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Resumo Esta pesquisa apresenta as estratégias de cuidado em Saúde Mental Infanto-Juvenil (SMIJ) no município de Guamiranga, localizado na região centro sul do estado do Paraná. Buscamos compreender quais as estratégias utilizadas, a partir das experiências dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS), para identificar e acompanhar crianças que possuem demandas de cuidados em saúde mental. Dividiu-se em três momentos: acompanhamento das visitas domiciliares, um grupo focal com as ACS e a análise e sistematização dos dados a partir da Análise Institucional. Entendemos que para produzir o cuidado nesta rede complexa da SMIJ, é preciso superar a lógica da pessoalização, do especialismo e o modelo da medicalização, tensionando este modelo de cuidados para que a SMIJ se faça presente na agenda política do município. Um cuidado que precisa ser pautado na lógica da corresponsabilização e intersetorialidade, para que não fique colado na educação como o lugar responsável por essas questões.
Abstract This research presents the care strategies in Child and Adolescent Mental Health (SMIJ) in the municipality of Guamiranga, located in the south-central region of the state of Paraná. We seek to understand which strategies are used, based on the experiences of Community Health Agents (CHA), to identify and monitor children who have demands for mental health care. This research was divided into three stages: accompanying home visits, a focal group with CHAs and an analysis and data systematization utilizing Institucional Analysis. We understand that in order to produce this complex care network for CAMHC, it´s necessary to overcome the logic of personification, especialization and medicalization in the hopes that this care model for the CAMHC becomes a part of the political agenda of the city. The care needs to be based on the logic of co-responsibility and intersectoriality so that it´s not set on education as the place responsible for these issues.
Resumen Esta investigación presenta las estrategias de atención en Salud Mental Infanto-Juvenil (SMIJ) en el municipio de Guamiranga, situado en la región centro-sur del estado de Paraná. Se buscó conocer qué estrategias se utilizan, a partir de las experiencias de los Agentes Comunitarios de Salud (ACS), para identificar y acompañar a los niños que tienen demandas de atención en salud mental. Se dividió en tres momentos: el seguimiento de las visitas domiciliarias, un grupo focal con las ACS y el análisis y sistematización de los datos desde el Análisis Institucional. Entendemos que, para producir atención en esta red compleja del SMIJ, es necesario superar la lógica de la personalización, la especialización y el modelo de medicalización, tensionando ese modelo de atención para que el SMIJ esté presente en la agenda política del municipio. Una atención que debe guiarse por la lógica de la corresponsabilidad y la intersectorialidad, para no quedarse estancada en la educación como lugar responsable de estas cuestiones.
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Resumen Introducción: las fotografías de alimentos son ayudas que se utilizan para estimar el tamaño de las porciones en la evaluación dietética. Se ha demostrado que aquellas diseñadas para la población adulta son inapropiadas para evaluar la ingesta en niños. Actualmente, Argentina no cuenta con fotografías de alimentos diseñadas para la población de niños menores de 5 años. Objetivo: construir y validar un atlas fotográfico de alimentos para niños de 1 a 5 años de Argentina. Materiales y método: se realizó un estudio de investigación-acción que se dividió en dos etapas. En la primera se construyó un atlas fotográfico de alimentos y, en la segunda se validó el instrumento mediante un estudio exploratorio observacional transversal con enfoque cuali-cuantitativo llevado a cabo en dos establecimientos educativos de la ciudad de La Plata. El atlas fotográfico cuenta con 77 series de fotografías de alimentos. La validación se llevó a cabo mediante sesiones de percepción visual en tiempo real. Se realizó una valoración de las características visuales y del contenido del atlas por licenciadas en Nutrición mediante una encuesta semiestructurada. Resultados: participaron 168 padres o cuidadores voluntarios, 102 mujeres y 66 hombres. El número total de estimaciones del tamaño de la porción fue de 2856, de las cuales un 65,5% resultaron correctas. Los alimentos estimados por debajo del 60% fueron: sémola, puré de zapallo, zanahoria rallada, manzana, zapallito verde, ensalada de frutas y arroz con leche. El atlas fue valorado por 21 licenciadas en Nutrición, de las cuales a un 47,6% le pareció que el diseño y contenido eran adecuados. Conclusión: si bien se deben mejorar aquellas series que generaron dificultades en la estimación de la porción, el atlas fotográfico de alimentos resultó ser una herramienta útil para estimar la ingesta en niños de 1 a 5 años.
Abstract Introduction: food photographs are aids used in estimating portion sizes in dietary evaluation. Those designed for the adult population have been shown to be inappropriate for evaluating intake in children. Currently, Argentina does not have food photographs designed for the population of children under 5 years of age. Objective: To develop and validate a photographic food atlas for children from 1 to 5 years old in Argentina. Materials and method: an action-research study was carried out, divided into two stages. In the first, a photographic food atlas was develop and in the second, the instrument was validated through an exploratory cross-sectional observational study with a quali-quantitative approach carried out in two educational establishments in the city of La Plata. The photographic atlas has 77 series of food photographs. The validation was carried out through visual perception sessions in real time. An assessment of the visual characteristics and the content of the atlas was carried out by Nutrition Graduates through a semi-structured survey. Results: 168 voluntary parents or caregivers participated, 102 women and 66 men. The total number of portion size estimates was 2,856, of which 65.5% were correct. Foods estimated to be below 60% were semolina, pumpkin puree, grated carrot, apple, zucchini, fruit salad, and rice pudding. The atlas was evaluated by 21 Nutrition Graduates, of which 47.6% thought that its design and content were adequate. Conclusion: although those series that generated difficulties in estimating the portion should be improved, the photographic food atlas turned out to be a useful tool to estimate the intake in children aged 1 to 5.
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Abstract In Portugal, family doctors work with a well-defined list of patients to whom they provide healthcare throughout their lives. Several studies showed that larger list sizes are associa- ted with poorer health outcomes and compromise the quality of care. A significant increase in the average list size has been observed in recent years due to the Portuguese unfavorable socioeconomic context and the lack of family doctors. In 2017, the Portuguese Association of General and Fa- mily Medicine (APMGF) developed technical and scientific research that ultimately typified a set of different clinical practice contexts. It considers the geographic and socioeconomic characteristics and a set of population-based indicators, adjusting the list size according to the population's specific needs. Such adjustments ensure health care services with better quality, safety, efficacy, and personalized to their features. In this paper, a brief review is made on this topic, focusing on the work developed by APMGF and its main results.
Resumo Em Portugal, os médicos de família trabalham com uma lista bem definida de utentes, aos quais prestam cuidados de saúde ao longo da vida. Vários estudos mostraram que as dimensões maiores das listas estão associadas a piores resultados de saúde comprometedoras da qualidade do atendimento prestado. Devido ao contexto socioeconómico português desfavorável e à falta de médicos de família, tem-se verificado um aumento significativo da dimensão média das listas de utentes atribuídas aos médicos de família nos últimos anos. A Associação Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar (APMGF) desenvolveu, em 2017, uma investigação técnico-científica que acabou por tipificar diferentes contextos do exercício clínico. Este trabalho considerou as características geográficas e socioeconómicas, bem como um conjunto de indicadores demográficos, visando ajustar a dimensão das listas de acordo com as necessidades específicas da população. Com os ajustamentos propostos na gestão da dimensão das listas de utentes, será possível prestar serviços de saúde com mais qualidade, segurança, eficácia e obter ganhos decorrentes da maior personalização na prestação de cuidados. Neste artigo uma breve revisão é feita sobre este tópico, direcionando o enfoque para os resultados do trabalho desenvolvido pela APMGF.
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Humans , Physician-Patient Relations , Physicians, Family , PortugalABSTRACT
Surgical suture is a common medical device made extensive use of hold body tissues together after an injury or surgery. Suture sizes are associated with the requirement of diameter and tensile strength in standard. They correspond with one by one. Suture sizes should be unified, standardized and correctly marked for correct and convenient selection in surgery. Using the average diameter of single suture is more scientific and reasonable than that of multiple sutures in marking.
Subject(s)
Suture Techniques , Sutures , Tensile StrengthABSTRACT
This study was designed to establish a method to obtain the fingerprint chromatogram for the quantitative determination of Cordyceps sinensis in different sizes, a comparison of Cordyceps sinensis from five places was made to analyze its similarity and the content of main nucleosides (uridine, inoside, guanosine and adenosine). The assay was performed on a Waters XSelect HSS T3 C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm), with a mobile phase consisting of water (A)-acetonitrile (B) at the flow rate of 0.6 mL·min-1 (0-5 min, 0 B; 5-15 min, 0→10% B; 15-30 min, 10%→20% B; 30-33 min, 20%→50% B; 33-35 min, 50%→0 B; 35-40 min, 0 B). The detection wavelength was 260 nm and the column temperature was set at 30℃, and the injection volume was 5 μL. The results showed that there was no significant difference of the nucleosides in samples from the same place of the different sizes, but contents of the nucleosides variate a lot by production places. More data are required for further research. The method is proved for scientific and specific formulation of the standard in evaluation of circulated Cordyceps sinensis.
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ABSTRACT: This paper aimed to evaluate the effects of particle size and the use of lime as a pretreatment of Pinus spp wood particles on the production of wood-cement composites by vibro-compaction densification. Specimens for internal bond and static bending were produced with two different particle sizes: G1, particles that pass through a 4mm screen and were retained at 2mm screen, and G2, particles that pass through a 2mm screen and were retained at 0.84mm screen. The use of lime was also tested in two different methods as pretreatment of wood particles: carbonatation of wood particles before being used in the composite mixture; and addition of hydrated lime directly to the composite mixture. Use of larger particles (G1) presented higher values of internal bond and MOR than composites produced with smaller particles (G2). About the pretreatments, the use of hydrated lime resulted in composites with higher density and better internal bond.
RESUMO: O presente trabalho visou avaliar o efeito da granulometria e do pré-tratamento com cal das partículas de madeira de Pinus spp na confecção de compósitos madeira-cimento moldados pelo método de adensamento por vibro compactação. Foram produzidos corpos-de-prova para teste de ligação interna e flexão estática com duas diferentes granulometrias de partículas: G1, partículas passantes em uma peneira de 4mm e retidas em uma de 2mm, e G2, partículas passantes em peneira de 2mm e retidas em 0,84mm. Também foram testados o uso da cal por dois diferentes métodos como pré tratamento das partículas de madeira: a carbonatação prévia das partículas antes da confecção dos compósitos e o uso da solução de cal hidratada durante o processo de mistura dos ingredientes. O uso de partículas maiores (G1) apresentou maiores valores de ligação interna e modulo de ruptura quando comparados com compósitos produzidos com partículas menores (G2). Quanto ao pré-tratamento, o uso da cal hidratada resultou em compósitos mais densos e com melhores resultados de ligação interna em relação aos demais tratamentos.
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The previous articles of the Statistical Round in the Korean Journal of Anesthesiology posed a strong enquiry on the issue of null hypothesis significance testing (NHST). P values lie at the core of NHST and are used to classify all treatments into two groups: "has a significant effect" or "does not have a significant effect." NHST is frequently criticized for its misinterpretation of relationships and limitations in assessing practical importance. It has now provoked criticism for its limited use in merely separating treatments that "have a significant effect" from others that do not. Effect sizes and CIs expand the approach to statistical thinking. These attractive estimates facilitate authors and readers to discriminate between a multitude of treatment effects. Through this article, I have illustrated the concept and estimating principles of effect sizes and CIs.
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Anesthesiology , Confidence Intervals , ThinkingABSTRACT
Objective To discuss the effects on the output concentrations with different lengths and pipe sizes of variable bypass va -porizer.Methods The output concentrations of different lengths and pipe sizes of variable bypass vaporizer were detected .Results Compared with concentrations controlled ,the output concentrations with different lengths and pipe sizes were lower (P<0.05).Conclusion The effect of length and pipe size can affect the accuracy of output concentration of sevoflurane ,the data in our research can also help in the design of variable bypass vaporizer .
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Background: Children are known to have higher dietary exposure levels to pesticide residues than adults due to higher consumption levels per kilogram bodyweight. Also social concern exists on the effects of these residues in young children, who are growing rapidly. To assess whether a certain compound may pose a risk for young children, it is important to have consumption levels of the foods that may contain the compound of interest in this age group. In the Netherlands food consumption data are available of children from 1 year onwards. However, the majority of children (if not all) already consume solid foods before age 1. Aims: Performance of a food consumption survey among Dutch infants aged 8 - 12 months gathering data on food consumption levels, and measuring and estimating the dietary exposure to selected pesticide residues Approach: Food consumption data were collected using a 1-daydietary record method. Weighing scales were provided, so that the amount consumed could be quantified accurately. During the study also duplicate portions of all the foods consumed by the children during the study day were collected. These duplicate portions were analysed for 19pesticides at the RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety to estimate the real intake of pesticides. Results: In total 373 infants (186 girls and 187 boys) were included. The fruit most eaten by this age group was banana (58%), followed by apple (34%), pear (28%) and kiwi (20%). Carrot (18%) was the most favorite vegetable, followed by broccoli (9%) and green beans (8%). Potato was also consumed frequently (49%). Of all the fruits and vegetables consumed by the children large portion sizes (LPs) were calculated at the level of the raw agricultural commodity. These LPs can be used in the point estimate approach to assess the acute dietary intake of toxic pesticide residues in the field of pesticide regulation. The infant food consumption database can also be used for probabilistic modelling of acute dietary exposure. Of 250 infants the duplicate portions were analysed for 19 pesticides. Of these samples a significant percentage (11%) had a low exposure to one or more pesticides. None of the exposures exceeded the toxicological reference level (acceptable daily intake (ADI) or acute reference dose (ARfD)). Conclusion: This study among infants resulted in a first impression of actual intake levels of pesticide residues by this age group in the Netherlands via the diet, an estimate of the LPs of fruits and vegetables consumed by young children for use in the point estimate approach and a database with consumption levels useful for probabilistic exposure assessments. Furthermore the duplicate portions collected can be used for the analysis of other compounds that may affect the development of young growing children (e.g. deoxynivalenol (DON), acrylamide, heavy metals). The complete report can be downloaded for free from http://edepot.wur.nl/44408. Full report is also available as ‘Supplementary File’.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the adaptive iterative dose reduction (AIDR) three-dimensional (3D) algorithm in CT on noise reduction and the image quality compared to the filtered back projection (FBP) algorithm and to compare the effectiveness of AIDR 3D on noise reduction according to the body habitus using phantoms with different sizes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three different-sized phantoms with diameters of 24 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm were built up using the American College of Radiology CT accreditation phantom and layers of pork belly fat. Each phantom was scanned eight times using different mAs. Images were reconstructed using the FBP and three different strengths of the AIDR 3D. The image noise, the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the phantom were assessed. Two radiologists assessed the image quality of the 4 image sets in consensus. The effectiveness of AIDR 3D on noise reduction compared with FBP were also compared according to the phantom sizes. RESULTS: Adaptive iterative dose reduction 3D significantly reduced the image noise compared with FBP and enhanced the SNR and CNR (p < 0.05) with improved image quality (p < 0.05). When a stronger reconstruction algorithm was used, greater increase of SNR and CNR as well as noise reduction was achieved (p < 0.05). The noise reduction effect of AIDR 3D was significantly greater in the 40-cm phantom than in the 24-cm or 30-cm phantoms (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The AIDR 3D algorithm is effective to reduce the image noise as well as to improve the image-quality parameters compared by FBP algorithm, and its effectiveness may increase as the phantom size increases.
Subject(s)
Animals , Algorithms , Body Size , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods , Phantoms, Imaging/standards , Radiation Dosage , Signal-To-Noise Ratio , Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/diagnostic imaging , Swine , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methodsABSTRACT
Entre abril y noviembre de 2011 se analizó una población de Pteria sterna (Gould, 1851) que se encontraba adherida a una red de cerco hundida en Zorritos, Tumbes, Perú (3º4030.7S -80º4020.8W). Los individuos presentaron tallas de 5 a 94 mm de altura valvar. La talla promedio se incrementó hacia finales del periodo evaluado. La estructura de tallas mostró la presencia de reclutas en la mayoría de meses evaluados, con máximos en abril y agosto. Se registraron cinco grupos de edad. La proporción sexual fue 1:1. Los desoves fueron continuos, a excepción de junio, con un máximo en noviembre. La relación altura valvar-peso total no mostró diferencias por sexos. El crecimiento de esta especie fue alométrico negativo. Las demás relaciones (potencial: peso del cuerpo-peso total, y lineales: peso del cuerpo-peso total y peso del talo - peso total) presentaron elevadas correlaciones. El rendimiento del músculo (talo) representó el 6.3% del peso total
Between April and November 2011 was analyzed a population of Pteria sterna (Gould, 1851) which was attached to a sunken purse seine in Zorritos, Tumbes, Peru (3º40'30.7"S-80°40'20.8"W). Individuals presented from 5 to 94 mm valve height. The average size increased towards the end of the assessment period. The size structure indicated the presence of recruits in most months evaluated, with highest in April and August. There were five age groups. The sex ratio was 1:1. The spawns were continuous, except in June, with highest in November. Valvar height-total weight relationship did not differ by sex. The growth of this species was negative allometric. Other relationships (potential: body weight-total weight, and linear: body weight-total weight and muscle weight-total weight) showed high correlations. Muscle performance accounted for 6.3% of the total weight
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Background: There is paucity of data on cardiac sizes and other related parameters among Africans. This study aims to establish normal values of aortic, cardiac and thoracic diameters and the cardiothoracic ratio in a normal Nigerian population. Methods: The cardiothoracic ratio of 200 males and 200 females aged between 5 and 95 years were calculated from the cardiac and thoracic diameters in posteroanterior chest radiographs in a cross-sectional study at two imaging and radiodiagnostic centres. The mean and standard deviation of aortic, cardiac, thoracic diameters and cardiothoracic ratio were established. Results: The mean values for cardiac diameter for males and females were 13.8±1.89 and 13.2±1.28cm respectively. The mean values of cardiothoracic ratio for both male and female were 46% and 48% respectively. Conclusion: The cardiothoracic ratio increased with age in both sexes. These values were larger than those reported for the Caucasians.
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O experimento foi conduzido com objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adição de complexo enzimático e da granulometria da soja integral desativada sobre o desempenho de frangos no período de um a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 480 pintos machos da linhagem Ross, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x2 (enzima x granulometria). As rações experimentais foram formuladas à base de milho, farelo de soja e soja integral desativada (±1,5mm), soja integral desativada (±1,5mm) + enzima, soja integral desativada (±4,0mm) e soja integral desativada (±4,0mm) + enzima. O complexo enzimático (xilanase, β-glucanase, mannase, pectinase e protease) foi adicionado na dosagem de 50g t-1 de ração. A adição do complexo enzimático aumentou (P=0,053) em 4 por cento o consumo de ração e 2,8 por cento o ganho de peso no período final de criação. O consumo de ração foi aumentado em 3 por cento no período final e (P=0,048) 2 por cento no período total em aves que ingeriram ração com granulometria 1,5mm. No período inicial, as aves que ingeriram ração com granulometria 4,0mm tiveram aumento de 5 por cento no ganho de peso e obtiveram os melhores índices de conversão alimentar. A adição do complexo enzimático em dietas à base de soja integral melhora o desempenho de frangos. Não é recomendada a utilização da soja com granulometria 1,5mm nas fases iniciais para frangos.
This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of the enzymatic complex addition and deactivated full-fat soybean particle size on performance of broilers in the period from 1 to 42 days of age. Four hundred and eighty male broiler chicks from the Ross strain were used, allotted to a completely randomized factorial scheme 2x2 (enzyme x particle size). The experimental diets were based on corn, soybean meal and (±1.5 mm or ±4.0mm) deactivated full-fat soybean, with or without enzyme. The enzymatic complex (xylanase, b-glucanase, mannase, pectinase and protease) was supplied in the dose of 50g t-1ration. The enzymatic complex addition increased (P=0.0531) the diet intake in 4 percent and the weight gain in 2.8 percent in the final period. The feed intake increased 3 percent in the final period and 2 percent in the total period in poultry that were fed with fine particle size diet. In the initial period, the chicks that ingested the coarse particle size diet had a 5 percent weight gain increase and had the greater feed rates. The addition of the enzymatic complex in diets with deactivated full-fat soybean improves the performance of chickens. The use of the soy with fine particle size (1,5mm) in the initial phases for chickens is not recommended.
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Metanálise é uma técnica estatística adequada para combinar resultados provenientes de diferentes estudos. Na área da saúde, um exemplo é a combinação do risco relativo entre dois tratamentos estimado em diferentes estudos. O resultado básico da metanálise, neste exemplo, é uma estimativa única para o risco relativo, que é chamada de estimativa metanalítica. É importante ressaltar que, o resultado de uma metanálise terá significado aplicado somente se os estudos que a compõem forem o resultado de uma revisão sistemática. O objetivo principal deste artigo é apresentar, de forma prática, como conduzir uma metanálise. Para tal, são apresentados, através de um exemplo, os comandos disponíveis nos softwares STATA e R. É suposto que os dados necessários para a metanálise já foram coletados, ou seja, descrição de metodologias adequadas para revisão sistemática não é assunto abordado. Para um melhor entendimento dos exemplos são apresentados: alguns conceitos básicos, a definição de modelo de efeito fixo e modelo de efeitos aleatórios, ideias sobre heterogeneidade e técnicas de como detectá-la e maneiras de apresentar os resultados de uma metanálise. Uma breve discussão sobre escolha de modelos também é apresentada. Outras técnicas utilizadas em metanálises tais como, por exemplo, a análise de subgrupos e a meta-regressão não são abordadas neste trabalho.
Meta-analysis is a statistical technique suitable to combine results from a series of different studies. In the health field, an example is the combination of the relative risk between two treatments estimated in different studies. The main result of a meta-analysis in this example is a synthesized measure of the relative risk called meta-analytic estimate. It is important to emphasize that the results of a meta-analysis will be meaningful only if the studies are collected systematically. The main objective of the present study is to describe in a practical manner how to conduct a meta-analysis. With that purpose, the commands available in the software STATA and R are presented through examples. We assumed that the data needed for the meta-analysis have already been collected, that is, suitable methodologies for systematic reviews are not addressed. For a better understanding of the examples, the following items are presented: basic concepts, definition of fixed effect and random effect models, ideas on heterogeneity and techniques for detecting it, as well as ways to present meta-analysis results. A brief discussion about model choice is also provided. Other techniques used in meta-analysis such as, for example, subgroup analysis and meta-regression are not addressed in the present paper.
Subject(s)
Humans , Statistics as Topic , Meta-Analysis as TopicABSTRACT
Demography of the snail Plicopurpura pansa (Neotaenioglossa: Muricidae) and constitution of the associated mollusk community, in Guerrero, Mexico. We quarterly sampled the molluskan community of Playa Ventura, Guerrero, Mexico. Sample size (20 m² in 1m² units) was determined by the spatial distribution pattern of Plicopurpura pansa using a negative binomial distribution. The density of the P. pansa was 5.19 snails/m² and the sex ratio near 1:1. The average size was 20.10 mm (most females were 10.5 to 27.0 mm; most males 12.0 to 27.0 mm). Density was high and small sized dominated. Mean size varied with time. General mean weight was 1.79 g. Females weight varied more, maybe because of the reproductive cycle. Recruits were collected in five samplings. Most copulation activity was in March of 2001. The associated community includes 26 species of Gastropoda, five of Bivalvia and one of Polyplacophora, Brachidontes semilaevis being dominant. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 867-878. Epub 2007 December, 28.
Estudiamos la demografía de Plicopurpura pansa en Playa Ventura, Guerrero, México, con base en muestreos trimestrales. Su densidad fue de 5.19 caracoles/m². La proporción sexual fue cercana al 1:1. La talla promedio fue de 20.10 mm. Las tallas mejor representadas en hembras fueron de 10.5 a 27.0 mm y en machos de 12.0 a 27.0 mm. La población es de alta densidad y mayor frecuencia de tallas pequeñas. Hubo diferencias entre las tallas promedio de cada muestreo, formándose dos grupos de medias para cada sexo. El peso promedio fue 1.79 g. Las hembras presentaron mayor variación en peso, lo cual podría estar relacionado con el ciclo reproductivo. Hubo reclutamiento en cinco fechas de recolección. El mayor número de cópulas se observaron en marzo de 2001. Se identificaron 26 especies de gasterópodos, siete de bivalvos y una de poliplacóforos. La especie con mayor dominancia fue Brachidontes semilaevis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Snails/classification , Mexico , Population Density , Seasons , Sex Ratio , Snails/anatomy & histology , Snails/physiologyABSTRACT
This study is standard surgical measurement of the size of kidney in normal Korean population that might be basic data of renal size in comparison with radiographic and ultrasonographic measurement for clinical implies. The 235 cases of donors for renal transplantation were measured by the length, width, thickness, weight and the outer diameter of renal vessels as well as identification of branches of renal vein at the time of donor nephrectomy. These data were tested to statistically significant by T- test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis and multivariate analysis. The mean values of renal size were 11.6+/-0.87 (9.2-15.4cm) x 6.1+/-0.81 (4.4-10.0cm) x 4.9+/-0.75(2.2-7.1cm) for male 11.7+/-0.77 (9.8-14.0cm) x 6.2+/-0.85 (4.5-10.0cm) x 5.O+/-0.77 (2.8- 7.1cm) and for female 11.4+/-0.96 (9.2-15.4cm) x 6.0+/-0.75 (4.4-8.2cm) x 4.8+/-0.7 (2.2-7.0cm). The mean value of renal weight were 183.1+/-36.92 (115.0-370.0gm) : for male 188.2+/-40.10 (120.0-370.0gm) and for female 177.6+/-32.41 (115.0-300.0gm). The width, thickness and weight of kidney were larger in male than in female (p0.05). The renal length, width, and weight increased proportional to the body weight (p<0.05). The renal thickness and weight were different in each range of the body height (P<0.05). The body weight had correlation with renal length (r=0.25), thickness (r=0.32), weight (r=0.36, p<0.001) and width (r=0.16, p<0.05). The body height was correlated well with renal length (r=0.20), thickness (r=0.18) and weight (r=0.25, p<0.05). The body weight was the most reliable factor affecting renal size and weight in multivariate analysis (p<0.05). The mean number of branches of renal vein was 0.36+/-0.63 (0.0-2.0) in right kidney and 3.12+/-0.76 (1.0-6.0) in left one. The mean diameter of the renal artery was 0.61+/-0.132 (0.3-1.0cm) and the mean diameter of the renal vein 1.46+/-0.132 (0.50-2.20cm). The radiographic measurement of renal size was larger than our surgical measurement. The mean renal length and width in radiographic measurement(IVP) were 12.1+/-0.70cm in right kidney, 12.1+/-0.65cm in left one and 6.4+/-0.54cm in right kidney, 6.8+/-0.45cm in left one versus 11.6+/-0.87cm, 11.6+/-0.89cm and 6.1+/-0.81cm, 6.1+/-0.84cm in surgical measurement. Surgical measurements of renal size of donors at the time of renal transplantation were real renal size despite of radiographic and ultrasonographic measurement and provided basic standard data for Korean population that might be utilized in approaching renal disease.