Imaging studies used as aid in the diagnosis of cleidocranial dysplasia. A review / Estudios de imagen utilizados como ayuda en el diagnóstico de displasia cleidocraneal. Una revisión

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), also known as Marie-Sainton syndrome, is a rare disorder of autosomal dominant type that presents specific characteristics at the skeletal and dental level. The diagnosis of CCD is based on clinical and radiographic findings. Panoramic, cephalometric and anterior poster radiographs have been used for its diagnosis in dentistry. However, these radiological techniques have limitations, and advances in technology with new imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound have emerged, contributing to the diagnosis of CCD. Therefore, the aim of this review was to identify and describe current imaging studies that contribute to both the diagnosis and adequate and efficient treatment planning of CCD, and describe the clinical and radiographic characteristics of patients with this syndrome. (AU)

La displasia cleidocraneal (DCC), también conocida como síndrome de Marie-Sainton, es un trastorno poco común de tipo autosómico dominante, que presenta características específicas a nivel esquelético y dental. El diagnóstico de DCC se basa en hallazgos clínicos y radiográficos. Las radiografías panorámicas, cefalométricas y posteroanteriores se han utilizado para su diagnóstico en el área de la odontología, pero con los avances de la tecnología y debido a las limitaciones de estas técnicas radiológicas han surgido nuevos estudios de imagen como la resonancia magnética (RM) y la ecografía, que contribuyen al diagnóstico de DCC. Por lo tanto, el propósito de esta revisión fue identificar y describir los estudios de imagen actuales que aportan tanto al diagnóstico como a la planificación del tratamiento adecuado y eficiente de la DCC, y permiten describir las características clínicas y radiográficas de los pacientes con este síndrome. (AU)

Manejo de displasias esqueléticas / Skeletal dysplasias management

Las displasias esqueléticas son un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades caracterizadas por la alteración primaria del tejido óseo y/o cartilaginoso. La incidencia de muchas de estas entidades es desconocida, estimándose una incidencia general de 1 de 4.000 recién nacidos vivos. Frente a pacientes con restricción prenatal de crecimiento o que presentan talla baja durante la niñez, especialmente si existe desproporción corporal, debemos sospechar la presencia de una displasia esquelética. El estudio radiológico es fundamental para confirmar la afección ósea e intentar aproximarse a un diagnóstico preciso, pero requiere de especialistas expertos. En la actualidad contamos con estudio molecular confirmatorio y son las alteraciones de los genes FGFR3, COL2α1 y SHOX los que dan cuenta de las displasias que más frecuentemente observaremos en nuestra práctica clínica. En los últimos años la mayor precisión diagnóstica se ha acompañado de mayores oportunidades terapéuticas. El desarrollo de nuevas técnicas quirúrgicas de apoyo en casos de deformidades óseas y de técnicas menos invasivas de alargamiento han determinado mejoría en talla final, pero por sobre todo, en la calidad de vida de nuestros pacientes.

The skeletal dysplasias are a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized primarily by impaired primary bone and/or cartilage development. The incidence of many of these entities is unknown; an overall incidence of 1 in 4,000 live births is estimated. Clinically, we must suspect the presence of a skeletal dysplasia in patients with prenatal growth restriction or childhood with short stature, especially in the presence of body disproportion. The radiological study is essential to confirm the bone condition so to try approach an accurate diagnosis, and skilled experts are required. Today we have the possibility to confirm the diagnosis by molecular studies, and we know that molecular alterations in FGFR3, COL2α1 and SHOX genes account for the most frequent cases that we will observe in our clinical practice. In recent years the increased diagnostic accuracy has been accompanied by major therapeutic opportunities. The development of new surgical techniques in bone deformity management and less invasive enlargement techniques have certainly improved the final height, but above all, in the quality of life of our patients.

Achondrogenesis: A Lethal Chondrodystrophy.

Achondrogenesis is a type of skeletal dysplasia. Skeletal dysplasias are the heterogeneous class of bone growth disorders resulting in abnormal shape and size of the skeleton. Here, we present a rare case of achondrogenesis which was delivered by induced abortion at 6½ months of gestation. The physical, radiological, and ultrasonographic examinations done raised the possibility of this very rare anomaly. Achondrogensis is characterized by extreme micromelia and marked discrepancy between the relatively large head and the decreased trunk length. This rare condition has got genetic mutations associated with it. Achondrogenesis resembles other chondrodystrophies, therefore, its diagnosis needs to be made promptly and accurately.

A 6-year experience of fetal skeletal anomalies prenatal diagnosis at anomaly clinic, Siriraj Hospital.

Objective: The purposes of this study were to review the prevalence of skeletal dysplasias among fetal anomaly cases and to demonstrate common findings detected prenatally by ultrasonography. Methods: Twenty prenatal cases diagnosed of skeletal anomalies between January 2000 and December 2005 at Anomaly Clinic, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit, Siriraj Hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic data such as maternal age, gravida, parity, gestational age at first diagnosis were collected, including prenatal ultrasound findings. Final diagnosis and pregnancy outcome after termination of pregnancy were also demonstrated. Results: The prevalence of skeletal dysplasias among fetal anomaly cases in the study interval was 3.86% (20/518 cases and 95%CI=2.51%, 5.89%). Mean maternal age was 30.3(+ 5.3) years old. The most likely time of diagnosis was 26 (+ 5.7) weeks of gestation. The most common type diagnosed prenatally was thanatophoric dysplasia (40%). All cases of prenatal ultrasound findings of suspected skeletal dysplasias demonstrated short limbs. Three cases were non-lethal anomalies and the parents decided to continue pregnancy. In the remaining 17 cases, the parents were counseled about lethal prognosis of their fetuses and only 11 cases decided to terminate pregnancy at our hospital. Thanatophoric dysplasia was the most common diagnosis after termination of pregnancy (9 in 11 cases). Conclusion: Fetal skeletal dysplasias are one of fetal anomalies which can be detected prenatally by routine ultrasonography. Detection of abnormal long bone length is the important finding. Thorough scanning of all bony characteristics can help clinicians about prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy outcomes.