibles con anemia severa, por lo que requirió transfusión de glóbulos rojos empaquetados desleucocitados. El paciente presentó un cuadro respiratorio alterado en un periodo menor a 6 horas, por lo que se descartaron causas infecciosas y finalmente se consideró cuadro compatible con TRALI. Conclusiones: Se debe considerar una lesión pulmonar aguda relacionada con una transfusión de sangre si se produce una insuficiencia respiratoria aguda durante o inmediatamente después de la infusión de hemoderivados que contienen plasma.

Introduction: Acute lung injury (TRALI) and circulatory overload (TACO) are the main causes of transfusion-related morbidity and mortality. TRALI occurs during or after transfusions of plasma or its derivatives, or by immunoglobulins in high intravenous concentration; it is associated with septic processes, surgeries, and massive transfusions. TACO is the exacerbation of respiratory manifestations in the first 6 hours post transfusion. Case report: A 38-day-old male was admitted to the emergency department with clinical symptoms experienced over the course of 8 days and characterized by respiratory distress due to subcostal retractions and nasal flaring with no other associated symptoms. Important antecedents included prematurity and low birth weight. The hemogram report showed figures compatible with anemia, which benefited from transfusion of packed red blood cells without leukocytes. In a period of less than 6 hours, the patient presented altered respiratory symptoms, practitioners ruled out infectious causes and finally considered clinical signs compatible with TRALI. Conclusion: Acute lung injury related to blood transfusion should be considered if acute respiratory failure occurs during or immediately after infusion of plasma-containing blood products.