ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Este artículo analiza el enfoque conceptual de los sistemas socioecológicos en las ciencias ambientales. En este se incorporan conceptos y metodologías analíticas de múltiples disciplinas, las cuales permiten ser aplicadas en el concepto de sistemas socioecológicos, y generar así un enfoque holístico e integrador. Dentro de este marco teórico-conceptual, se busca integrar conceptos como resiliencia, adaptabilidad, sistemas complejos y servicios ecosistémicos, y su relación con el sistema social. En este abordaje se muestra la gestión de los ecosistemas, en atención a las múltiples interacciones y fenómenos que rigen su dinámica, que permite, en última instancia, avanzar en una perspectiva interdisciplinaria en la gestión de los ecosistemas y posibilitar la integración de las nuevas condiciones de una sociedad evolutiva, adaptativa y cambiante, que responda a la necesidad de preservar los ecosistemas de los cuales depende el equilibrio social y económico.
ABSTRACT The review analyzes the conceptual approach of Socioecological Systems (SSEs) in the environmental sciences. It incorporates analytical concepts and methodologies of multiple disciplines, which can be applied in the concept of SSEs, to generate a holistic and integral approach. Within this theoretical-conceptual framework, we seek for integrate concepts such resilience, adaptability, complex systems, ecosystem services and their relationship with the social system. This approach shows the management of ecosystems, considering the multiple interactions and phenomena that govern their dynamics. This discussion ultimately allows to advance in an interdisciplinary perspective in the management of ecosystems, enabling an integration of the new conditions within an evolutionary, adaptive and changing society, with the need to preserve the ecosystems on which the social and economic equilibrium depends.
Subject(s)
Humans , Ecosystem , Organization and AdministrationABSTRACT
RESUMO A caracterização dos sistemas ambientais como lineares e previsíveis vem sendo questionada constantemente, uma vez que é insuficiente para explicar eventos e mudanças dramáticas. Nesse sentido, a abordagem da complexidade constitui uma alternativa aos modelos analíticos tradicionais. Neste artigo, é analisado o caso de um acidente ambiental em que houve elevada mortandade de peixes no Rio do Sinos, Rio Grande do Sul, no ano de 2006. O caso foi reinterpretado por meio do Método de Análise da Ressonância Funcional (Functional Resonance Analysis Method - FRAM), o qual vem sendo usado para investigação de acidentes em sistemas sociotécnicos complexos. O presente estudo representa a primeira aplicação de tal método na análise de acidente em sistema socioecológico. Por intermédio do FRAM, observou-se que as saídas do sistema no momento do acidente eram as mesmas que seriam encontradas em uma situação normal. O que difere, no caso do acidente, é a magnitude dessas saídas e a sua simultaneidade temporal, o que levou à amplificação e à ressonância da variabilidade da saída de cada função. São propostas ações que visam à prevenção de acidentes similares com base no FRAM, bem como é discutida a utilidade desse método no contexto de sistemas socioecológicos.
ABSTRACT The characterization of environmental systems as linear and predictable has being questioned, once it is not sufficient to explain events and dramatic changes. In these sense, the complexity approach is an alternative to traditional analytical models. In this work, an environmental disaster occurred in 2006, involving death of fishes in Rio dos Sinos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is addressed. The case was re-analyzed using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM), which currently has being used for investigation of accidents in complex socio-technical systems. This is the first application of FRAM in a socio-ecological system. FRAM allowed the observation that system's outputs encountered in the disaster moment are the same founded in a normal situation, the difference was the magnitude of these outputs in each function. Actions are proposed aiming to prevent similar disasters, based on the FRAM, and a discussion regarding the utility of this method in socio-ecological systems is approached.
ABSTRACT
AbstractThere is a growing need to strengthen the small-scale fishing sector with emerging governance methods that improve fishers' threatened livelihoods. Therefore, this study's aim was to develop management recommendations, based on easily interpreted conclusions that can be used to address the socio-ecological difficulties that the artisanal, bottom-longline fishery in Bejuco, Pacific coast of Costa Rica faces. The results of previously recorded fisher socio-ecological perceptions and an evaluation of the spotted rose snapper's, Lutjanus guttatus, population dynamics were assigned a measurable set of indicators in reference to the fishery's natural, human and management sub-systems. This was done via the traffic light method with easily interpreted colors based on a review of similar published fisheries studies. According to these results, a stock assessment for the fishery's target species and research to determine the composition and magnitude of the fishery's discarded species were recommended. Fisher economic dependence on bottom-longline activities led to the recommendation to develop alternative livelihood strategies. Also, the promotion of alternative markets and sustainability certification strategies for the snapper fishery are advised. Enlargement of the multi-use marine protected areas within the fishery's grounds and improvement of their management strategies is also recommended. In order for this to occur, improved resource user coordination in the form of a fisher association that has the capability to lobby for increased enforcement of the protected areas from destructive fisheries must be realized. Doing so would aid the development of a local management plan and participatory governance system. Such an initiative would justify the development of community lead marine protected area management regimes.
ResumenExiste una creciente necesidad de fortalecer el sector de la pesca de pequeña escala con métodos de gobernanza emergentes que mejoren las estrategias de subsistencia de los pescadores. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio se centró en el desarrollo de recomendaciones de manejo, basadas en conclusiones fácilmente interpretables, que ayuden a atender las dificultades socio-ecológicas que enfrentan los pescadores artesanales que utilizan líneas de fondo en Bejuco, Pacífico de Costa Rica. Se asignó un conjunto medible de indicadores para cada sub-sistema (natural, humano y manejo) de la pesquería a partir de los resultados de un análisis previo de las percepciones socioecológicas de los pescadores y una evaluación de aspectos biológico-pesqueros para el pargo manchado Lutjanus guttatus. Se usó la técnica de semáforo con la cual se asignaron colores para la evaluación de indicadores construidos con base en la revisión de literatura publicada. Se propusieron recomendaciones de manejo basadas en los resultados. Se sugiere un análisis del estado del stock de la principal especie objetivo de pesca y un estudio que determine la magnitud y composición de las especies descartadas. Debido a la alta dependencia económica de los pescadores, se recomienda la implementación de programas que permitan el desarrollo de opciones alternativas del empleo. Además, se recomienda promover mercados alternativos y sistemas de certificación sostenible para la captura de pargo manchado. También se recomienda la ampliación de las áreas marinas protegidas de uso múltiple de la zona. Para esto es necesario mejorar la coordinación y participación de los usuarios mediante la formación de una asociación que tenga la capacidad de vincular a la contraparte gubernamental en la solución de múltiples limitaciones y problemas (p. ej pesca ilegal) en la actividad pesquera de Bejuco.Esto facilitaría la construcción de un plan de manejo local bajo un sistema de gobernanza participativa.