ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the relationship between fleas density of Spermophilus alaschanicue and host density as well as meteorological factors.Methods The densities of fleas of Spermophilus alaschanicue and meteorological temperature,precipitation,relative humidity data in the same period from 1977 to 2014 in plague natural foci of Spermophilus alaschanicue of Gansu Province were collected.In order to further establish the multiple linear regression and the stepwise regression analysis model,SAS 9.3 software was used to explore the linear correlation analysis between fleas index number,density of Spermophilus alaschanicue and meteorological factors.Results The average body flea index positively correlated with the density of Spermophilus alaschanicue (r =0.34,P ＜ 0.05),in addition,hole fleas index was in negative correlation with the average temperature of the current and preceding first,second and third years (r =-0.44,-0.39,-0.45,-0.54,P ＜ 0.01).However,hole fleas index positively correlated with the average rainfall of preceding first year (r =0.38,P ＜ 0.05).More specifically,the monthly body flea index was negatively correlated with the average rainfall and the average temperature of current,preceding first,second,and third months,and the average relative humidity of current month (r =-0.23,-0.34,-0.43,-0.29,-0.25,-0.33,-0.36,-0.38,-0.26,P ＜ 0.01).After multiple linear regression analysis,the following equations were obtained:body fleas index =3.983 1 + 0.695 1 × Sperrnophilus density-0.004 9 × average annual rainfall;hole fleas index =10.780 4 + 0.009 1 × average annual rainfall-0.216 2 × annual average relative humidity.Conclusions The relationship between fleas density of Spermophilus alaschanicue and the environment is complex,they have mutual connection as well as mutual restriction.Except Spermophilus density affects the number of fleas,the two most important meteorological factors which affect the flea body index are temperature and rainfall.In addition,the relationship between meteorological factors and flea body index shows somewhat lagging behind for two to three months.
ABSTRACT
Frontopsylla spadix is one of important transmission vectors of plague in the wild rat foci in Yunnan Province.In the classification,it belongs to Leptopsyllidae and Frontopsylla,with agile activities and a wide range of hosts.Based on domestic and international literatures,this paper reviews the taxonomic position and identifies features of Frontopsylla spadix,together with its distribution,life cycle,disease transmission,artificial rearing,isozyme and some other aspects.The paper is an attempt to provide more data for the surveillance and control of Frontopsylla spadix and its related flea-borne diseases.
ABSTRACT
Objective To make up the limitations of traditional morphological classification methods,we identified vector fleas by DNA barcoding in Qinghai Province.Methods The mt DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰ (CO Ⅰ) gene was amplified by PCR from 36 muscle tissues of fleas in 3 states,2 cities and 5 counties of Qinghai Province,and the obtained CO Ⅰ gene fragments were sequenced and aligned.The intra-and inter-species genetic distances were calculated with Mega 6 software using K2-P model and a phylogenetic tree was constructed with neighbor-joining (NJ) method.Results Totally 36 CO Ⅰ gene sequences of 2 superfamilies,4 genera and 6 kinds of vector fleas were measured,the average genetic distance was 0.119,and the intraspecific distance was 0.002-0.027,the interspecific distance was 0.039-0.207,and the interspecific genetic distance was significantly greater than the intraspecific genetic distance.NJ tree showed the same species had formed a single line with high support rate and interspecific branch was clear.Conclusion DNA barcoding is suitable for identification of vector fleas in Qinghai Province,may make up the limitations of traditional morphological classification methods.
ABSTRACT
The occurrence of the black rat, Rattus rattus , in major Brazilian cities has increased in the recent years. To evaluate if the efforts of public rodent control have been reaching the species in the city of São Paulo, a survey was conducted in flooding areas using live trapping before and after implementation of the control program. Captures were carried out from 2009 to 2011, and animals were evaluated for their risk of zoonosis transmission. The number of R. rattus captured after control did not differ from the number of animals captured before the control program in the Spring/Summer season, but, in the Autumn/Winter season, effective control was observed. Low infestations of Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera) and Echinolaelaps echidninus (Acarina) were observed, and antibodies against Leptospira spp. were detected in just 1 of 65 serum samples. Ten out of 18 serum samples were sororeactive for Vaccinia virus, suggesting contact between R. rattus and the pathogen Calodium hepaticum (= Capillaria hepaticum ) (Nematoda) was found in the liver of 73.4% of captured R. rattus. In conclusion, R. rattus may not be effectively controlled by the rodent Control Program in the city of São Paulo, and represents a threat to human health, justifying permanent environmental management and educational programs.(AU)
A ocorrência do rato de telhado, Rattus rattus , nas grandes cidades brasileiras aumentou nos últimos anos. A fim de investigar se os esforços do controle público de roedores têm atingido essa espécie, foi conduzido um levantamento em áreas com risco de inundação na cidade de São Paulo, com armadilhas para captura viva dos roedores, antes e depois do controle público. O estudo foi realizado entre 2009 e 2011, e os animais capturados foram estudados para identificar seu risco como transmissores de zoonoses. O número de R. rattus capturados após o controle não diferiu entre o número de animais capturados antes do programa de controle, no período de primavera/verão, mas, no período de outono/inverno, foi observada efetividade do controle. Foram registradas infestações baixas de Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera) e Echinolaelaps echidninus (Acarina). Anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. foram detectados em apenas 1 das 65 amostras de soro. Dez entre 18 amostras de soro foram sororeativas para o vírus Vaccinia , sugerindo o contato entre R. rattus e o patógeno Calodium hepaticum (Nematoda) foi encontrado no fígado de 73,4% dos R. rattus capturados. Concluiu-se que R. rattus pode não ser controlado pelas ações propostas pelo Programa de Controle de Roedores na cidade de São Paulo e representa uma ameaça para a saúde humana, justificando permanentes programas de gestão ambiental e programas educacionais.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Rodent Control , Siphonaptera , Acari , Leptospira , ZoonosesABSTRACT
The female flea Tunga penetrans is responsible for a cutaneous parasitosis known as Tungiasis. We report the clinical case of a 12 year-old Caucasian boy who sought treatment in a dermatological private office due to a painful lesion in the plantar area and whose dermoscopic examination, without skin contact, allowed the visualization of parasite's movement inside the skin. The diagnosis of tungiasis is clinical, but it can be aided by in vivo and ex vivo dermoscopic examination of the lesion.
A fêmea da pulga Tunga penetrans é responsável pela dermatose ectoparasitária denominada Tungíase. Relatamos o caso clínico de um adolescente branco de 12 anos de idade, o qual procurou atendimento em consultório dermatológico devido à lesão dolorosa na planta e cujo exame dermatoscópico sem contato com a pele permitiu visualizar o movimento do parasita dentro da pele. O diagnóstico da tungíase é clínico, porém pode ser auxiliado pelo exame dermatoscópico in vivo e ex vivo da lesão.
Subject(s)
Animals , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Foot Diseases/pathology , Tungiasis/pathology , Dermoscopy , Tunga/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Ctenocephalides felis felis is one of the most important ectoparasites of dogs and cats throughout the world, because of its geographical distribution, dual parasitological action as an infesting agent and a vector of diseases, the economic losses and the acquired resistance against common insecticides. In Brazil, it surpasses Ctenocephalides canis in distribution, number of host species infested, prevalence and epidemiological importance. However, in some studies the species have been misidentified on the basis of their morphological characters included in taxonomic keys. The morphological variations of chaetotaxy, especially those on the dorsal margin of the hind tibia and lateral metanotal area (LMA), found in certain specimens, have sometimes been erroneously treated as hybrids, in spite of the nonexistence of the two species of Ctenocephalides in the same municipality or region. This review focuses on the characteristics used for interspecific diagnosis and intraspecific variations found between the species. Data on distribution, hosts, prevalence and parasitological action are also presented as an auxiliary means for recognizing the species.(AU)
Ctenocephalides felis felis é um dos mais importantes ectoparasitos de cães e gatos no mundo inteiro, em virtude de sua distribuição geográfica, dupla ação parasitológica como agente infestante e vetor de doenças, perdas econômicas e resistência adquirida contra inseticidas comuns. No Brasil, ela sobrepuja Ctenocephalides canis em distribuição, número de espécies de hospedeiros infestadas, prevalência e importância epidemiológica. Todavia, em alguns estudos, as espécies têm sido incorretamente identificadas pelos caracteres morfológicos incluídos em chaves taxonômicas. As variações morfológicas de quetotaxia, especialmente aquelas da margem dorsal da tibia posterior e área metanotal lateral (LMA) encontradas em certos exemplares, algumas vezes têm sido erroneamente consideradas como híbridas, a despeito da inexistência das duas espécies em um mesmo município ou região. Esta revisão aborda as características utilizadas para o diagnóstico interespecífico e variações intra-específicas encontradas entre as espécies. Dados sobre distribuição, hospedeiros, prevalência e atuação parasitológica são também apresentados como um meio auxiliar para o reconhecimento das espécies.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs/parasitology , Ectoparasitic Infestations/diagnosis , Ctenocephalides/pathogenicity , Flea Infestations/classificationABSTRACT
Reports on ectoparasites on dogs in Central America are scarce. The aim of this study was to identify flea, louse and tick species infesting dogs in home environments on the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica, and determine their frequency and coexistence. Ectoparasites were collected from dogs in 83 rural homes at five study sites. Specimens were identified and separated according to species. Fleas were the most common ectoparasite (G = 22,217, DF = 8, p = 0.004). Ctenocephalides felis and Pulex simulans were found in 83% and 55% of the homes with ectoparasites, respectively. Trichodectes canis (13%), Heterodoxus spiniger (10%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (18%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (5%) and Amblyomma ovale (8%) were also present. More than one species was collected in most cases (66%), and the most common combination was C. felis and P. simulans (59% of homes with fleas). The high frequency of P. simulans emphasizes the need for adequate identification. This was the first study involving different ectoparasites of dogs in Costa Rica, as well as the first report of T. canis in this country. The relative frequency and coexistence of these ectoparasites in the home environment may have implications for animal and human health.
Relatos de ectoparasitos em cães da América Central são escassos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar espécies de pulgas, piolhos e carrapatos que infestam os cães no ambiente doméstico da vertente Caribe da Costa Rica, determinando sua frequência e coexistência. Foram coletados ectoparasitos de cães em 83 casas rurais de cinco sítios do estudo. Os indivíduos foram separados e identificados. Os ectoparasitos mais comuns foram as pulgas (G = 22.217, DF = 8, p = 0.004). Ctenocephalides felis e Pulex simulans foram observados em 83% e 55% das moradias com ectoparasitos, respectivamente. Da mesma forma também foram observados Trichodectes canis (13%), Heterodoxus spiniger (10%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (18%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (5%) e Amblyomma ovale (8%). Na maioria dos casos, mais de uma espécie foi achada (66%), sendo que a combinação mais comum foi C. felis e P. simulans (59% de moradias com pulgas). A frequência alta de P. simulans ressalta a necessidade de sua adequada identificação. Este é o primeiro estudo que envolve diferentes ectoparasitas de cães na Costa Rica, da mesma forma, é o primeiro relato de T. canis no país. A frequência relativa e coexistência destes ectoparasitos no ambiente domiciliar poderiam ter implicações na saúde animal e humana.
Subject(s)
Animals , Ticks/parasitology , Dogs/parasitology , Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology , Phthiraptera/parasitology , Siphonaptera/parasitology , Costa RicaABSTRACT
As pulgas são insetos hematófagos na fase adulta e que atuam como agentes infestantes ou como vetores de patógenos. Seus hospedeiros são animais endotérmicos, essencialmente mamíferos e, predominantemente roedores. A sifonapterofauna do Estado de São Paulo representa 61,3% (38/62) da brasileira, sendo a mais rica quando comparada com outros estados em número de espécies ou gêneros. Algumas espécies são conhecidas apenas por um dos sexos; outras, através de pequeno número de exemplares colecionados. Quatro espécies (10,5%) são endêmicas no Estado. No Brasil, a principal coleção de pulgas está depositada no Museu de Zoologia da USP.
Adult fleas are haematophagous insects that act as infesting agents or as vectors of pathogens. Your hosts are endothermic animals, essentially rodents. The flea fauna of São Paulo State represents 61.3% (38/62) of the Brazilian's fauna, being the richest when compared with other States in number of species or genera. Some species are known only by one or other of the sexes; others, through limited numbers of specimens collected. Four species are endemic (10.5%) in the State. In Brazil, the main collection of fleas is deposited at the Museum of Zoology of USP.
ABSTRACT
A tungíase é uma infestação zooantropofílica causada pela Tunga penetrans. É endêmica na América Latina e no Caribe. Ocorre, principalmente, em comunidades carentes e sem saneamento básico e em indivíduos que visitam áreas contaminadas. O local mais comum de penetração do ectoparasita é a região periungueal dos pés. Os autores mostram a ocorrência de uma forma disseminada num habitante da zona rural.
Tungiasis is a zoophilic and anthropophilic infestation caused by Tunga penetrans. It is endemic in Latin America and in the Caribbean. It occurs mainly in impoverished communities that have no access to basic sanitation and in individuals that visit contaminated areas. The most common penetration site of this ectoparasite is the periungueal region of the feet. The authors present its disseminated form occurring in a patient inhabiting a rural area.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Foot Dermatoses/diagnosis , Tungiasis/diagnosis , Foot Dermatoses/therapy , Tungiasis/therapyABSTRACT
We report a 54-year-old male that, after working in a rural zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, presented with an itching cutaneous lesion in the wrist with a black small central zone. The patient extracted from the lesion a on of 0.5 mm diameter. The pathological study of the insect recognized its body segments. The epidemiological background and the characteristics of the lesion led to the diagnosis of tungiasis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Siphonaptera , Travel , Tungiasis/parasitology , Brazil , ChileABSTRACT
In an region of Atlantic Rainforest corresponding to the geopolitical area of the Pedra Branca State Park, Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, 160 small mammals were captured, of which 64 rodents and 96 marsupials from October 2005 to October 2007. There were collected in these hosts six flea species from three families (Ctenophthalmidae, Rhopalopsyllidae and Pulicidae), totalizing 162 specimens. Adoratopsylla (Tritopsylla) intermedia intermedia was the most common species found, followed by Polygenis (Polygenis) occidentalis occidentalis. Philander frenatus and Micoureus paraguayanus were reported as new hosts to Adoratopsylla (Tritopsylla) intermedia intermedia and P. o. occidentalis was reported for the first time in the city of Rio de Janeiro.
Na Mata Atlântica área correspondente ao espaço geopolítico do Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre outubro de 2005 e outubro de 2007, 160 pequenos mamíferos foram capturados, sendo 64 pequenos roedores e 96 marsupiais. Nestes hospedeiros, foram coletadas seis espécies de pulgas relacionadas a três famílias (Ctenophthalmidae, Rhopalopsyllidae e Pulicidae), totalizando 162 espécimes. Adoratopsylla (Tritopsylla) intermedia intermedia foi a espécie mais freqüente, seguida por Polygenis (Polygenis) occidentalis occidentalis. Novos hospedeiros foram registrados, Philander frenatus e Micoureus paraguayanus para Adoratopsylla (Tritopsylla) intermedia intermedia, bem como a ocorrência de algumas espécies de Siphonaptera encontrados em novo espaço geopolítico, P. o. occidentalis e no município do Rio de Janeiro.
Subject(s)
Animals , Marsupialia/parasitology , Rodentia/parasitology , Siphonaptera , BrazilABSTRACT
In an region of Atlantic Rainforest corresponding to the geopolitical area of the Pedra Branca State Park, Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, 160 small mammals were captured, of which 64 rodents and 96 marsupials from October 2005 to October 2007. There were collected in these hosts six flea species from three families (Ctenophthalmidae, Rhopalopsyllidae and Pulicidae), totalizing 162 specimens. Adoratopsylla (Tritopsylla) intermedia intermedia was the most common species found, followed by Polygenis (Polygenis) occidentalis occidentalis. Philander frenatus and Micoureus paraguayanus were reported as new hosts to Adoratopsylla (Tritopsylla) intermedia intermedia and P. o. occidentalis wasreported for the first time in the city of Rio de Janeiro.
Na Mata Atlântica área correspondente ao espaço geopolítico do Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre outubro de 2005 e outubro de 2007, 160 pequenos mamíferos foram capturados, sendo 64 pequenos roedores e 96 marsupiais. Nestes hospedeiros, foram coletadas seis espécies de pulgas relacionadas a três famílias (Ctenophthalmidae, Rhopalopsyllidae e Pulicidae), totalizando 162 espécimes. Adoratopsylla (Tritopsylla) intermédia intermedia foi a espécie mais freqüente, seguida por Polygenis (Polygenis) occidentalis occidentalis. Novos hospedeiros foram registrados, Philander frenatus e Micoureus paraguayanus para Adoratopsylla (Tritopsylla) intermedia intermedia, bem como a ocorrência de algumas espécies de Siphonaptera encontrados em novo espaço geopolítico, P. o. occidentalis e no município do Rio de Janeiro.
Subject(s)
Animals , Marsupialia/parasitology , SiphonapteraABSTRACT
This article presents the results of a study on ectoparasites infesting rural dogs in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Forty-one dogs from a rural community of Pernambuco were examined and 70.7 percent were infested by ectoparasites. The prevalence rates of infestation by ticks, fleas, and lice were 58.5, 43.9 and 22 percent, respectively. Of 24 dogs parasitized by ticks, 15 were exclusively infested by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (32 females, 66 males, 9 nymphs; prevalence, 48.8 percent; mean intensity, 5.4), four by Amblyomma ovale Koch (33 females, 19 males; prevalence, 22 percent; mean intensity, 5.8), and five were coinfested by both species. Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché) (25 females, 8 males; prevalence, 43.9 percent; mean intensity, 1.9) and Heterodoxus spiniger (Enderlein) (16 females, 11 males, 10 nymphs; prevalence, 22 percent; mean intensity, 4.1) were the only species of flea and louse identified. Tick infestation was more frequent than flea or lice infestations (p < 0.05). No statistical difference was found by sex and age group of the dogs studied and prevalence of infestation. Overall, 48.8 percent (20/41) of the dogs were infested by more than one ectoparasite species.
O presente artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo sobre os ectoparasitos que infestam cães rurais em Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. Quarenta e um cães de uma comunidade rural de Pernambuco foram examinados e 70,7 por cento estavam infestados por ectoparasitos. As taxas de prevalência de infestação por carrapatos, pulgas e piolhos foram 58,5, 43,9 e 22 por cento, respectivamente. Dos 24 cães parasitados por carrapatos, 15 estavam exclusivamente infestados por Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (32 fêmeas, 66 machos, 9 ninfas; prevalência, 48,8 por cento; intensidade média, 5,4), quatro por Amblyomma ovale Koch (33 fêmeas, 19 machos; prevalência, 22 por cento; intensidade média, 5,8), e cinco estavam co-infestados por ambas as espécies. Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché) (25 fêmeas, 8 machos; prevalência, 43,9 por cento; intensidade média, 1,9) e Heterodoxus spiniger (Enderlein) (16 fêmeas, 11 machos, 10 ninfas; prevalência, 22 por cento; intensidade média, 4,1) foram as únicas espécies de pulga e piolho identificadas. A infestação por carrapatos foi mais frequente que as infestações por pulgas ou piolhos (p < 0.05). Não houve diferença estatística em relação ao sexo e grupo etário dos cães e a prevalência de infestação. No geral, 48,8 por cento (20/41) dos cães estavam infestados por mais de uma espécie de ectoparasito.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Female , Male , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Ectoparasitic Infestations/veterinary , Brazil/epidemiology , Ectoparasitic Infestations/epidemiology , Rural HealthABSTRACT
The present work studied the characterization of ectoparasites on dogs in the nucleus of expansão urbana of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The collections were conducted from July to September 2003, examining 101 dogs of no defined breed. The ectoparasites were collected through visual and tactile inspection of the animals' bodies, and were then placed in bottles with 70° GL ethanol and identified under a stereomicroscope. Specimens were clarified and mounted on slides for analysis under a photonic microscope. Among the siphonaptera, Ctenocephalides felis was the most prevalent (64.35 percent), with mean intensity of 6.12 ± 5.37 siphonaptera/dog, followed by Rhopalopsyllus lutzi (3.96 percent), a hybrid of C. felis X C. canis (1.98 percent), and Tunga penetrans (1.98 percent). The only species of phthiraptera found was Trichodectes canis (7.92 percent), with 1.3 ± 0.51 phthiraptera/dog. Among the ixodidae, Rhipicephalus sanguineus was the most prevalent species (49.50 percent), with a mean intensity of 6.44 ± 10.2 ixodidae/dog, followed by Amblyomma cajennense (3.96 percent), Boophilus microplus (2.97 percent), A. ovale (1 percent) and A. aureolatum (1 percent). The ixodid nymphs were separated into aAmblyomminae nymphs (58.41 percent), with 10.11 ± 10.09 nymphs/dog, and Rhipicephalinae nymphs ¹(24.75 percent), with 2.64 ± 3.25 nymphs/dog. Ixodid larvae were found on 3.96 percent of the dogs.
No presente trabalho caracterizou-se a população de ectoparasitos em cães de núcleo de expansão urbana de Juiz de Fora, MG. As coletas foram realizadas de julho a setembro de 2003, examinando-se 101 cães SRD (sem raça definida). Os ectoparasitos foram coletados através de inspeção visual e tátil dos animais e acondicionados em frascos com etanol 70°GL e identificados sob estereoscopia. Espécimes foram clarificados e montados para análise em microscopia fotônica. Dentre os sifonápteros, Ctenocephalides felis foi mais prevalente (64,35 por cento) com intensidade média de 6,12 ± 5,37 sifonápteros/cão, seguido por Rhopalopsyllus lutzi (3,96 por cento), híbrida C. felis X C. canis (1,98 por cento), Tunga penetrans (1,98 por cento). Aúnica espécie de fitiráptero encontrada foi Trichodectes canis (7,92 por cento) com 1,3 ± 0,51 fitiráptero/cão. Dentre os ixodídeos, Rhipicephalus sanguineus foi a espécie mais prevalente (49,50 por cento) com intensidade média de 6,44 ± 10,2 ixodídeos/ cão, seguido por Amblyomma cajennense (3,96 por cento), Boophilus microplus (2,97 por cento), A. ovale (1 por cento) e A. aureolatum (1 por cento). As ninfas de ixodídeos foram separadas em ninfas de Amblyomminae (58,41 por cento) com 10,11 ± 10,09 ninfas/cão e ninfas Rhipicephalinae (24,75 por cento) com 2,64 ± 3,25 ninfas/cão. Em 3,96 por cento dos cães foram encontradas larvas de ixodídeo.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Ectoparasitic Infestations/veterinary , Brazil , Urban HealthABSTRACT
A study of mammal's flea distribution was conducted during the period 1962 - 2000. About 10,000 fleas were collected from 5,000 host animals of which 43 mammalian species belonging 7 orders distributed in 368 places in 50 provinces and cities over the country. Forty four from 83 or 51.8% (out of total 240 mammalian species found in Vietnam - 34.5%) collected mammals were found infected with flea. These mammals belong 7 orders of Insectivora, Scadenta, Chiroptera, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Rodentia and Lagomorpha. The flea infection rate of Rodentia and Artiodactyla was 17.9% (27/34) and 31.3% (7/22), respectively. Only two of 79 species of Chiroptera found in Viet Nam were examined and both were found flea infected. However, flea was not found in the four mammalian species of Dermoptera, Primates, Perissodactyla and Pholidota