ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute severe colitis is a potentially lethal medical emergency and, even today, its treatment remains a challenge for clinicians and surgeons. Intravenous corticoid therapy, which was introduced into the therapeutic arsenal in the 1950s, continues to be the first-line treatment and, for patients who are refractory to this, the rescue therapy may consist of clinical measures or emergency colectomy. Objective: To evaluate the indications for and results from drug rescue therapy (cyclosporine, infliximab and tacrolimus), and to suggest a practical guide for clinical approaches. Methods: The literature was reviewed using the Medline/PubMed, Cochrane library and SciELO databases, and additional information from institutional websites of interest, by cross-correlating the following keywords: acute severe colitis, fulminating colitis and treatment. Results: Treatments for acute severe colitis have avoided colectomy in 60-70% of the cases, provided that they have been started early on, with multidisciplinary follow-up. Despite the adverse effects of intravenous cyclosporine, this drug has been indicated in cases of greater severity with an imminent risk of colectomy, because of its fast action, short half-life and absence of increased risk of surgical complications. Therapy using infliximab has been reserved for less severe cases and those in which immunosuppressants are being or have been used (AZA/6-MP). Indication of biological agents has recently been favored because of their ease of therapeutic use, their good short and medium-term results, the possibility of maintenance therapy and also their action as a "bridge" for immunosuppressant action (AZA/6-MP). Colectomy has been reserved for cases in which there is still no response five to seven days after rescue therapy and in cases of complications (toxic megacolon, profuse hemorrhage and perforation). Conclusion: Patients with a good response to rescue therapy who do not undergo emergency operations should be considered for maintenance therapy using azathioprine. A surgical procedure is indicated for selected cases.
RESUMO Racional: A colite aguda grave é emergência médica, potencialmente letal e o seu tratamento permanece ainda nos dias de hoje um desafio para o clínico e cirurgião. A corticoterapia intravenosa introduzida no arsenal terapêutico na década de 50 permanece como primeira linha de tratamento, e nos pacientes refratários a tal medida, a terapia de resgate pode ser com medidas clínicas ou colectomia de urgência. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados da terapia de resgate medicamentosa (ciclosporina, infliximabe e tracolimus), suas indicações e resultados, e sugerir um guia prático para abordagem clínica. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão na literatura utilizando as bases Medline/Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Scielo, e informações adicionais em sites institucionais de interesse cruzando os descritores: colite aguda grave, colite fulminante e tratamento. Resultados: O tratamento da colite aguda grave tem evitado a colectomia em 60- 70% dos casos, desde que iniciado precocemente e com acompanhamento multidisciplinar. A ciclosporina intravenosa apesar de seus efeitos adversos, tem sido indicada naqueles casos mais graves com risco iminente de colectomia, pela sua rapidez de ação, meia-vida curta, e não aumentar os riscos de complicações cirúrgicas. A terapia com infliximabe tem sido reservada para os casos menos graves e naqueles em uso ou já expostos a imunossupressores (AZA/6-MP). A facilidade terapêutica, seus bons resultados a curto e médio prazo, a possibilidade de terapia de manutenção e também por agir como "ponte" para ação de imunossupressores (AZA/6-MP) tem recentemente favorecido a indicação de biológicos. A colectomia fica reservada para casos que não apresentaram resposta a terapia de resgate após cinco a sete dias de tratamento e nas complicações (megacólon tóxico, hemorragia profusa e perfuração). Conclusõe s: Os pacientes com boa resposta à terapia de resgate e não submetidos à operações de urgência, deverão ser considerados para terapia de manutenção com azatioprina, sendo procedimento cirúrgico indicado para casos selecionados.
Subject(s)
Humans , Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy , Severity of Illness Index , Algorithms , Acute DiseaseABSTRACT
Introduction: Clostridium difficile infection is the most common healthcare associated infection (HCAI). In few severe cases it may need surgical treatment. Objectives: To show the results of a series treated by us. Materialand Methods: Retrospective descriptive series of patients treated for severeC. difficile colitis from 2010 to 2013. Results: The series corresponds to 6 patients in whom severe C. difficile colitis was demonstrated. All had significant co-morbidities or had undergone major surgical procedures prior to infection. All showed a leukocyte count of 15,000 and hadclinical or radiological evidence of colitis. Five patients were receiving specific treatment without success. The surgery performed was a total colectomy with ileostomy and closure of the rectal stump. The major morbidity was found in 4 patients with extended hospital stay for more than 15 days. Surgical mortality was two cases. Two patients were reconstituted and one of them had a second C. difficile infection in post operative with successful treatment. Conclusion: Colitis is a severe complication of C. difficileinfection. The most recommended surgery is still total colectomy withoutanastomoses. Surgical mortality remains high despite advances in intensive care so HCAI control is essential in preventing it.
Introducción: La infección por C. difficile es la más frecuente de las infecciones asociadas a la atención de salud (IAAS). En algunos casos muy graves puede ser necesario el tratamiento quirúrgico. Objetivos: Mostrar los resultados de la serie tratada por nuestro grupo. Material y Método: Serie retrospectiva descriptiva de los pacientes operados por colitis grave por C. difficile desde el 2010 al 2013. Resultados: La serie corresponde a 6 pacientes en los que se demostró la presencia de una colitis grave por C.difficile. Todos presentaban comorbilidades importantes o habían sido sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos mayores previos a la infección. Los estudios de laboratorio mostraban un recuento de leucocitos sobre 15.000 y evidencia clínicao radiológica de colitis en todos los casos. Cinco pacientes se encontrabanrecibiendo tratamiento específico sin éxito. La cirugía efectuada fue una colectomía total con ileostomía terminal y cierre del muñón rectal. La morbilidad mayor se encuentra en 4 casos con prolongación de la estadía hospitalaria por sobre los 15 días. La mortalidad quirúrgica es de dos casos. Dos pacientes ya fueron reconstituidos, uno de ellos presentó una segunda infección por C. difficile en el post operatorio, tratada exitosamente. Conclusión: La colitis es una complicación grave de la infección por C. difficile. La cirugía más aceptada continúa siendo la colectomía total sin anastomosis. La mortalidad quirúrgica continúa alta, pese a los adelantos en la terapia intensiva por lo que el control de las IAAS es fundamental en su prevención.