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Resumen El estudio se cuestiona sobre un abordaje fructífero en el estudio de los efectos de la modalidad lingüística (de señas versus oral) en la organización de la memoria semántica. Para responder la pregunta de investigación, un aspecto central es definir criterios y procedimientos capaces de distinguir entre los factores transportados por la modalidad lingüística de los que le son propios. Entre los primeros, se encuentran la edad de exposición a la lengua natural y su distribución funcional, etaria o geográfica. Entre los aspectos propios de la modalidad se incluyen la iconicidad y el grado de concreción/abstracción de las piezas léxicas. Se sugiere centrarse en el uso de dicho gradiente para evocar dominios conceptuales. Si lo concreto/abstracto es un continuo, entonces hay que preguntarse qué forma de organización es predominante en el léxico mental de las poblaciones señantes u oyentes y qué factores modulan el perfil de esa organización.
Abstract The efforts to understand the relationship of the meaning of a lexical piece to the object to which it refers, the relationship between the lexical pieces and the concepts, and the understanding of the meanings shared between two speakers who use the same lexical pieces have all constituted major problems for the semantic memory models. According to contemporary literature, perceptual-motor, linguistic, and social information have different weights in the formation of concepts, whether concrete or abstract, stored in the aforementioned memory. Regardless of the models developed so far, it is interesting to note that semantic knowledge is represented by various ways of relating the concepts and the types of relationships between them. In this context, studies in sign languages and comparative studies between spoken and sign languages are scarce. Thus, little is known about the effect of linguistic modality on the semantic networks. After all, the theory on semantic networks and norms for the production of features has been grounded on theories of language and its processing adjusted to spoken languages. As the incorporation of the sign language and the Deaf population has shown in other psycholinguistic and linguistic topics, the importance of including these languages and populations, and comparatives with spoken languages, might increase the explanatory power of the theory to account for the universal and contextual aspects of language and its processing. In this effort, there is a latent risk: the linguistic modality can be only a vehicle for more well-known or studied cross-modal variables (e. g., age of acquisition, functional distribution of language, size of the available lexicon, etc.). If it is considered that languages are not stored together, but similar processes can occur in them, it is essential to find out what may be a singular feature of each modality (spoken versus sign) that might ground differentiated processes. Considering the high iconicity of the sign languages and the possibility of a high concreteness of the lexical pieces in the sign language as distinctive features -not collapsible into well-known variables such as the aforementioned-, this article suggests a careful approach to avoid the aforementioned risk in the study of the effects of the linguistic modality (sign versus oral) in the organization of semantic memory. Since perceptual-motor and social information are the main sources of iconicity, a balanced instrument is necessary in the evocation of perceptual-motor, social, and linguistic information. Repeated free word association tasks seem like an appropriate paradigm for a suggested approach. The reasons for this are that, by not censoring the types of response, then free association tasks allow capturing all kinds of concepts (concrete or abstract), all kinds of semantic relationships/organization (paradigmatic versus thematic) and all kinds of processes (comparison versus interaction). This type of task therefore makes it possible to collect meanings related to linguistic information and non-linguistic experience because affective and experiential information is accessible by doing the task in different repetitions. The approach and the tool are exemplified by an ongoing comparative study between Deaf signing and hearing populations. The partial findings of this study also serve to focus on the expected effects of the difference in iconicity and the level of concreteness/abstractness of the lexical pieces of each linguistic modality; namely, the differences between an abstract and a concrete conceptualization of the conceptual domains. Taxonomic and introspective labels might appear as indicative of paradigmatic relationships, of a taxonomic organization, and of underlying comparison processes. On the other hand, the situational and entity labels, indicative of syntagmatic relationships, of a thematic organization and of underlying interaction processes, might suggest a predominantly concrete organization.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To reflect about the barriers experienced by the deaf population during the COVID-19 pandemic, the proposals to overcome communication barriers in health care and the role of public policies in effecting the social inclusion of deaf people. Methods: Reflection based on studies on health care for deaf people, the COVID-19 pandemic and public accessibility policies. Results: The global crisis of COVID-19 has deepened pre-existing inequalities in the world, in addition to highlighting the vulnerability of people with disabilities, including deaf. Government, institutional and social initiatives to mitigate difficulties in communicating to deaf people have been made, but they are still insufficient to guarantee protection for them in this pandemic and full inclusion in health care. Final considerations: Social inclusion, supported by law, and the linguistic accessibility of deaf people still need to generate broad and concrete actions so that deaf people can enjoy their rights as citizens.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Disertar sobre los obstáculos vividos por la población sorda durante la pandemia de COVID-19, las propuestas para superar las barreras de comunicación en la atención sanitaria y el papel de las políticas públicas en la inclusión social efectiva de los sordos. Métodos: Es una reflexión basada en estudios sobre atención sanitaria de la persona sorda, COVID-19 y políticas públicas de accesibilidad. Resultados: La crisis global de COVID-19 está profundizando las desigualdades preexistentes en el mundo, además de poner de manifiesto la vulnerabilidad de las personas discapacitadas, entre ellas las sordas. Se están llevando a cabo iniciativas gubernamentales, institucionales y sociales para mitigar las dificultades de comunicación de los sordos, pero todavía son insuficientes para garantizarles protección en esta pandemia y plena inclusión en la atención sanitaria. Consideraciones finales: Es necesario impulsar la inclusión social, respaldada por la ley, y la accesibilidad lingüística de los sordos con acciones amplias y concretas para que puedan disfrutar de sus derechos como ciudadanos.
RESUMO Objetivo: Dissertar sobre os entraves vivenciados pela população surda durante a pandemia de COVID-19, as propostas para superar as barreiras comunicacionais no atendimento em saúde e o papel das políticas públicas na efetivação da inclusão social de surdos. Métodos: Reflexão baseada em estudos sobre assistência à saúde da pessoa surda, pandemia de COVID-19 e políticas públicas de acessibilidade. Resultados: A crise global da COVID-19 tem aprofundado desigualdades pré-existentes no mundo, além de evidenciar a vulnerabilidade de pessoas com deficiência, entre elas as surdas. Iniciativas governamentais, institucionais e sociais para mitigar dificuldades na comunicação aos surdos têm sido feitas, mas ainda são insuficientes para garantir-lhes proteção nesta pandemia e plena inclusão nos cuidados de saúde. Considerações finais: A inclusão social, amparada por lei, e a acessibilidade linguística de surdos ainda necessitam gerar ações amplas e concretas para que as pessoas surdas possam usufruir dos direitos que lhes cabem como cidadãs.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to assess construct validity and reliability of the Self-Assessment of Occupational Functioning Scale in its Brazilian Sign Language version with deaf people. Methods: a methodological research study, with a sample of 121 deaf individuals, conducted virtually from January 2018 to July 2019 with dissemination throughout Brazil. Collection took place from the Self-Assessment of Occupational Functioning Scale in its transculturally adapted version for the Brazilian Sign Language. For the analysis of construct validation, the Student's t test for independent samples was used, while internal consistency was tested with the Kuder-Richardson test. Reproducibility was analyzed by means of the test-retest technique, using the McNemar test for the items and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Pearson's correlation coefficient for the scores of the domains. Results: the Self-Assessment of Occupational Functioning Scale, in its version in Brazilian Sign Language, showed to be valid and reliable for the sum of the scores, and the mean of the domains obtained good internal consistency both in the total score (0.89) and for the items of the instrument. Conclusion: the instrument showed to be valid and reliable for deaf people. Offering a validated instrument to deaf individuals may provide this collective with the opportunity to expose their needs or demands regarding occupational functioning, allowing both health professionals and researchers in the area to plan care and research studies in a more inclusive and targeted manner, enabling benefits for the deaf.
RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la validez de constructo y la confiabilidad de la Escala de Autoevaluación del Funcionamiento Ocupacional en su versión en el Lenguaje de Señas Brasileño con personas sordas. Método: investigación metodológica, con una muestra de 121 personas sordas, realizada entre enero de 2018 y julio de 2019 de manera virtual con divulgación en la totalidad del territorio de Brasil. Los datos se recolectaron a partir da Escala de Autoevaluación del Funcionamiento Ocupacional en su versión adaptada transculturalmente para el Lenguaje de Señas Brasileño. Para el análisis de la validación de constructo, se utilizó la prueba t de Student para muestras independientes, mientras que la consistencia interna se evaluó mediante la prueba de Kuder-Richardson. La reproducibilidad se analizó por medio de la técnica test-retest, empleando la prueba de McNemar para los ítems y el Intraclass Correlation Coefficient y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para los puntajes de los dominios. Resultados: la Escala de Autoevaluación del Funcionamiento Ocupacional, en su versión en el Lenguaje de Señas Brasileño, demostró ser válida y confiable para la suma de los puntajes, y la media de los dominios obtuvo buena consistencia interna tanto en el puntaje total (0,89) como para los ítems del instrumento. Conclusión: el instrumento demostró ser válido y confiable para las personas sordas. Ofrecer un instrumento validado a las personas sordas podrá proporcionar a este segmento de la población la oportunidad de exponer sus necesidades o demandas en relación con el funcionamiento ocupacional, permitiendo así que tanto los profesionales de la salud como los investigadores del área planifiquen la atención y los estudios de investigación de manera más inclusiva y direccionada, viabilizando beneficios para la comunidad sorda.
RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a validade de constructo e a confiabilidade da Escala de Autoavaliação do Funcionamento Ocupacional em sua versão em Língua Brasileira de Sinais com surdos. Método: pesquisa metodológica, com amostra de 121 surdos, no período de janeiro de 2018 a julho de 2019, realizada de maneira virtual com divulgação em todo o Brasil. A coleta foi realizada a partir da Escala de Autoavaliação do Funcionamento Ocupacional em sua versão adaptada transculturalmente para a Língua Brasileira de Sinais. Para a análise da validação de constructo, utilizou-se o teste t de Student para amostras independentes, enquanto a consistência interna foi testada por Kuder-Richardson. A reprodutibilidade foi analisada pela técnica teste-reteste, utilizando-se o teste de McNemar para os itens e o Intraclass Correlation Coefficient e o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para os escores dos domínios. Resultados: a Escala Autoavaliação do Funcionamento Ocupacional, em sua versão em Língua Brasileira de Sinais, mostrou-se válida e confiável para a soma dos escores e a média dos domínios teve boa consistência interna no escore total (0,89) e boa consistência interna para os itens do instrumento. Conclusão: o instrumento mostrou-se válido e confiável para os surdos. Ofertar um instrumento validado aos surdos poderá proporcionar, a esse coletivo, a oportunidade de expor suas necessidades ou demandas no que concerne ao funcionamento ocupacional, permitindo, aos profissionais de saúde, assim como aos pesquisadores da área, planejar o cuidado e as pesquisas de forma mais inclusiva e direcionada, viabilizando benefícios à comunidade surda.
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Humans , Sign Language , Surveys and Questionnaires , Occupational Therapy , Validation Study , DeafnessABSTRACT
RESUMO Com o advento da produção e ampla circulação de vídeos por meio da internet, os surdos ganharam um espaço novo e independente para expressão cultural, formando, nos últimos 20 anos, acervos digitais que configuram materialmente uma surdo-memória em línguas de sinais. Assim sendo, este artigo apresenta o mapeamento e a proposta de uma gramática visual para os vídeos didáticos e acadêmicos-culturais em línguas de sinais que circulam hoje em repositórios digitais, em especial o YouTube. O objetivo deste estudo é duplo: conceber uma representação icônica para os artefatos produzidos pela/para a comunidade surda no formato vídeo e apresentar um catálogo inicial de soluções visuais capturadas dessas produções, sistematizando-as para futuros autores e criadores de conteúdos. Metodologicamente, focamos na abordagem composicional utilizada na análise de 24 produções selecionadas e estudadas por nosso grupo de pesquisa ao longo do biênio 2017-2018. Como resultado do estudo, definimos sete elementos basilares constituintes e um conjunto de variações e relações possíveis entre eles, tomando por empréstimo e inspiração categorias inicialmente apresentadas por teóricos da imagem e das artes visuais, em especial Arnheim, Dondis e Leborg.
ABSTRACT With the emergence of production and wide circulation of videos through the internet, deaf persons have gained a new and independent space for cultural expression, forming, in the last 20 years, digital collections that materially constitute a deaf-memory in sign languages. Thus, this paper presents the mapping and proposal of a visual grammar for pedagogic and academic-cultural videos in sign languages that currently circulate in digital repositories, in particular, YouTube. This study has a twofold aim: to propose an iconic representation for video artifacts created by/for the deaf community and to present an initial catalog of visual solutions captured from these products, organizing them for future authors and content creators. In terms of methodology, we focus on the compositional approach used in the analysis of 24 productions selected and examined by our research group in 2017-2018. As an outcome of the study, we have defined seven constituent basic elements and a set of possible variations and relationships between them, borrowing, for inspiration, categories originally presented by image and visual art theorists, including Arnheim, Dondis, and Leborg.