Analysis of the Difference in Nutrients Intake, Dietary Behaviors and Food Intake Frequency of Single- and Non Single-Person Households: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2014–2016 / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to compare the dietary life of single- and non single-person households in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). METHODS: A nationally representative sample of 20,421 19-64-year-olds who had 24-hour recall data was taken from the 2014-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Single- and non single-persons were compared for nutrient intake, dietary behaviors, food consumption patterns, nutrition education and confirm nutrition label. RESULTS: The dietary intakes of dietary fiber and iron were lower in single-person households than in non single-person households. The lower the level of education and income, the lower the nutrient intake of single-person households. In the case of those aged 19 to 29, the breakfast skipping rate was higher in single-person households than in non single-person households. The higher the education level, the higher the breakfast skipping rate and the eating out frequency in the single-person households. In the food intake survey, the frequency of healthy food intake in single-person households was much lower than that of non single-person households. The confirmation rate of nutrition labeling was lower in single-person households than in non single-person households. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that single-person households have poorer health-nutritional behaviors than multi-person households. Therefore, a nutrition education program based on the data of this study needs to be developed for health promotion of single-person households.

Comparison of Health Status and Nutrient Intake by Household Type in the Elderly Population

BACKGROUND: The health condition of old age is affected by various factors such as economic level, disease condition, and nutrition. With the aging population in Korea, the ratio of single-person households increased rapidly. Research on the health status and nutrition of the elderly in the single-person household is very insufficient. In this study, we compared the health and nutritional status of the elderly by the household type. METHODS: Data from the 2013 to 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. A total of 2,730 patients were classified into 2 groups (single-person, with family), and general, chronic disease, health behavior, nutrient intake, and food insecurity status were compared by the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Single-person households had a low economic and educational level and a higher percentage of women. In addition, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, stroke, myocardial infarction disease rate was significantly higher. Sing-person households answered that their subjective health status was bad, and their quality of life was low. As a result of analysis of the quality of the diet in the single-person, the intake of protein, calcium, iron, vitamin B2, niacin, and vitamin C was significantly lower. In particular, the intake of calcium was the most insufficient. Food insecurity has also been observed, including the inability to consume diverse and sufficient foods due to economic difficulties. CONCLUSIONS: More attention should be paid to the health of single-person households in elderly population and various policies should be prepared.

Factors Associated with Unmet Dental Needs among Single-Person Households in Korea / 치위생과학회지

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to provide the data for discussions related to oral health promotion policies for single-person households by analyzing the status of unmet dental needs and related factors in single-person households in Korea, based on the Anderson model. METHODS: The data, obtained from 544 single-person households of those over 20 years old who were targeted for the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, were analyzed through a complex sample frequency analysis, complex sample cross analysis (Rao-Scott chi-square test), and complex sample binary logistic regression analysis on a complex sampling design. RESULTS: The most frequently given reason for an unmet dental need among single-person households was economic (52.4%). Factors related to the unmet dental needs of single-person households are smoking, which is a predisposing factor; personal income levels, which are an enabling factor; chewing discomfort; and limited daily activities, which are need factors. Smokers, the high-income group, the chewing-discomfort group, and the limited activity group showed high unmet dental care experience. Smokers had a 2.75 times higher rate of unmet dental care than non-smokers, and the high-income group had a 5.29 times higher rate of unmet dental needs than the median group. The rate of unmet dental needs for the chewing discomfort group was 3.27 times higher than the non-chewing discomfort group, and the limited activity group had a 7.87 times higher rate of unmet dental needs than the non-limited activity group. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to map out policies designed to help maintain and promote met dental needs considered to be internally heterogeneous to single-person householders, based on the Anderson model.

Analysis of the Difference in Nutrients Intake, Dietary Behaviors and Food Intake Frequency of Single- and Non Single-Person Households: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2014–2016 / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to compare the dietary life of single- and non single-person households in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). METHODS: A nationally representative sample of 20,421 19-64-year-olds who had 24-hour recall data was taken from the 2014-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Single- and non single-persons were compared for nutrient intake, dietary behaviors, food consumption patterns, nutrition education and confirm nutrition label. RESULTS: The dietary intakes of dietary fiber and iron were lower in single-person households than in non single-person households. The lower the level of education and income, the lower the nutrient intake of single-person households. In the case of those aged 19 to 29, the breakfast skipping rate was higher in single-person households than in non single-person households. The higher the education level, the higher the breakfast skipping rate and the eating out frequency in the single-person households. In the food intake survey, the frequency of healthy food intake in single-person households was much lower than that of non single-person households. The confirmation rate of nutrition labeling was lower in single-person households than in non single-person households. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that single-person households have poorer health-nutritional behaviors than multi-person households. Therefore, a nutrition education program based on the data of this study needs to be developed for health promotion of single-person households.

Evaluation of the Nutrition Status and Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence of the Members according to the Number of Household Members based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2014) / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the nutritional status and prevalence of metabolic syndrome of the people who participated in the KNHANES according to the number of household members. They were assessed by using information from the 2013~2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). METHODS: A total of 6,088 persons aged 19 years and over participated in 2013~2014 KNHANES, and they were classified into three groups according to the number of household members (single-person, two-person, three-person & over). The dietary behavior, nutritional status, health-related factors and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome of the subjects were investigated with using information from the survey questionnaires of KNHANES. The nutrient intake data of the subjects were obtained by the 24-hour recall method and this was analyzed for evaluating the nutrition adequacy ratio and the index of nutritional quality. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the subjects, and according to the study groups, was estimated using the blood and physical measurement data of the subjects. RESULTS: As for EQ-5D index available for all the health states generated by the EQ-5D descriptive system, the single-person household member was the lowest among all the household types. The index of nutrition quality for protein, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, riboflavin and vitamin C in the single-person household was lower than that of the two-person or the three-person and over households (p<0.001). The mean adequacy ratio of single-person households was significantly decreased compared with that of the other types of households (p<0.001). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in the single-person households than that in the multiple-person households (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that dietary behaviors, nutrition status and health status might be influenced by the number of household members. The results from this study would be useful for improving Korean people's dietary life and health status by implementing evidence-based, specialized intervention for the members of diverse types of households.

A single person operation procedure and experience of tail vein injection in conscious tree shrews / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To introduce a single person operation procedure for tail vein injection in conscious tree shrews,and to improve the success rate of injection. Methods The tree shrew was fixed by a canvas glove and a clamp. The tail of the tree shrew was fixed by the operator's left hand, and the drug was injected by the right hand with a 1 mL disposable syringe. Results This method had the advantages of simple operation,economy and practicality,good fixation effect,high matching degree of animals and high success rate of drug administration. Conclusions Compared with other methods,this method has obvious advantages such as single person operation, convenient, time-saving and labor-saving. The cost is low and the effect is good,thus significantly improving the success rate of injection.

Trends in single women with malignancy of the uterine cervix in United States / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To examine trends and characteristics of single women with malignancy of the uterine cervix. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study examining the United States population-based tumor registry (the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program). Time-specific trends in single marital status were examined in 3,294,208 women among 12 common female malignancies including 87,151 women with uterine cervical malignancy between 1973 and 2013. RESULTS: While the proportion of single women in the majority of malignancies increased during the study time, the proportion of single women with cervical malignancy significantly increased more than in other malignancies (29.3% in 2013 from 6.3% in 1973). There was a surge in the proportion of single women with cervical malignancy starting in the early 1990s, exhibiting the largest annual percentage rate change (APC) among all examined malignancies (1.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.6, 2.0; p < 0.001). There was a significant decrease in the proportion of women aged < 40 years with cervical malignancy between 1989 and 2013 (APC, −1.2%; 95% CI=−1.4, −1.0; p < 0.001). However, when stratified by age, the proportion of single women aged ≥40 years increased significantly during the time (APC, 2.7%; 95% CI=2.3, 3.2; p < 0.001) but did not in those who were < 40 years (APC, 0.1%; 95% CI=−0.7, 0.6; p=0.850). CONCLUSION: The proportion of single women with malignancy of the uterine cervix has significantly increased in the past 4 decades. This increase was most dramatic in single women aged ≥40 years. Improving screening strategies in single women aged ≥40 years may help reduce the incidence of this malignancy.

Current State of Home Palliative Care and Factors Influencing Death at Home for Terminally Ill Cancer Patients Living in Single-person Households

Purpose: This study investigated the current state of medical care and palliative care provided at home and the factors influencing death at home for terminally ill cancer patients living in single-person households. Methods: We conducted a retrospective questionnaire study of 1032 cancer patients living in single-person households who received home palliative care from 17 specialized home care clinics and finished home care between June and November 2013. We compared patient background factors, outcomes, home care services, and medical care between these patients and others not living in single-person households to investigate factors influencing death at home. Results: Compared with patients not living in single-person households, the patients living in single-person households were older, had a better performance status at initiation of home palliative care, showed a lower preference for dying at home, and received more frequent social hospitalization. Among the subjects from single-person households, factors influencing death at home were a family preference for dying at home (odds ratio (OR)=14.0), poor performance status at initiation of home palliative care (OR=4.0), and no hospitalization during home palliative care (OR=16.6). Conclusion: We found that death at home for terminally ill cancer patients living in single-person households and receiving home medical care and palliative care was influenced by family preference, the performance status at initiation of home palliative care, and hospitalization during home palliative care.

Voces de adolescentes gestantes solteras en la experiencia de cuidado familiar / Voices of single pregnant teenagers in the family care experience

INTRODUCCIÓN. Diariamente en el mundo se dan 20 mil nacimientos de madres adolescentes, conllevando a repercusiones biológicas, psicológicas y sociales. México es el primer país con natalidad adolescente de los países que integran la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos. De acuerdo a evidencia científica, el cuidado familiar puede fungir como un factor protector para la vulnerabilidad y estigma social que representa la maternidad en condición de soltería. Sin embargo, son nulos los estudios encaminados a develar las voces de adolescentes gestantes solteras en la experiencia de cuidado familiar. Consiguiente se plantea la pregunta cómo es la experiencia de las adolescentes gestantes solteras (AGS) en cuidado familiar? OBJETIVO GENERAL. Interpretar la experiencia de AGS en cuidado familiar. METODOLOGÍA. Estudio cualitativo, fenomenológico hermenéutico. Selección de participantes por criterio de conveniencia y saturación de datos. Recolección de datos a través de cedula de datos sociodemográficos, diario de campo, visitas domiciliarias y entrevista en profundidad, duración promedio 80 minutos y dos sesiones, audio grabada previo consentimiento informado doble rubrica. Posterior transcripción fidedigna de datos, codificación, reducción y análisis. RESULTADOS. Del análisis emanan: Categoría 1. El mundo interior de la AGS, subcategorías: 1.1 El miedo, 1.2 La tristeza, 1.3 La alegría. Categoría 2. Experimentando el cuidado familiar, subcategorías: 2.1 Dinámicas familiares cambiantes, 2.2 Tipos de cuidado familiar. CONCLUSIÓN. La experiencia de gestación temprana en condición de soltería resulta un fenómeno complejo, social, transgeneracional y cultural que "multi-violenta" a las AGS. A pesar del cuidado familiar que perciben, son el rechazo, angustia y vergüenza los sentimientos que imperan en su experiencia. La ponderación social antes que personal del fenómeno, les ubica en el llamado "se dice" (Heidegger) resultando un Dasein inauténtico. Comprender la experiencia de las AGS en cuidado familiar, para enfermería, aproxima a un cuidado holístico.

INTRODUCTION. Every day in the world there are 20 thousand births of adolescent mothers, leading to biological, psychological and social repercussions. Mexico is the first country with an adolescent birth rate in the countries that make up the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. According to scientific evidence, family care can serve as a protective factor for the vulnerability and social stigma that represents single motherhood. However, studies aimed at revealing the voices of single pregnant teenagers in the family care experience are null. The question arises as to what is the experience of unmarried pregnant women (AGS) in family care? GENERAL OBJECTIVE. Interpret the AGS experience in family care METHODOLOGY. Qualitative, phenomenological hermeneutic study. Selection of participants by criterion of convenience and data saturation. Data collection through socio-demographic data, field diary, home visits and in-depth interview, average duration 80 minutes and two sessions, recorded audio prior double informed consent. Positive transcript of data, coding, reduction and analysis. RESULTS. From the analysis emanate: Category 1. The inner world of the AGS, subcategories: 1.1 The fear, 1.2 The sadness, 1.3 The joy. Category 2. Experiencing family care, subcategories: 2.1 Changing family dynamics, 2.2 Types of family care. CONCLUSION. The experience of early gestation in singles condition is a complex, social, transgenerational and cultural phenomenon that ""multi-violent"" to the AGS. Despite the family care they perceive, they are rejection, anguish and shame the feelings that prevail in their experience. The social rather than personal weighting of the phenomenon places them in the socalled ""is said"" (Heidegger) resulting in an inauthentic Dasein. Understanding the AGS experience in family care, for nursing, approximates holistic care.

The Effects of the Economic Characteristics of Single-person Households on the Food Service Industry / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the economic characteristics of single-person households and explain the effects of them on the food service industry. METHODS: For this paper, I analysed the data related with single-person households and the food service industry in two surveys, Household Income and Expenditure Survey and Wholesale and Retail Trade Survey published by Statistics Korea from 2006 to 2015, with an empirical test performed utilizing these data. The indicators of the age of householders, disposable income per capita, and the rate of household of worker were compared between single and multi-person households. Furthermore, sales and the number of establishments in the food service industry were used as industry-variables, and disposable income, eating-out expenses and the rate of single-person households as the household-variables were used in a panel analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that household incomes were lower, age of householder was higher, and the percentage of household of worker was lower in single-person households in contrast to multi-person households. According to the empirical analysis, eating-out expenses of single-person households, in comparison to multi-person households, has significantly positive effects on the growth of the food service industry. This means that the recent trend of increasing numbers of single-person households may help the growth of the food service industry. CONCLUSIONS: The growth in the rate of single-person households has been one of the most striking demographic shifts in recent decades. Their economic characteristics and the effects were analyzed to give the managers in the food service industry and the policy-makers useful information in dealing with this new trend. Moreover, in considering the fact that single-person households eat out more frequently than multi-person households, the food service business should develop the managerial strategies focused on acclimatizing to single-person households.

As mulheres idosas que residem em domicílios unipessoais: uma caracterização regional a partir do Censo 2010 / The elderly women living in single-person households: a regional characterization from the 2010 Census

Este trabalho procura analisar as diferenças regionais em relação às condições de vida da população idosa brasileira, observando especificamente as mulheres idosas que residem em domicílios unipessoais, de acordo com as informações obtidas no Censo 2010. Tais mulheres possuem características bastante peculiares, e esta investigação procura identificar as diferenças e desigualdades que podem observadas entre elas a partir de seu local de residência. Para isso, utilizamos como referência as cinco grandes Regiões do país, as Unidades Federativas e também a distinção entre as zonas rurais e urbanas. Utilizamos como variáveis de análise as informações relativas ao rendimento, nível de instrução, idade, número de filhos nascidos vivos e filhos ainda vivos em 2010, dentre outras. Foi estimado também um Índice para avaliar as dificuldades físicas e mentais da população observada, que combina em um único indicador a intensidade das deficiências relatadas por cada entrevistado a partir das variáveis V0614, V0615, V0616 e V0617, do Censo em questão. A partir da adoção de recursos estatísticos de tratamento de dados, é possível confirmar diferenças significativas entre as mulheres idosas que residem sozinhas de acordo com o local de residência. Utilizamos também recursos de geoprocessamento que permitem uma melhor visualização das desigualdades e especificidades regionais identificadas.

This paper analyzes the regional differences regarding the life conditions of Brazilian elderly population, specifically at elderly women living in single-person households, according to the data obtained from the 2010 Census. These women have very peculiar characteristics, and this research seeks to identify differences and inequalities among them observed from their place of residence. For this, we used as reference the five major regions of the country, the Federative Units considering also the distinction between rural and urban areas. We used as analytical variables information relating to their income, among others. It was also estimated an index to evaluate the physical and mental difficulties of the observed population, which combines in a single indicator the intensity of the deficiencies reported by each respondent from the V0614, V0615, V0616 and V0617 variables of the Census. Appling data processing statistical resources, it is possible to confirm significant differences among elderly women living alone according to their place of residence. We also used geoprocessing capabilities that allows better view of the inequalities and regional specificities identified.

Socioeconomic Disparities in Osteoporosis Prevalence: Different Results in the Overall Korean Adult Population and Single-person Households / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted in order to examine the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and osteoporosis prevalence in Korea and to assess whether different associations are found in single-person households. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, from 2008 to 2011. The study subjects were people aged > or = 50 years with osteoporosis as defined by bone mineral density. Multivariate logistic models were used to estimate prevalence odds ratios (pORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Gender differences in the likelihood of osteoporosis were analyzed based on household income, education level, and residential area. RESULTS: There were 8221 osteoporosis patients aged > or = 50 years, of whom 927 lived in single-person households. There was a gender-specific association between osteoporosis prevalence and all three SES factors that we analyzed: income, education, and residential area. After adjusting for age, SES, and health behaviors, including body mass index (BMI), low household income was only significantly associated with osteoporosis in men, whereas education level had an inverse relationship with osteoporosis only in women (p=0.01, p<0.001, respectively). However, after controlling for age and BMI, rural residency was only associated with osteoporosis in women living in single-person households (pOR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.05 to 2.43). CONCLUSIONS: The Korean adult population showed a gender-specific relationship between SES and osteoporosis prevalence, with a different pattern found in single-person households.

Factors Influencing the Health Examination in Unmarried Women

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate factors that influence health examination for unmarried women. METHODS: A correlation study was carried out with 144 unmarried women with an age range of 35~49 years through self-administered questionnaires. This questionnaire included Health Belief Model modifying factors (demographic . sociological, structural, and cues to action variables). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi2-test, multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 37.2+/-2.67 years. Rates for breast cancer, cervical cancer and comprehensive health examination were each 34.7%, 38.2% and 94%. In multiple logistic regression analysis, influencing factors on physical examination were age(OR=0.06, 95% CI: 0.02~0.26), personal medical insurance (OR=6.30, 95% CI: 1.60~24.82), housemate (OR=7.63, 95% CI: 2.58~22.52), exercise (OR=3.72, 95% CI: 1.37~10.12) in breast cancer examination, and age (OR=0.08, 95% CI: 0.02~0.34; OR=0.07, 95% CI: 0.01~0.85), personal medical insurance (OR=14.17, 95% CI: 2.94~68.23), sexual experiences (OR=3.38, 95% CI: 1.28~8.91), drinking (OR=2.92, 95% CI: 1.14~7.49) in cervical cancer examination. CONCLUSION: The results emphasize the necessity of preparing nursing education and intervention in consideration of associated factors which influence on the health examination in unmarried women.

Structural Equation Modeling on Contraception Behavior of Unmarried Men and Women in Korea: Gender Difference

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test and validate a model to predict contraception behavior in unmarried men and women. METHODS: Data were collected from a questionnaire survey of 180 unmarried men and 186 unmarried women 20 years of age or over who had sexual relationships in the past 6 months. Participants were from Seoul, Kyunggi, Daegu, and Busan and data collection was done from February 19 to April 16, 2013. RESULTS: Model fit indices for the hypotheoretical model fitted to the recommended levels. Out of 15 paths, 11 were statistically significant in both. Predictors of contraception behavior in unmarried men and women were intention to use contraception and self-efficacy for contraception. Exposure to sexual content was directly significant to the intention in men only. Self-efficacy for contraception was affected by perceived threat of pregnancy and gender role attitude. In women, the two predictors were also significant except for the effect of exposure to sexual contents. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that an intervention program which increases self-efficacy in unmarried men and women contributes to effective contraception behavior. In addition, proper sexual education programs using positive aspect of mass media can help develop active participation for contraception behavior.

Idoso, família e domicílio: uma revisão narrativa sobre a decisão de morar sozinho / Anciano, familia y domicilio: una revisión narrativa sobre la decisión de vivir solo / Elderly persons, family and household: a narrative review of the decision to live alone

Neste artigo procura-se estabelecer bases de argumentação para melhor entender as razões que levam um idoso a morar sozinho e como se processam as transferências (fluxo de recursos, ações e informações que se trocam e circulam) quando vive sozinho. Para tanto, são revisados e discutidos fatores determinantes dos arranjos domiciliares dos idosos, incluindo aspectos demográficos, socioeconômicos e de saúde, com ênfase nos domicílios unipessoais. Destacam-se pontos que permeiam as transferências entre idosos e seus familiares, tais como características das transferências intergeracionais, diferenças entre os diversos apoios recebidos, sexo do idoso. O estudo consistiu de uma revisão narrativa, cujos resultados apontaram que melhores condições socioeconômicas e de saúde, idade mais avançada e ausência de filhos parecem contribuir para que o idoso more sozinho. Contudo, houve divergências nos resultados dos estudos analisados quanto aos fatores associados à formação de domicílios unipessoais de idosos. Embora as transferências possam se dar independentemente do arranjo domiciliar do idoso, as que ocorrem entre os membros de um mesmo domicílio parecem ser mais frequentes e, talvez por isso, mais discutidas. Os idosos que moram sozinhos, apesar de participarem das transferências, estão mais propensos a receber cuidado formal, comparativamente àqueles que residem com outras pessoas.

En este artículo se intentan establecer una bases de argumentación para entender mejor las razones que llevan a un anciano a vivir solo y cómo se procesan las transferencias (flujo de recursos, acciones e información que se intercambia y circula) cuando vive solo. Para ello, se revisan y discuten factores determinantes del manejo de los domicilios de los ancianos, incluyendo aspectos demográficos, socioeconómicos y de salud, con énfasis en los domicilios unipersonales. Se destacan puntos que van más allá de las transferencias entre ancianos y sus familiares, tales como características de las transferencias intergeneracionales, diferencias entre los diversos apoyos recibidos, sexo del anciano. El estudio consistió en una revisión narrativa, cuyos resultados apuntaron que unas mejores condiciones socioeconómicas y de salud, edad más avanzada y ausencia de hijos parecen contribuir a que el anciano viva solo. Sin embargo, hubo divergencias en los resultados de los estudios analizados, en cuanto a los factores asociados a la formación de domicilios unipersonales de enfermos. Pese a que las transferencias puedan producirse independientemente del manejo del domicilio del anciano, las que se producen entre los miembros de un mismo domicilio parecen ser más frecuentes y, tal vez por esto, más discutidas. Los ancianos que viven solos, a pesar de que participan en las transferencias, son más propensos a recibir cuidado formal, en comparación con aquellos que residen con otras personas.

The authors seek to establish bases of argumentation in order to better understand the reasons that lead elderly citizens to live alone and how transfers take place (flow of resources, actions and information that is exchanged and circulated) when such persons do live alone. Determining factors are reviewed and discussed regarding the household arrangements of elderly citizens, including demographic, socioeconomic and health factors, with emphasis on single-person households. Factors that permeate transfers between elderly citizens and their families are underscored, such as the characteristics of intergenerational transfers, differences among the various types of support provided, and the gender of the elderly persons. The study consists of a narrative review and the results indicate that comfortable socioeconomic and health conditions, more advanced age and lack of children seem to contribute to an elderly person's decision to live alone. However, there were differences in the results of the studies analyzed in terms of the factors associated with the formation of single-person households among elderly persons. Although transfers generally take place regardless of the elderly person's household arrangements, those that take place among members of a single household seem to be more frequent and, perhaps for this reason, are discussed at greater length. Even when elderly persons who live alone participate in transfers, they are more likely to receive formal care than those who live with other persons.

Contraception Behavior and Related Factors in Unmarried Female and Male / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify differences in contraception behavior and related factors between unmarried female and male. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design with a convenient sampling was used. From Seoul, 107 women and 96 men were recruited. A structured questionnaire was self-administered from July 14, 2008 to September 2, 2008. RESULTS: The average ages of women and men were 26.9 and 27.8 years old, respectively. Fifty-six percent of women and 85.4% of men have experienced sexual intercourse. There were no differences between female and male in attitude toward contraception, subjective norm, and contraception behavior, while female had higher score of self-efficacy for contraception (p=.02) and intention of contraception (p=.02). There was positive correlation with subjective norm (r=.22, p<.05), self-efficacy (r=.53, p<.01) in male and attitude (r=.32, p<.05), self-efficacy (r=49, p<.01) in female. According to the result of multiple regression, the significant factor of contraception behavior was self-efficacy for both female (beta=.49, p=.00) and male (beta=.53, p=.00). CONCLUSION: To improve contraception behavior for unmarried female and male, it is necessary to develop proper sex education program to enhance self-efficacy for contraception. Adjusted education program by this result will contribute to increase sexual health for female and male.

Effectiveness evaluation on an intervention model of reproductive health among unmarried women migrants in Qingdao: a community trial / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective To study knowledge,ability and related behavior of reproductive health among unmarried women migrants in Qingdao area,Shandong and evaluate effectiveness of basic intervention,including provision of free condom and health education and enhanced intervention,including healthy sex,contraception and health-care seeking behavior.Methods A community intervention trial was conducted among 1800 unmarried women migrants aged 18 -29 years in 10 workplaces of Qingdao.Basic intervention included health knowledge publicity and distribution of free condoms,and enhanced intervention included distribution of very important person (VIP) service cards,hotline telephone service,broadcasting digital versatile disc (DVD) of reproductive health knowledge,health lectures,peer education,and so on,in addition to health knowledge publicity and distribution of free condoms.Effectiveness was evaluated using questionnaire before and six months after intervention.Results After intervention,awareness of reproductive health and attitude to reproductive health improved significantly among the women migrants,as compared to those before intervention,particularly in knowledge of contraception and sexual health with enhanced intervention (with more than 20％ of them aware) ( P ＜ 0.01 ).About effectiveness on health-care seeking behavior,59.2％ (482/814) and 80.8％ (651/806) of the women migrants with reproductive tract infections would visit physicians after basic and enhanced intervention,as compared to those of 32.0％ (286/895) and 31.9％ (275/862) before them,respectively (P＜0.01).About effectiveness on contraceptive behavior,persistent and proper use of effective contraception methods improved significantly after intervention,as compared to that before it ( P ＜ 0.05 ),but with no significant difference between the two group with basic and enhanced intervention.Conclusions Both basic and enhanced intervention is effective and feasible in women migrants,more effective for enhanced one.

Potential risk factors for multiple sclerosis in Rio de Janeiro: a case-control study / Potenciais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de esclerose múltipla no Rio de Janeiro: um estudo caso controle

PURPOSE: To evaluate potential risk factors for the development of multiple sclerosis in Brazilian patients. METHOD: A case control study was carried out in 81 patients enrolled at the Department of Neurology of the Hospital da Lagoa in Rio de Janeiro, and 81 paired controls. A standardized questionnaire on demographic, social and cultural variables, and medical and family history was used. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and conditional logistic regression models with the SPSS for Windows software program. RESULTS: Having standard vaccinations (vaccinations specified by the Brazilian government) (OR=16.2; 95 percent CI=2.3-115.2), smoking (OR=7.6; 95 percent CI=2.1-28.2), being single (OR=4.7; 95 percent CI=1.4-15.6) and eating animal brain (OR=3.4; 95 percent CI=1.2-9.8) increased the risk of developing MS. CONCLUSIONS: RESULTS of this study may contribute towards better awareness of the epidemiological characteristics of Brazilian patients with multiple sclerosis.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os potenciais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de esclerose múltipla em pacientes brasileiros. MÉTODO: Um estudo caso-controle incluiu 81 pacientes atendidos no Departamento de Neurologia do Hospital da Lagoa, no Rio de Janeiro, e 81 controles. Um questionário padronizado incluiu variáveis demográficas, sociais e culturais, além da história familiar e clínica. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio do programa SPSS para Windows e foi constituída de estatísticas descritivas e de um modelo de regressão logística condicional. RESULTADOS: Pacientes com história de imunização (OR=16,2; IC95 por cento=2,3-115,2), fumantes (OR=7,6; IC95 por cento=2,1-28,2), solteiros (OR=4,7; IC95 por cento=1,4-15,6) e que consumiam cérebro de animal (OR=3,4; IC95 por cento=1,2-9,8) tiveram risco mais elevado de desenvolver esclerose múltipla quando comparados aos controles. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo podem contribuir para um melhor entendimento das características epidemiológicas dos pacientes brasileiros com esclerose múltipla.

Experiences of Single Pregnant Mothers / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to assess the personal experiences of the coping process during pregnancy for single mothers. METHODS: The participants were 17 single mothers who had stayed in a social welfare facility. Data was collected with an in-depth unstructured interview. Data analysis was done by the grounded theory method. RESULTS: One-hundred twelve concepts and 49 sub-categories were confirmed in the analysis. The sub-categories were grouped into 19 categories; escape from a miserable family, wrong meeting, openness of sex, defenseless state of pregnancy, inevitable result of pregnancy, heartbreak by herself, closure, isolation, difficult situation of being alone, stigma, supporting & protecting, helplessness, seeking, empowering, feeling of loss, conflict, facing issues, assuring a fresh start and becoming-mature. "Being driven over the edge of a cliff" was the key phenomenon which the single mothers experienced during the process of pregnancy. CONCLUSION: The above results will help nurses assessing single pregnancy mothers' needs and developing a nursing intervention program for supporting them. Therefore, nurses will be able to stop them from "being driven over the edge of cliff". A more vigorous nursing intervention is suggested for the research of the vulnerable classes of medical health care including single pregnant mothers.

Effects of a Premarital Education Program for Single person / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose was to test the effects of a premarital education program for singles on their sex role attitude and marriage expectations. METHOD: Forty seven single people were recruited through website advertisements. Volunteers were randomly assigned either to participate in a 4 week premarital education program(2 hours per week)(n=23) or the option to get a hand-out used with the experimental group after a post-test(n=24). An interviewer blinded to the randomization collected questionnaire data from all subjects at pre and post test. The program covered 2 thematic areas: the value of marriage and gender equity-relations. The data was analyzed using chi-square -test, t-test, and ANCOVA. RESULT: There was a significant difference in the marriage-expectation score between the two groups. However, the sex role attitudes score in the experimental group was not significantly different from that of the control group. CONCLUSION: This premarital education program for singles had positive effects on marriage expectations but not on sex role attitude. Longer follow-up might be needed to evaluate these effects.