In vitro evaluation of cutaneous penetration of acyclovir from semisolid commercial formulations and relation with its effective antiviral concentration

ABSTRACT The evaluation of drug permeation/penetration of semisolid formulations into animal skin can be useful to supplement the pharmaceutical equivalence. This paper describes the in vitro assessment of acyclovir (ACV) into porcine skin from commercial formulations with etermination of drug concentration in different layers of cutaneous tissue to correlate with effective antiviral concentration in order to improve the equivalence decision. Studies were conducted using Franz cells and porcine skin. Selected pharmaceutical creams containing ACV had identical (reference and generic) and different (similar) excipients. A software program was employed for the simulation of antiviral effectiveness in the skin. Regarding ACV skin penetration, the first batch of the generic product showed a significant difference from reference and similar products, while in the second batch all products demonstrated equivalent drug penetration in the skin. Simulation studies suggest that formulations analysed exhibit a pharmacological effect even when in contact with Herpes simplex strains of high IC50 (inhibitory concentration required to reduce viral replication by 50%). According to results, it can be assumed that the in vitro cutaneous permeation/penetration study does not supply sensitivity information regarding small alterations of ACV semisolid formulations due to the variability inherent to the method, although it can be relevant to pharmaceutical equivalence studies in the development of semisolid products.

Tretinoin-based formulations - influence of concentration and vehicles on skin penetration

Tretinoin is used in the management of acne and it is part of a gold standard treatment for photoaging. It has also been reported as an agent for superficial chemical peeling in highly concentrated formulations with few considerations about skin penetration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of drug concentration and vehicles currently used on skin penetration of tretinoin. In vitro permeation tests were carried out using Franz diffusion cells fitted with porcine ear skin and 10% aqueous methanol in the receptor compartment. Formulations studied, cream or hydroalcoholic dispersion, containing 0.25%, 1% and 5% of tretinoin were placed in the donor compartment for six hours. Tretinoin concentration in skin layers was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The largest amount of tretinoin from both vehicles was detected in stratum corneum with significant differences among the three concentrations. The hydroalcoholic dispersion was the best vehicle. Significant amounts of tretinoin were found even in deep layers of epidermis. The formulation with 0.25% tretinoin showed better results when considered the amount of tretinoin on skin in terms of percentage. Finally, skin penetration of tretinoin was influenced by vehicle and concentration of this drug used in formulation.

A tretinoína é usada no tratamento de acne e é considerada como padrão de ouro para o tratamento do fotoenvelhecimento. Em altas concentrações, é relatada como um agente para peeling químico superficial, com poucas considerações sobre a penetração na pele. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da concentração do fármaco e os veículos comumente usados na penetração cutânea da tretinoína. Testes in vitro de penetração foram realizados com células de difusão de Franz equipados com pele da orelha de porco e 10% de solução aquosa de metanol no compartimento receptor. As formulações estudadas, creme ou dispersão hidroalcoólica, contendo 0,25%, 1% e 5% de tretinoína foram colocadas no compartimento doador, durante seis horas. A concentração da tretinoína foi medida por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A maior quantidade de tretinoína foi detectada no estrato córneo com diferenças significativas entre as três concentrações. A dispersão hidroalcoólica foi o melhor veículo. Quantidades significativas de tretinoína foram encontradas nas camadas profundas da epiderme. A formulação com 0,25% de tretinoína mostrou melhores resultados em termos de porcentagem penetrada na pele. Por fim, a penetração de tretinoína na pele foi influenciada pelo veículo e pela concentração desta utilizada na formulação.

Assessment of in vitro methodologies to determine topical and transdermal delivery of the flavonoid quercetin / Avaliação de metodologias in vitro para determinar a liberação tópica e transdérmica da quercetina

To be effective against the oxidative damages induced by UVB irradiation in the skin, the drug needs to release from the formulation in which it was incorporated and reach the skin layers where the ROS are generated. Thus, it is very important the development of a robust and sensitive methodology to extract and quantify in different skin layers the antioxidant agent delivered from topical formulations. Therefore, in the present work suitable methods to extract and quantify quercetin in skin samples and receptor phase after in vitro penetration studies were developed. The results demonstrated that the recovery from two different layers of skin, the SC and [E+D], using two different methods of quantification (DPPHò assay and HPLC, respectively), was 93.8 percent when the quercetin spiked dose was 50 µg/mL, 100.4 percent when it was 100 µg/mL and 89.9 percent for 250 µg/mL and the average recovery of the quercetin extraction from receptor phase when dichloromethane was used as extractor solvent was 96 percent. These results demonstrate that the described methods have a potential application to in vitro skin penetration studies of quercetin, since it showed to be accurate and sensitive.

Para ser efetiva contra os danos oxidativos induzidos pela radiação UVB na pele, é necessário que o ativo seja liberado da formulação na qual foi incorporado e alcance as camadas da pele onde são geradas as EROS. Desta forma, torna-se de grande importância o desenvolvimento de métodos eficazes e sensíveis para extrair e quantificar, nas diferentes camadas de pele, o agente antioxidante liberado de formulações tópicas. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos métodos adequados para extrair e quantificar a quercetina em amostras de pele e na fase receptora após estudos de penetração cutânea in vitro. Os resultados demonstraram que a recuperação das camadas de pele, EC e [E+D], quando do uso de duas diferentes metodologias de quantificação (ensaio de DPPHò e CLAE, respectivamente), foi de 93,8 por cento quando aplicada uma dose de 50 µg/mL de quercetina, 100,4 por cento para 100 µg/mL e 89,9 por cento para 250 µg/mL e a recuperação média da extração da quercetina da fase receptora, quando do emprego de diclorometano como solvente extrator, foi de 96 por cento. Tais resultados demonstram que os métodos descritos têm grande potencial de aplicação em estudos de penetração in vitro já que apresentaram exatidão e sensibilidade.