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BACKGROUND: Running economy is considered as an important indicator of the performance of endurance athletes, especially long-distance runners. It is usually defined as the energy demand of running at a given speed, and expressed as the oxygen intake at a given speed. OBJECTIVE: To review the existing physiological and biomechanical factors affecting the running economy of runners. METHODS: With “running economy, physiological factors, biomechanical and neuromuscular characteristics, spatiotemporal factors, lower limb kinematic factors, kinetic factors, nutritional interventions” as search terms, PubMed database (1960-2018) was searched to include literatures related to running performance, acute or chronic interventions, and other influencing factors. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 113 literatures were obtained. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 58 literatures were analyzed. Current evidence shows that cardiopulmonary function, muscle fiber type, muscle strength, leg stiffness and other physiological factors are related to the improvement of running economy. However, there is no unified conclusion on the relationship between the temperature change of runners and the elastic potential energy and running economy. The biomechanical factors that are beneficial to improve running economy include stride frequency or length, vertical oscillation, lower limb moment of inertia, leg extension when toes are off the ground, and arm swing. However, the contact time between the feet and the ground, trunk inclination and other factors are inconsistent with running economy. Among other influencing factors, high-altitude adaptation can improve running economy; the relationship between extensibility and flexibility and running economy remains to be determined. Some nutritional interventions are also of concern, most notably dietary nitrates. Although most of the factors affecting running economy have been summarized in this paper, future studies can focus on individual runners in order to determine how the athlete’s structure and functional abilities affect running economy, as well as subsequent performance and athletic injuries.
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Objective To discuss the influence of preoperative family purge care for the quality of life of patients with long type of congenital Hirschsprung′s disease (HD) who had enterocolitis history in neonatal period. Preoperative family purge care, which can shorten the HD postoperative treatment, improve the quality of life. Methods A total of 40 cases of patients with long type of congenital HD who had enterocolitis history in neonatal period received 1-stage radical preoperative by family phone call. Nineteen cases from January 2010 to February 2013 were as normal group and 21 cases from March 2013 to April 2016 were as improved group. Routine family purge nursing care 3-6 months were used in both the groups, while the combined nursing care of expanding anus were used in the improved group in addition. Evaluated the effects of postoperative observation indicates: the first defecation time, length of hospital stay, time needed for expanding anus, patency rate of defecation and not patency rate in 9-12 days, need enema intervention to assist defecate rate after postoperative 1 year, the recurrence of enterocolitis at 1-3 years after operation. Results The first defecation time, length of hospital stay, time needed for expanding anus were (39.15±8.23) h, (7.89±0.82)d, (5.17±0.98) min in normal group, (23.79± 7.54) h, (7.10± 0.29) d, (3.15±0.73) min in improved group, and there were significant differences between two groups (t=6.13, 5.46, 15.54, all P0.05). Conclusions Patient with long type of congenital HD who had enterocolitis history in neonatal period neonatal period,received family enema and expanding anus in 3- 6 months before 1-stage radical preoperative can shorten the postoperative HD treatment, improve the quality of life.
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Objective To investigate the efficacy,toxicity and cosmetic outcome of short-course radiotherapy with concomitant tumor bed boost after breast-conserving surgery for early stage breast cancer.Methods A total of 306 patients with T1-2 N0-1 M0 breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery were included.160 patients received whole-breast radiation to 45 Gy in 25 fractions followed by tumor bed boost of 14 Gy in 7 fractions (C group).146 patients received whole-breast radiation to 46 Gy in 23 fractions with concomitant tumor bed boost to 60 Gy in 23 fractions (S group).Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the local recurrence and overall survival rates and the differences were compared by Logrank test.Chi-square test was used to compared the differences of the clinical characteristics,toxicity and cosmetic outcome between the two groups.Results The follow-up rate was 100％.After a median follow up of 26 months,the 1-,2-and 3-year overall survival rates were 100％.No patient developed local recurrence.In C and S group,the incidence of grade 1 acute skin toxicity was 46.9％ and 45.1％ (x2 =0.73,P =0.695),grade 2was 16.3％ and 13.7％ (x2 =0.73,P =0.695).Grade 1 late skin and subcutaneous tissue toxicity developed in 16.9％ and 17.1％ of patients in C and S group (x2 =0.00,P =0.954).Grade 1 neutropenia occurred in 11.9％ and 13.7％ of patients in C and S group (x2 =0.23,P =0.633).In C and S group,66.2％ and 65.5％ of patients had excellent and good cosmetic outcome (x2 =0.01,P =0.927).Conclusions Short-course radiotherapy with concomitant tumor bed boost provides similar results to conventional radiotherapy in local control,toxicity and cosmetic outcome.Long-term follow up is warranted to confirm this finding.
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Objective To study the serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the correlation with the heart function in children with Kawasaki disease(KD), and to explore its clinical value for diagnosis of KD. Method A total of 43 children aged from 5 months to 8 years with mean age of (2.3 + 0.6) years with KD admitted from February 2007 to April 2009 were enrolled into this study as KD group, and patients with myocarditis, myocardiopathy, congenital heart disease and other primary heart disease were ruled out. Another 30 healthy children were taken as control health group. There were no significant differences in age and gender between two groups (P >0.05) .The serum levels of BNP were measured both in acute and recovery stages of KD by using ELISA. The serum levels of BNP in healthy children were measured randomly once. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular shorten fraction ( LVSF), cardiac index (CI) and left ventricular inflow velocity through the mitral annulus (including E-velocity and A-velocity) were measured by using two-dimensional echocardiography in acute and recovery stages of KD. Data were analyzed with t -test and the linear regression analysis test. Results The serum level of BNP in acute stage was (517.26 + 213.40) ng/mL and was significantly higher than that in recovery stage (91.56 + 47.97) ng/mL, and higher than that in control group (91.56 + 47.97) ng/mL (P < 0.01). The levels of LVEF, LVSF and CI in the acute stage were significantly lower than those in the recoverystage ( P < 0.0%), but there was no significant difference in E/A between acute stage and recovery stage (P > 0.05). The BNP level had negative correlation with the levels of LVEF, LVSF and CI(r = -0.63, -0.52, and - 0.53, respectively, P < 0.05), but had no significant correlation with E/A (r = - 0.18, P > 0.05). Conclusions The serum levels of BNP increase significantly in the KD patients, and have negative correlation with the levels of LVEF, LVSF and CI. The detection of serum levels of BNP has an important significance for diagnosis of KD.
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Objective In order to cure some patients with the following characteristics which appear only when smiling: elevation and shortening of the upper lip, a transverse furrow below the co-lumella, and increased exposure of the maxillary gums, we reported a new surgical procedure to cor-rect this deformities. Methods By means of a transfixion incision extended laterally along the vestibu-lar or the upper gingivolabial sulcus incision, part of the depressor septi and orbicularis muscle were excised, and extensive separation were made to lower the upper lip. Results 27 cases of short upper lip were treated. Among the total, the transfixion incisions were made in 9 cases, and the upper gingi-volabial sulcus incisions were made in 18 cases. These procedures achieved lowering the upper lip, lighting or disappearing the transverse furrow, and covering the exaggerated exposure of the gums when patients smiled. At the same time the rhinoplasties were done in 6 cases. Through the above-mentioned we were able to correct the deformities on rhino-gingivolabial part only when the faces moved, achieved some kind of beauty for patients, and obtained satisfactory results. Conclusions Some patients have added defects .that are exported only when they begin to make facial movements. The cause of these characteristics is hypertrophy of the depressor septi nasi muscles. We describe the technique that is not only to correct the defects but also to enhance the patient's smile. It is worth to recommend for clinical application.
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Objective To reasonably control the inventory and shorten the purchase time on the premise of ensuring clinical application. Methods By Six Sigma management method, the purchases process of equipment parts was improved in hospital so that the best approach for the equipment parts purchase was provided. Results The time to the purchase of equipment parts have an average reduction of 10.5 days. Conclusion There is a significant difference between the two groups (before and after the improvement). It shows that the Six Sigma is an effective method to improve accessory purchasing management processing for hospital.