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【Objective】 To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pertussis in Shaanxi Province from 2012 to 2021. 【Methods】 We collected the information of pertussis cases in Shaanxi Province from 2012 to 2021 by the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System for analyzing the incidence and distribution characteristics. 【Results】 From 2012 to 2021, a total of 8270 cases of pertussis were reported in Shaanxi Province, with the incidence ranging from 0.21 to 6.20 per 100 000 persons, and for an annual average incidence of 2.17 per 100 000 persons. 44.81% (3 706/8 270) occurred from June to September. The annual average incidence in southern Shaanxi, Guanzhong, and northern Shaanxi was 1.78, 2.47, and 1.46 per 100 000 persons (χ2=289.638, P<0.001). The number of patients (proportions) with pertussis aged 0-1, 1-5, 5-10, and ≥10 years was 3 884 (46.96%), 2 869 (34.69%), 1 408 (17.03%), and 109 (1.32%), respectively. The number of patients (proportion) ≤ 2 months old, 3-5 months old, and ≥ 6 months old was 884 (22.76%),1 608 (41.40%), and 1 392 (35.84%) among pertussis patients under 1 year old. 【Conclusion】 The incidence of pertussis in Shaanxi Province basically showed an increasing trend with higher rates between June and September, higher rates in Guanzhong region of the province, and more patients over 5 years old.
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@#Abstract: Objective To analyze the application effect of rapid diagnostic techniques in Shaanxi from 2016 to 2020,and to provide basis for further optimizing the process of tuberculosis detection and formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods A total of 104 437 cases of tuberculosis patients registered in Shaanxi Province from 2016-2020 were exported from the Tuberculosis Information Management System (The subsystem of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System) according to first management unit, and the laboratory test results of sputum smear, sputum culture and molecular tests were collected to statistically analyzed the positive rate of etiology, sputum smear, sputum culture, molecular biology testing rate, and indicators of positive testing rate of tuberculosis patients. Results From 2016 to 2020, the etiology�positive rate of tuberculosis in Shaanxi province were 13.49% (2 664/19 754), 22.68% (5 081/22 401), 35.99% (8 232/22 876), 48.14% (10 438 / 21 682), 52.65% (9 332 / 17 724), respectively, with an increasing trend (χ2 trend=9 473.12, P<0.001) year by year; the proportion of molecular tests positive only in etiology-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) were 0 (0/2 664), 0.16% (8/5 081), 15.44% (1 271/8 232), 27.58% (2 879/10 438), 31.52% (2 941/9 332), respectively, with an increasing trend year by year (χ2 trend=2 971.44, P<0.001); the molecular test rates of the 5 years were 0.01% (2 / 19 754), 0.38%(85 / 22 401), 21.11% (4 828/22 876), 52.42%(11 365/21 682), 55.18%(9 780/17 724), respectively, with an increasing trend year by year (χ2 trend = 28 269.23, P<0.001). The rate of molecular test in sputum smear-negative was 22.72%(17 976 / 79 130). The proportion of patients with only molecular test-positive was 33.43% (4 032/12 062) in municipal designated hospitals, and 11.99%(2 279/ 19 014) in county-level designated hospitals, the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =2 096.46, P<0.001). Conclusions The rate of molecular biology testing in Shaanxi Province from 2016 to 2020 showed a year-on-year increase. Through the application of rapid molecular tests, the etiology-positive rates of tuberculosis have been increased significantly,but the current molecular test detection rate is not high compared with other provinces, especially in county-level designated hospitals and smear-negative patients, so we should make a big promotion in application of rapid molecular technique.
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ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in Shaanxi Province. MethodsEpidemiological analysis was conducted on the confirmed cases of COVID-19 （n=245） from January 23rd， 2020 through February 21st， 2020 based on the official data announced by Shaanxi Province. The effects of local population migration， prevention and control measures on the epidemic were explored. ResultsAs of February 21st， 2020， a total of 245 COVID-19 cases had been notified in Shaanxi Province， with a cumulative incidence rate of 0.63 per 100 000， of which imported cases accounted for 47.34%. The high incidence was observed between January 31st and February 5th. Xi’an had the largest number of COVID-19 cases， followed by Ankang， Hanzhong and Xianyang， totally accounting for 81.20% of the cases in the province. In terms of social factors， daily morbidity was positively correlated with Baidu migration scale index 14 days before. On January 25th， the provincial health emergency response was launched， and on January 31st， it was further upgraded for quarantine. On February 20th， the provincial prevention and control system was implemented by classified areas. There were no emerging local cases after February 21st and no confirmed cases for 28th consecutive days as of March 19th. Local cases and close contacts were cleared to zero on March 27th. ConclusionThe COVID-19 epidemic in Shaanxi Province is mainly concentrated in Guanzhong area and southern Shaanxi， with a widespread pattern in all cities. The prevention and control measures have effectively contained the epidemic， with a declining incidence. However， quarantine of suspected cases and close contacts remains crucial for routine prevention and control strategy.
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@#<b>Objective</b> To understand the basic information on radiological health technical service institutions in Shaanxi Province, China and analyze the main problems, and to strengthen the capacity building of radiological health technical service institutions in Shaanxi Province. <b>Methods</b> The radiological health technical service institutions registered in Shaanxi Province were investigated and analyzed by means of a questionnaire and literature review. <b>Results</b> There were 20 radiological health technical service institutions in Shaanxi Province, including 7 state-owned ones and 13 privately owned ones; of all the institutions, there were 3 disease control institutions, and 15 institutions obtaining the qualification of radiation protection evaluation, radiation health protection testing, and individual dose monitoring at the same time. The total number of radiation workers in the institution was 237, including 48.5% aged less than 35, 68.8% with bachelor degree or above, 54.4% with intermediate professional title or above, 26.5% with a major related to radiation protection, and 79.3% with national and provincial training. The institutions were equipped with 309 testing instruments, of which the radiation diagnostic performance testing equipment accounted for the largest proportion (52.4%). <b>Conclusion</b> The service scope and capacity of radiological health technical service institutions in Shaanxi Province can meet the current needs of the province, but the institutions need to be improved in terms of personnel, equipment, and service quality. The quality control of institutions needs to be strengthened to standardize the service behavior in the whole province.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the composition and changing trend of the etiologies of liver failure in Shaanxi Province, China. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 975 patients with liver failure who were hospitalized in The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University from January 2008 to December 2017. According to the clinical type of liver failure, the patients were divided into acute liver failure (ALF) group with 115 patients, subacute liver failure (SALF) group with 165 patients, and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) group with 695 patients. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups, and the t-test was used for further comparison between two groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. ResultsDrug was the primary cause of ALF (25.22%, 29/115), followed by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (21.74%, 25/115); HBV infection was the primary cause of SALF (35.15%, 58/165), followed by drug (27.27%, 45/165); HBV infection was the primary cause of ACLF (87.19%, 606/695), followed by alcohol (3.45%, 24/695). The main age distribution of patients with liver failure due to HBV infection, alcohol, and drug was 20-60 years (595/689), 30-40 years (22/32), and 30-70 years (67/89), respectively. There was a significant reduction in the proportion of patients with HBV-related liver failure in the recent 5 years (61.52% vs 81.33%, χ2=45.87, P＜0.001), while there were significant increases in the proportion of patients with drug-induced liver failure (13.14% vs 4.44%, χ2=22.10, P＜0.001) and alcoholic liver failure (4.76% vs 1.56%, χ2=7.85, P=0005). Further analysis showed that the age of onset of HBV-related liver failure in the recent 5 years was significantly higher than that in the first 5 years (45.3±13.0 vs 42.5±12.9, t=-2.567, P=0.011). ConclusionManagement of chronic HBV infection is still an important link in the control of liver failure, and meanwhile, the prevention and treatment of drug-induced and alcoholic liver diseases should be strengthened. More attention should be paid to the treatment of elderly patients with liver failure.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in 1955-2016 and the third epidemic period in shaanxi province, and to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of rabies. Methods The historical epidemic data from 1853 to 2003, the rabies surveillance data from Chinese diesase prevention and control information system from 2004 to 2017, and the rabies patient case survey data from 2009 to 2017 were collected to conduct the analysis. Results From 1953 to 2017, there were three epidemics of human rabies in Shaanxi Province. In 2009-2017, 270 cases of rabies were reported, and rabies cases occurred every month. Cases were mainly concentrated in Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi, and occasional cases were reported in northern Shaanxi. The male-female ratio is 2.51 ∶〗1, and the occupational composition was dominated by farmers (84.4%). Injured dogs were mainly domesticated dogs, the ratio of domestic and stray dogs was 13.07 ∶〗1. The exposure level was mainly grade Ⅲ (84.23%). The wounds of 60% cases were not treated after the injury, and the rabies vaccination rate and immunoglobulin utilization rate were both low. Conclusions The public's awareness of the dangers of rabies was still insufficient, so that there was no standard treatment after canine bite, which causes disease. It is necessary to increase the publicity of rabies prevention and control knowledge. The focus should be placed on remote areas and rural areas, and the public should be advocated to take the initiative to use the reimbursement policy for medical treatment.
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Objective To investigate the medicinal plant group and resource of Sect. Euthya in Paris L. in Shaanxi Province. Methods Through literature analysis and interview survey, combined with line transect method, the medicinal plant group, the natural distribution and the status of medicinal plant group and resources about Sect. Euthya in the specific county territory in Shaanxi Province were investigated.Results According to related records about the medicinal plants of Sect. Euthya in Paris L. included P. polyphylla, var. stenophylla, var. apetala, and Paris fargesii var. petiolatain in Shaanxi Province. Based on field investigation, it was found that, the medicinal plants of Sect.Euthya in Paris L.also included five variations of P.polyphylla var.latifolia,var.apperdiculata,var. thibetica, var. chinensis, and var. yunnanensis, which were new distribution records. No var. apetala was found under field investigation. Most of the rhizomes of the Sect. Euthya plants were used as Chinese materia medica Paridis Rhizoma, with wide distribution and good growth condition. The natural resources of these plants are endangered. Conclusion In this study, two species and six variations in the Sect. Euthya are identified as new distribution records. Consequently, the medicinal plant distribution record of Paris L. in Shaanxi Province is complete. The natural resources are investigated, which have laid the foundation for further research, development and protection.
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Pseudo phosphorous stem of Cremastra appendiculata (Suanpanqi) is one of Shaanxi Qiyao with regional characteristics. As a clinical antitumor drug, it has been highly concerned in recent years. Suanpanqi mainly contains phenanthrene, dihydrophenanthrene, bibenzyl, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, and other chemical components with antitumor, antibacterial, anti-angiogenic, antihypertensive, and other pharmacological activities. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Suanpanqi at home and abroad in order to provide a scientific basis of its efficitive material basis, so as to further promote the value of development and utilization of plant resources in China.
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@#AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of trachoma in Shaanxi Province and provide basic data for the prevention and treatment of trachoma.<p>METHODS: Four suspected areas with high prevalence of trachoma including Kengzhen in Jiaxian Yulin, Luochuan of Yan'an, Nanzheng county of Hanzhong, Shangzhou distract in Shangluo, were selected by Blindness Prevention Office of Shaanxi Province. A random sample of 200 pupils aged 6 to 8 was examined by ophthalmic officers using the World Health Organization(WHO)simplified clinical grading system.<p>RESULTS: No infection of active trachoma was detected in 200 pupils.<p>CONCLUSION: No epidemic areas of active trachoma were found. Based on the data of this study,trachoma is no longer considered as a public health problem in Shaanxi Province.
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Objective To analyze the factors influencing the occurrence of macrosomia so as to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of macrosomia.Methods The data were selected from the findings of Survey on Prevalence and Risk Factors for Birth Defects in Shaanxi Province.This study intended to select data of macrosomia in Xianyang City and its influencing factors for statistical analysis.The rates were compared by χ2 ;the influencing factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Logistic regression.Results The incidence of fetal macrosomia among single live birth neonates in Xianyang was 5.2%.The incidence of macrosomia was 6.5%in males and 4.2% in females,with a significant difference (P <0.001).From 2010 to 2013 the annual incidence rate of macrosomia was 5.4%,6.2%,5.9% and 4.4%,with no significant difference (P =0.151).The incidence rate of macrosomia in urban and rural areas was 6.3% and 5.5%,respectively,without significant difference (P =0.556).The incidence of macrosomia was 3.2% in Binxian County,5.6% in Changwu County,6.7% in Liquan County,5.4% in Qianxian County,8.0% in Wugong County,and 4.2% in Xunyi County,with significant differences (P <0.001).Logistic regression analysis showed that the occurrence of macrosomia was related to the baby's sex,mother's age,the times of pregancy,the time of antenatal care,alcohol intake during pregnancy and father's occupation.Conclusion The incidence of macrosomia of Xianyang from 2010 to 2013 was close to the national average.The sex of baby,mother's age,the times of pregnancy,the times of antenatal care,drinking history during pregnancy and father's occupation may affect the occurrence of macrosomia.
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Objective To analyze the factors influencing the occurrence of macrosomia so as to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of macrosomia.Methods The data were selected from the findings of Survey on Prevalence and Risk Factors for Birth Defects in Shaanxi Province.This study intended to select data of macrosomia in Xianyang City and its influencing factors for statistical analysis.The rates were compared by χ2 ;the influencing factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Logistic regression.Results The incidence of fetal macrosomia among single live birth neonates in Xianyang was 5.2%.The incidence of macrosomia was 6.5%in males and 4.2% in females,with a significant difference (P <0.001).From 2010 to 2013 the annual incidence rate of macrosomia was 5.4%,6.2%,5.9% and 4.4%,with no significant difference (P =0.151).The incidence rate of macrosomia in urban and rural areas was 6.3% and 5.5%,respectively,without significant difference (P =0.556).The incidence of macrosomia was 3.2% in Binxian County,5.6% in Changwu County,6.7% in Liquan County,5.4% in Qianxian County,8.0% in Wugong County,and 4.2% in Xunyi County,with significant differences (P <0.001).Logistic regression analysis showed that the occurrence of macrosomia was related to the baby's sex,mother's age,the times of pregancy,the time of antenatal care,alcohol intake during pregnancy and father's occupation.Conclusion The incidence of macrosomia of Xianyang from 2010 to 2013 was close to the national average.The sex of baby,mother's age,the times of pregnancy,the times of antenatal care,drinking history during pregnancy and father's occupation may affect the occurrence of macrosomia.
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Objective:To provide references for drugs zero-profit policy and the adjustment of the medical services price in urban public hospitals of Shaanxi.Methods:The method of weighted mean was used to calculate the rate of price adjustment before and after the medical service project.The price on drugs and medical services were processed by software batch change and manual changes separately.Chinese medical slices were in dependent managed.Results:The medical service price reform and drugs zero-profit poli-.cy come into effect in the city public hospitals,Shaanxi province,form 0:00 April 1st,2017.Before and after the reform of health,the medical work was steadily implemented.Conclusion:The successful implementation of drug zero-profit policy and medical service price reform provided references for other hospitals for medical service reform,which could present scientific references for other hospitals to improve the operation ability.
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Objective To investigate the contamination and dietary intake of the aluminium in commercial foods in Shaanxi Province,and evaluate its potential health risks in Shaanxi population.Methods Six hundred and sixty-six samples from 8 kinds of foods in Shaanxi Province were collected from 2013 to 2015.The aluminium contents were detected according to National Food Contamination and Harmful Factors in Risk Monitoring Manual,and dietary intake of aluminium in Shaanxi population was evaluated by point assessment model with of nutritional survey date.Results The average dietary intake of aluminium was 0.154 9 mg/kg BW per day,and the dietary intake of woman aged 18 to 59 years old was the highest,with an average of 0.178 5 mg/kg BW per day.When aluminum intake of the 97.5 percentile,the dietary intake of aluminium in children aged 2 to 7 years old was the highest.The margins of safety (MOS) of all age groups were smaller than 1,while the MOS of high exposure (P97.5) group was above 1.Fried and baked food were the main sources of aluminium exposure in two age groups (2-7 years and 8-12 years old group),while fried food,cold noodle and starch products were the main sources of aluminium exposure for others.Conclusion Dietary intake (tP97.5) of aluminium exceeded the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI).The dietary intake of aluminium in women and children was high.Fried food was the main sources of aluminium exposure in all age groups.
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OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the availability and equipment of antidiabetic drugs in public hospitals from Shaanxi prov-ince. METHODS:Using a standardized methodology developed by WHO and Health Action International,the availability and equipping rate of the most common oral antidiabitic drugs were investigated and evaluated in public hospitals of Shaanxi province. RESULTS:The availability and equipping rate of tertiary hospitals and secondary hospitals were all higher than those of community health service centers. Among generic drugs,the availability of metformin was the highest (94.4%),and those of glibenclamide and repaglinide were the lowest(5.6%). Among original drugs,the availability of acarbose was the highest(68.1%). The equip-ping rate of original drugs was higher than that of generic drugs. The equipping rate of generic drugs(25.0%)was higher than that of original drugs(12.5%)in community health service center,but the equipping rates of generic drugs and original drugs were in low level. CONCLUSIONS:General hospitals (especially tertiary hospitals) have high equipping rate of original antidiabetic drugs,the community health services have low availability and equipping rate. Comprehensive measures should be taken to im-prove the availability of drugs in primary medical institutions and ensure drug use of chronic disease patients in primary hospitals.
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We typed Yersinia pestis isolated from plague foci of Shaanxi Province using different region (DFR) and analyzed epidemiological characteristics.Twenty-three DFRs primers and PMT1 (plasmid) primer were used to verify the DFR genomovars and 48 Yersinia pestis were involved to analyze DFR profiles and epidemiological characteristics.In the same year,the genotypes of Yersinia pestis isolated from different infected vector and animals were basically the same.Three genomovars named Genomovar 11,17,and 20 were verified in 48 Yersinia pestis strains in Shaanxi Province.The main genotypes were different in different epidemic years.In 1987-1988 and 2000-2001 years,genomovar 17 was major genomovar and genomovar 20 in 2006 year.In conclusion,the dominant genotypes were different in different epidemic years.As time goes on,DFR genomovars of Yersinia pestis undergone the evolution of gene deletion,which changes genomovar 17 into genomovar 20.
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We studied the genetic characteristics of Spermophilus in Shaanxi Province,China.The COI,Cyt-b gene were sequenced and the results were compared with those of dauricus from Inner Mongolia Keyouzhong Banner and Zhengxiangbai Banner,and S.alaschanicus from Haiyuan County of Ningxia.And genetic distance was analyzed and Neighbor-Joining tree was built.Results showed that the genetic distance of COI gene sequences between Spermophilus from Dingbian County in Shaanxi and S.alaschanicus in Ningxia was ≤0.5％,and the genetic distance was ranged from 7.9％ to 9.3％ with Citellus dauricus from Inner Mongolia.The genetic distance of Cyt-b gene between Spermophilus from Dingbian County in Shaanxi and S.alaschanicus in Ningxia was ≤2.2％,and ranged from 8.9％ to 11.2％ with Citellus dauricus from Inner Mongolia.The Neighbor-Joining tree of COI,Cyt-b gene showed two major clusters.One of them were clustered by Spermophilus from Dingbian County in Shaanxi and S.alaschanicus in Ningxia,and another one was Citellus dauricus from Inner Mongolia.The Neighbor-Joining tree of COI gene showed that all samples from Shaanxi Province clustered in a group.In conclusion,the Spermophilus in Shaanxi Province were S.alaschanicus.
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To investigate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients in northern Shaanxi Province,139 patients and 43 healthy controls were recruited.All the plasma was screened for IgG antibody of Toxoplasma gondii.Then,the association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and HBV were analyzed.Results showed that the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection was relative low with just 5.04％ in HBV patients but zero in healthy control.Most of those infected with toxoplasma gondii were male,HBeAg positive or with higher HBV viral load.However,no significant relationship was found between Toxoplasma gondii infection and gender,HBeAg status or viral load in univariate analyses.This study indicated the relative low infection rate of Toxoplasma gondii,which had no association with HBV infection in northern Shaanxi Province.
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Abstract?AIM: To assess the current situation of trachoma in Shaanxi Province and analyze its epidemiology and clinical features.?METHODS: The World Health Organization ( WHO ) simplified trachoma grading system was used for the recognition and registration of cases of trachoma. Trachoma rapid assessment ( TRA ) was conducted and 30.3687 million people from Shaanxi province were screened. Eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva and cornea were examined.The prevalence of trachoma trichiasis ( TT) in Shaanxi Province was estimated.?RESULTS: Totally 987 cases with TT were collected in Shaanxi province, in which 395 cases were male and 592 cases were female. The overall TT prevalence was 0.0325‰.The age of TT cases ranged from 25-86 years old, and concentrated in the 60-80 years old, only 58 cases were <50 years old.There were 12 cases of TT combined corneal opacity (CO) and the ratio was 1.2%. Sixty-four patients were cured by electrolysis trichiasis, the remaining 923 patients corrected by surgery interventions.?CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, trachoma blind is no longer estimated as a public health problem in Shaanxi province, as the detection rate of TT was less than 1‰ which is the goal of “elimination of trachoma” worldwide.
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Objective To evaluate the association between 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF ) gene and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD ) in Shaanxi Han population.Methods We examined the potential association between AD and 8 SNPs of VEGF gene using the MassARRAY system.The participants enrolled in this study included 214 patients with AD and 249 healthy controls from Shaanxi Han population.SPSS16.0 and Haploview 4.2 were employed to analyze differences in genotypes, alleles and haplotypes between the two groups.Results The results showed that rs3025039 (3’UTR)were significantly associated with AD (P0.9).There were no significant haplotypes in block 1 and block 2 (P=0.034)found between the patients and controls.Conclusion These findings point to the role for VEGF gene polymorphisms (rs3025039)in AD of a Shaanxi Han population. Individuals with T allele of rs3025039 may be at a higher risk for AD.
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Close attention is paid to WeChat in academic libraries due to its convenience in manipulation, high effec-tiveness in interpersonal communication , richness in content pushing , and accuracy in new pushing .The use of WeChat public platform in academic libraries of Shaanxi Province was investigated .Its opening , popularization and contents were analyzed , which showed that WeChat platform should be constructed in academic libraries by innova-ting its service contents and adding reader experiences .