ABSTRACT
Habb-ul-Aas is a commercial drug obtained from Myrtus communis L and widely used for abdominal disorders in Pakistan. This sclerophyllous shrub is commonly found in the Lower Dir, Malakand Division, Pakistan. This plant is used as crude drug in herbal as well as pharmaceutical industry due to presence of aromatic oil obtained from various parts of the plant. Two varieties viz., italic and baetica of the plant exist in the world; however, no study reported before about the existence of this species up to the varietal level from Pakistan. The current study was undertaken to characterize the existing germplasm by using certain morphometric parameters in relation to physiognomic features. They exhibit high variability among characters, especially for characteristics useful in selecting cultivars for commercial production. Among the various ecotypes, MBT3 possessed high shoot length (29.96cm), leaf area (2.3cm), fruit volume (0.97ml) & fruit weight (0.88g) and pulp (0.87g) and therefore recommended for the cultivar development.
Subject(s)
Myrtus communis , Ecotype , Seed BankABSTRACT
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Abstract The growth in broiler chicken production has been a determining factor regarding Colombia's economy and a determining factor in promoting the countryside's economic development. Using probiotics containing lactic acid-producing bacteria in broiler chickens' diet contributes to intestinal flora integrity and stability, thereby hampering pathogen proliferation which helps prevent diseases and improve productivity. This research was aimed at evaluating broiler chicken nutrient digestibility and production parameters by including cayenne pepper flour (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, L.) with and without a probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus) plus pectin in chicken feed to replace concentrated food. This project was carried out in Villavicencio in Colombia's Meta department; 90 broilers were fed on broiler starter concentrate for 15 days. T1 treatment consisted of concentrate commercial (CC) milled crumble, T2 CC plus 6% cayenne flour (CF) and T3 CC plus 12% CF; these treatments were compared with a probiotic (WP) and without it (WoP) plus pectin (PP). Cayenne pepper green stems and leaves were harvested 60 days after the last pruning for making CF; they were dehydrated for 72 hours at 60oC and then ground. The chickens' average weight was 675.1±50g; a randomised complete block design (RCBD) was used, along with Tukey's multiple comparison test for statistical analysis of the resulting data. Excreta were collected over a five-day period for estimating digestibility coefficients (DC). Broiler diets and excreta were analysed regarding dry matter (DM), protein, fibre, fat, non-nitrogenous extract (NNE) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF); % total digestible nutrients (TDN) and protein biological value (BV) were estimated. Production variables such as food consumption rate, weight gain, feed conversion and carcass yield were evaluated. T2 had the highest DM WoP DC (0.91) and DM WP DC (0.93) compared to those for T1 (0.71 DM WoP DC and DM WP DC 0.72) (p<0.05); the same happened for T2 protein (0.88 DM WoP DC and 0.92 DM WP DC) and fibre (0.82 DM WoP DC and 0.84 DM WP DC), such DC being greater (p<0.05) than those for T3 (protein 0.72 DM WoP DC and 0.81 DM WP DC and fibre 0.56 DM WoP DC and 0.57 DM WP DC). T2 had the highest TDN value: 92 (83%) compared to T3: 77 (56%). All treatments had DM similar consumption rates. Daily weight gain was higher (p<0.05) for T1 WoP (93.74g) and WP (89.78g) compared to T3 (84.08g T1 WoP and 81.95g WP); no differences were observed regarding T2. T2 WoP (2.0) and T3 WP (1.95) had the lowest food to weight conversion rates; the probiotic had an effect on this because T2 WP (1.74) was similar to T1 WoP (1.81) and WP (1.86). T1 WP (66.12%) and WoP (65.49%) and T2 WP (64.92%) had promising carcass yields compared to that for the other treatments. There were no differences between T2 and T1 regarding most variables evaluated here, meaning that commercial concentrate can be confidently replaced by 6% cayenne flour in broiler diets during their fattening phase.
Resumo O crescimento da produção avícola tem sido um fator determinante na economia, sendo um dos motores para promover o desenvolvimento econômico do campo colombiano. O uso de probióticos que contêm bactérias produtoras de ácido lático na ração de aves contribui para a integridade e estabilidade da flora intestinal, dificultando a proliferação de patógenos, o que ajuda a prevenir doenças e melhorar o desempenho produtivo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e parâmetros produtivos em frangos de corte incluindo a farinha de pimenta de Caiena (Hibiscus rosa sinensis) sem e com probiótico (Lactobacilius acidophilus) mais pectina em substituição ao concentrado. Este projeto foi realizado em Villavicencio, Meta, foram utilizados 90 frangos, durante 15 dias, eles foram alimentados com concentrado inicial. Os tratamentos foram: T1 concentrado comercial moído (CC), T2 CC e farinha de pimenta-caiena 6% (HC) e T3 CC e 12% HC, comparando-se esses tratamentos sem (SP) e com probiótico mais pectina (CP). Para a produção do HC, os caules verdes e as folhas de caiena foram colhidos 60 dias após o último corte, foram desidratados por 72 horas a 60 graus centígrados e moídos. O peso médio dos frangos foi de 675,1 ± 50g, sendo distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e aplicado o teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey. Para estimar os coeficientes de digestibilidade (COD), as excretas foram coletadas por cinco dias. As dietas e excretas foram analisadas: matéria seca (MS), proteína, fibra, gordura, extrato não nitrogenado (ENN) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). Foram estimados: nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), valor biológico (VB) da proteína. Variáveis produtivas como: consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e rendimento de carcaça também foram avaliadas. O maior DM COD (P <0,05) foi para T2 SP e CP: 0,91 e 0,93 VS T1 0,71 e 0,72, o mesmo aconteceu com o COD de proteína e fibra de T2 sendo maior (P <0,05) em relação ao T3: 0,88 e 0,92 VS 0,72 e 0,81; 0,82 e 084 VS 0,56 e 0,57, respectivamente. O maior valor de NDT foi para T2: 92,83% VS T3: 77,56%. O consumo de matéria seca foi semelhante para todos os tratamentos. O ganho de peso diário foi maior (P <0,05) em T1 CP e SP 93,74 e 89,78 g em comparação com T3 84,08 e 81,95 g, não foram observadas diferenças com T2. As conversões de alimentação para peso mais baixas foram para T2 SP (2,0) e T3 CP (1,95). Observando o efeito do probiótico em T2 CP (1,74). O desempenho de carcaça foi semelhante para todos os tratamentos, embora valores numericamente superiores tenham sido observados em T1 CP e SP; T2 CP: 66,12, 65,49 e 64,92%), em relação aos demais tratamentos. Na maioria das variáveis avaliadas, T2 não apresentou diferença com T1, o que significa que nas dietas para aves em fase de engorda, o concentrado comercial pode ser substituído por 6% de farinha de pimenta de caiena.
ABSTRACT
The genus Phlogacanthus Nees belongs to the family Acanthaceae and is represented by herbs or shrubs species. The present work shows detailed karyomorphological studies in two species, Phlogacanthus quadrangularis (Hook.) Heine and Phlogacanthus guttatus Nees. Both the species grow as undergrowth vegetation. The conservation status of both the species are yet to be determined. The somatic chromosome counts of both the mentioned species are available for the first time, 2n = 40 for P. quadrangularis and 2n = 34 for P. guttatus. The karyomorphological observations showed that both plant species show dominance of sub-telocentric chromosomes with a few metacentric chromosomes. P. quadrangularis have telocentric chromosomes which is absent in the other species. The range of length of chromosomes in P. quadrangularis is from 0.340 lm to 1.32 lm and that of P. guttatus is from 0.560 lm to 1.878 lm. The karyotype type of the two species are classified as 3B type. But the dispersion index (DI) value of both the species are different. P. guttatus shows higher value of DI than P. quadrangularis. Higher the DI value more specialized is the karyotype. By comparing the chromosome length, size, DI value and idiogram of both the species, it is concluded that the karyotype of P. guttatus is more asymmetric and advanced than karyotype of P. quadrangularis. The karyomorphological findings of the present study will aid in determining the importance and utility, ex-situ conservation, protection, preservation and regeneration of germplasm
ABSTRACT
En el humedal El Burro ubicado en la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia), se describió la estructura y diversidad florística de la zona terrestre, para el establecimiento de estrategias de restauración ecológica. Utilizando un muestreo estratificado, se realizaron 15 parcelas de 200 m2 para plantas leñosas con DAP ≥ 1 cm y para herbáceas se siguió el método de cuadrante de 1 m2, con un total de 61 unidades de muestreo. Se identificaron las unidades de vegetación de pastizal y vegetación arbórea y arbustiva mixta, en las cuales se registraron 51 especies incluidas en 45 géneros y 30 familias. El pastizal se encuentra dominado por la especie introducida Pennisetum clandestinum, con presencia de individuos arbustivos y arbóreos de Baccharis bogotensis, Acacia melanoxylon, Acacia decurrens y Salix humboldtiana, entre otras. La unidad de vegetación arbórea y arbustiva mixta se caracteriza por la presencia de las especies Caesalpinia spinosa, Cotoneaster pannosus, A. decurrens, A. melanoxylon y Pittosporum undulatum. La evaluación de las condiciones actuales del ecosistema permitió evidenciar que aun cuando en las dos unidades de vegetación se observa la presencia de especies vegetales nativas en estado de desarrollo juvenil, se deben implementar estrategias para superar la barrera que impone el pastizal con respecto al destino de las semillas y la sobrevivencia de plántulas, que permitan acelerar la regeneración de estos ecosistemas.
In El Burro wetland, located in the city of Bogota (Colombia), the floristic structure and diversity of the terrestrial area were described for establishing ecological restoration strategies. Using a stratified sampling, fifteen 200 m2 plots for woody plants with DBH ≥ 1 cm and for herbaceous plants were made following the 1 m2 quadrant method with a total of 61 sample units. Vegetation grassland and tree and shrub vegetation mixed units were identified, from which 51 species included in 45 genera and 30 families were recorded. The pasture is dominated by the exotic Pennisetum clandestinum species, with the presence of shrubby and arboreal individuals of Baccharis bogotensis, Acacia melanoxylon, Acacia decurrens and Salix humboldtiana, among others. The arboreal vegetation and mixed tree and shrub unit is characterized by the presence of Caesalpinia spinosa, Cotoneaster pannosus, A. decurrens, A. melanoxylon and Pittosporum undulatum. The assessment of current conditions of the ecosystem showed that, even though in the two units of vegetation the presence of native plant species in juvenile development is observed, strategies must be implemented to overcome barrier imposed by the pasture with respect to the destination of seeds and seedling survival which allow accelerating the regeneration of these ecosystems.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pasture , Plants , Trees , EcosystemABSTRACT
La investigación se ejecutó en la Finca Experimental "La María" propiedad de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ) localizada en el km 7¹/2 de la vía Quevedo-Mocache; Provincia de Los Ríos cuya ubicación geográfica de 1º 6' 23" de latitud sur y 79º 29' 12" de longitud oeste y a una altura de 73 m.s.n.m. El objetivo principal fue evaluar el comportamiento productivo de cuyes con la inclusión del 20% de harinas derivadas de follajes arbustivos y arbóreos tropicales. Se utilizaron 40 cuyes macho de 30 días de edad. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos, cuatro réplicas y la unidad experimental estuvo conformado por dos cuyes. Para determinar las diferencias entre medias de tratamientos se aplicó la prueba de Tukey (P≤0.05). Se evaluaron cinco dietas-tratamientos: (T0) dieta 100% balanceado, (T1) 80% dieta y 20% harina de Morus alba, (T2) 80% dieta y 20% harina de Erythrina poeppigiana, (T3) 80% dieta y 20% harina de Tithonia diversifolia, (T4) 80% dieta y 20% harina de Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Las variables bajo estudio fueron: consumo de alimento de balanceado en materia seca (CABMS, g), ganancia de peso (GP, g), índice de conversión alimenticia (ICA) y rendimiento en canal (RC, %). La rentabilidad de los tratamientos se determinó a través de la relación beneficio-costo (R b/c). Los mayores (P<0.01) CABMS, GP-ICA y RC-Rentabilidad, la registraron los tratamientos: T0 (48.34 g MS animal-1 d-1), T1 (8.80 g animal-1 d-1 y 5.04) y el T3 (77.67% y 26.20%), respectivamente.
The research was carried out at the Experimental farm "La María" property of the State Technical University of Quevedo located at km 7¹/2 in road Quevedo-Mocache; Los Ríos province, with a geographical location of 1° 6' 23" south latitude and 79º 29' 12" west longitude, at 73 meters altitude. The aim was to evaluate the productive effect of leaf meal and tropical shrubs with inclusion 20%. Were used 40 male guinea pigs of 30 days age and a completely randomized design with five treatments and four repetitions, two male guinea pigs was used to study. A 56-days experiment was conducted, and was applied the Tukey test (P≤0.05) to determine differences. Five treatments in diets were evaluated: (T0) 100% balanced diet; (T1) 80% and 20% leaf meal Morus alba flour (T2); 80% diet and 20% Erythrina poeppigiana flour; (T3) 80% diet and 20% Tithonia diversifolia flour; (T4) 80% diet and 20% Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flour. The following variables were used: Balanced feed consumption in dry matter (CABMS, g), weight obtained (GP, g), alimentary conversion index (ICA), performance distribution channel (RC, %). The profitability of the treatments was determined using the benefit-cost ratio (R b/c) ratio. The higher (P<0.01) CABMS, GP-ICA, RC- yield, assigned treatments: T0 (48.34 g DM animal-1 d-1), T1 (8.80 g animal-1 d-1 and 5.04) and T3 (77.67 % and 26.20%), respectively.
ABSTRACT
Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre os parâmetros fitossociológicos e o índice de valor de uso para as espécies presentes na comunidade arbóreo-arbustiva em duas fitofisionomias de cerrado no distrito de Miraporanga, município de Uberlândia MG, a fim de se testar a hipótese da aparência ecológica. Para a amostragem da vegetação foi utilizado o método de quadrantes. Posteriormente, elaborou-se uma lista com os nomes populares das espécies encontradas, sendo indagado aos moradores da região através de entrevistas, questões referentes ao conhecimento e utilização das espécies. Foi calculado o índice de valor de uso para todas as espécies conhecidas pelos moradores. As vinte espécies apresentando os maiores índices de valor de uso foram correlacionadas com seus respectivos parâmetros de freqüência, densidade e dominância, tendo sido encontrado uma correlação moderada entre valor de uso e densidade (0,51) e valor de uso e frequência (0,49) para as espécies encontradas no fragmento de cerrado stricto sensu.
In this study our main goal was to analyse the relationship between phytosociological parameters and the use value index for plant species found in two cerrado phytophysiognomies in Miraporanga, a rural section of Uberlândia municipality in Minas Gerais state, in order to test the ecological appearance hypothesis. For vegetation sampling we applied the quadrat method. Afterwards, we created a list containing the vernacular names of all plant species found and then asked Miraporanga dwellers about usage and their knowledge on these plant species. We calculated the use value for all known plant species. The twenty plant species bearing the highest use value indexes were correlated to their frequency, density and dominance parameters. We found a moderate correlation between use value and density (0.51) and use value and frequency (0.49) for species found in cerrado stricto sensu remnant.
Subject(s)
Trees , Ethnobotany , GrasslandABSTRACT
Tropical forests vegetation and community research have tended to focus on the tree component, and limited attention has been paid to understory vegetation. Species diversity and composition of the understory of tropical seasonal rain forest were inventoried in a 625m² area (for sapling layer) and a 100m² area (for herb/seedling layer) in three 1ha plots. We found 3068 individuals belonging to 309 species, 192 genera and 89 families. The most important family as determined by the Family Importance Value (FIV) was Rubiaceae in both sapling and herb/seedling layers. In terms of Importance Value Index (IVI), the shrub Mycetia gracilis (Rubiaceae) was the most important species in the sapling layer and the pteridophyte Selaginella delicatula (Selaginellaceae) was the most ecological significant species in the herb/seedling layer. Much more vascular plant species were registered in the understory than in the tree layer totaled among the three plots. The species diversity did not differ significantly among the tree layer, sapling layer and herb/seedling layer. Given that we still know little about the understory plant community for growth forms other than trees, the results from the present study indicate that more attention should be paid to the understory vegetation during the decision-making process for biodiversity conservation in the tropical forests. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 455-463. Epub 2011 March 01.
La investigación de la vegetación y las comunidades presentes en bosques tropicales han tendido a centrarse en el componente arbóreo, y se ha prestado poca atención a la vegetación del sotobosque. La diversidad de especies y la composición del sotobosque de los bosques tropicales estacionales fueron inventariados en un área de 625m² (identificación de árboles jóvenes) y un área de 100 m² (capa de plántulas/hierbas) en tres parcelas de 1 ha. Hemos encontrado 3 068 individuos pertenecientes a 309 especies, 192 géneros y 89 familias. La familia más importante según lo determinado por el Valor de Importancia por Familia (FIVFamily Important Value) fue Rubiaceae, tanto en la capa de árboles jóvenes como para la de plántulas y hierbas. En términos del Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI-Importance Value Index), el arbusto Mycetia gracilis (Rubiaceae) fue la especie más importante en la capa de árboles jóvenes y la pteridofitas Selaginella delicatula (Selaginellaceae) fue la especie más importante ecológica en la capa de plántulas e hierbas. Mucho más especies de plantas vasculares fueron inventariadas en el sotobosque que en el estrato arbóreo de las tres parcelas juntas. La diversidad de especies no difirió significativamente entre la capa de árboles, la de árboles jóvenes y la de plántulas y de hierbas. Teniendo en cuenta que aún sabemos poco sobre la comunidad de plantas del sotobosque, los resultados del presente estudio indican que debe prestarse más atención a la vegetación del sotobosque durante el proceso de toma de decisiones para la conservación de la biodiversidad en los bosques tropicales.
Subject(s)
Magnoliopsida/classification , Biodiversity , Biomass , Trees , China , Seasons , Tropical ClimateABSTRACT
Interrelations exist in the terrestrial ecosystems between the plant type and characteristics of nutrient uptake. Annual net nitrogen mineralization in soils of different plant communities in the high altitude zone of Spil mountain located in the Mediterranean phytogeographical region of Turkey was investigated throughout one year by field incubation method. Seasonal fluctuations resulting from field incubation were markedly higher in autumn and spring than summer. These are mainly associated with the changes in soil moisture being at minimum in the Mediterranean summer. A significant correlation was developed between the net Nitrate (kg NO3--N ha week-1) production and soil water content (p<0.05; r =0.316 in soil of 0-5 cm; r =0.312 in soil of 5-15 cm). The results showed that the annual productivity of nitrogen mineralization shows different values depending on communities. Annual net ammonium (NH4+-N) production in the soils of each community was negatively estimated. However, annual net nitrate (NO3--N) production (0-15 cm) was higher in grassland (27.8 kg ha y-1) and shrub (25.0 kg ha y-1) than forest (12.4 kg ha y-1) community. While annual net Nmin values were close to each other in grassland (14.5 kg ha y-1) and shrub (14.1 kg ha y-1), but negative in forest community (-3.6 kg ha y-1). The reasons for these differences are discussed.
ABSTRACT
Color sticky traps are one of the main alternatives to collect insect vectors, as they are easy to handle and are inexpensive. We aimed to compare the effect of color and height of the traps on the attractiveness to potential cicadellids vectors of plant pathogens. Yellow and green colored stick traps were placed at two different heights in plant of Gaultheria phillyreifolia. Seventeen leafhopper species were identified, with Ribautiana tenerrima Herrich-Shãffer (49 percent), Carelmapu ramosi Linnavuori & DeLong (33 percent), Carelmapu aurionitens Linnavuori (5 percent) and Atanus sp. (6 percent) being the most common. All these species were significantly attracted by yellow sticky traps. Ribautiana tenerrima was the only species affected by the height of the sticky traps. However, this was also dependent on the sampling season. The phytoplasma vector candidate, C. ramosi, showed two population peaks in early and late summer, which may indicate two different generations. Males of this species were more abundant than females on sticky traps, but were both similarly attracted to yellow sticky traps. No differences were detected in the capture efficiency of both sexes at any height of the traps. The high proportion of C. ramosi captured suggests that the yellow sticky traps can be an important element for monitoring this species.
Las trampas pegajosas de colores son una de las principales alternativas en la captura de insectos vectores, debido a su bajo costo y su fácil implementación. El objetivo fue comparar las preferencias a los colores y la altura de colocación de trampas para los posibles cicadélidos vectores de fitopatógenos. Trampas pegajosas amarillas y verdes fueron colocadas en plantas de Gaultheria phillyreifolia a dos distintas alturas. Se diferenciaron 17 especies de cicadélidos, siendo Ribautiana tenerrima Herrich-Shãffer (49 por ciento), Carelmapu ramosi Linnavuori & DeLong, Carelmapu aureonitens Linnavuori (33 y 5 por ciento), Atanus sp. (6 por ciento) las especies más comunes. Todas estas especies se vieron significativamente atraídas por trampas de color amarillo. Ribautiana tenerrima fue la única especie afectada por la altura de las trampas pegajosas, aunque este efecto fue influenciado por la temporada de colecta. La especie candidato a vector, C. ramosi, presentó dos curvas de crecimiento al inicio y finales del verano, lo cual puede representar la emergencia de dos generaciones distintas. Machos de esta especie fueron más abundantes que las hembras en las trampas pegajosas, pero ambos con una similar preferencia hacia el color amarillo. Además, no se detectaron diferencias en la posición de las trampas en la captura de ambos sexos. La alta proporción capturada de C. ramosi, sugiere que trampas de color amarillo pueden ser um elemento importante en el monitoreo de esta especie.