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BACKGROUND:Because the content of oral and maxil ofacial anatomy is various and complex, only the traditional way of multimedia cannot display the anatomical structures from multi-angle and al-round. The development of virtual reality technology in oral and maxil ofacial anatomy of three-dimensional reconstruction research is rapid, causes the attention of many scholars, and has become a hot spot. OBJECTIVE:To develop a three-dimensional digital model of tooth, dentition and skul , and establish a multimedia database of oral and maxil ofacial anatomy to facilitate network sharing and information dissemination so as to provide new method for teaching of basic and clinical oral medicine. METHODS:Extracted teeth with intact crown and root, dentition and skul were chosen. Each specimen was taken at horizontal and vertical direction by the camera in the center of turntable. Al the images obtained were treated using Photoshop CS5 for dressing and compression. The image data were input into The VR Worx system, fol owed by parameters and hotspots setting and the compression. Final y, the three-dimensional digital models were reconstructed and output with QuickTime VR format into disk. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Three-dimensional digital models of tooth and skul were constructed with photography and the VR Worx 2.6 software, which could faithful y reproduce the anatomical characteristics of teeth, dentition and skul s, and facilitate researchers to rotate and scale for observation. Also, it was easy for hotspot-marking. On the platform of digital photography and The VR Worx software, it is feasible to establish the three-dimensional digital model of tooth and skul . This approach is the entity reconstruction, and the reconstructed model appears clear, vivid, and is easy to be saved and promoted.
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BACKGROUND:Different kinds of skul repair materials have different physicochemical properties and biocompatibilities. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the research and application progress in skul defect repair materials. METHODS:A computer-based search of China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database, Wanfang and PubMed databases was performed for articles published from 1988 to 2014 with the keywords of“bone repair materials, physical and chemical properties, biocompatibility, titanium al oy, autologous skul”in Chinese and English, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:By the literature retrieval, the clinical application and research progress of bone repair materials are analyzed, properties and clinical application of different types of skul repair materials at different periods are compared, to master the physical and chemical properties and biocompatibility of different skul repair materials as wel as to summarize the timing and methods of skul repair in individual patients. Titanium and titanium al oys have been used widely as skul repair materials because of their good biocompatibility, physicochemical properties, and fewer complications. Autologous skul bone flaps have been the ideal materials for skul repair because its origin is consistent, without any rejection. Bone tissue engineering technology developed in recent years provides a new research direction for skul repair, because it can be used to copy autologous skul .
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BACKGROUND:Cone-beam computed tomography has been widely applied in the dentistry due to irreplaceable advantages. Among those advantages, linear measurement is one of the important ones. Further studies are suggest to explore the accuracy and repeatability of linear measurement for the whole skul , as wel as the effect of different resolution and scanning thickness on the linear measurement results. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the accuracy of linear measurement using cone-beam computed tomography (Newtom VG) on the human skul , with two different voxel sizes. METHODS:In this study, 22 anatomic landmarks in four dry human skul s were marked and 11 linear measurements were obtained. These were considered to be the gold standard (real measurement). The skul s were scanned by cone-beam computed tomography (Newtom VG) at two voxel sizes:0.3 mm and 0.15 mm. Linear measurement was performed in axial and coronal planes. SPSS software version 17 was used for data analysis between radiographic measurement and real measurement. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The mean differences of real and radiographic measurements were-0.27 to 0.14 in four different sections, and statistical analysis showed no significant difference between linear measurements and gold standard (P>0.05). There was no significant between two different voxel sizes (P>0.05). Cone-beam computed tomography (Newtom VG) is highly accurate and reproducible in linear measurements in the axial and coronal planes. A cone-beam computed tomography scan with a larger voxel size (0.3 mm) is recommended, resulting in lower radiation dose and faster scan time.
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BACKGROUND:For depressed skul fractures in children, retaining their skul and narrowing surgical incision meet the concept of minimaly invasive surgery as important as ensuring the surgical safety and therapeutic effects, which is also the requirement of children’s parents. OBJECTIVE:To explore the curative effects of in suit replantation of free bone fragments based on a smal incision in children with depressed skul fractures. METHODS: Fifteen patients with depressed skul fractures, aged 3-16 years, were selected and subject to CT examination and manual examination of the scalp at fractured site under general anesthesia for labeling fracture range. Then, one or two bone fragments corresponding to the fracture site and size were selected. A smal incision with a length equal to the outer edge of bone fragments removed. Postoperative folow-up was employed for observation of clinical effects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:An incision, 5-7 cm in length, were made, and one bone fragment was removed from six cases, and two bone fractures were removed from nine cases. Intraoperatively, there were six cases of epidural hematoma, three cases of subdural hematoma, six cases of brain contusion and bleeding. For fracture fixation, one skul lock was used in eight cases, two skul locks in six cases, and three bone plates in one cases. Postoperative CT showed 12 cases of good fracture reduction displayed basic symmetry with the contralateral skul; 3 cases showed partialy depressed bone fragments that were less than 0.5 cm; 6 cases had a little skul defects with a diameter < 1.0 cm; 6 cases had mild epidural hematoma or effusion which was eliminated after conservative treatment. Eleven of 15 cases were folowed for 2 month to 3 years, and showed no changes in skul shape on CT films compared with those at discharge and presented with good stability. In addition, there were one case of mild limb paralysis, one case of mild language barriers, and one case of mild seizures, but al these cased were wel controled by drugs. These findings indicate that in situ replantation of partialy free bone fragments is suitable for depressed skul fractures in children.
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BACKGROUND:Subcutaneous effusion often occurs after digital shaping titanium mesh cranioplasty, and affects therapeutic effects. OBJECTIVE:To explore the causes and corresponding prevention measures of subcutaneous effusion after digital shaping titanium mesh cranioplasty. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and treatment methods of 19 cases of subcutaneous effusion after digital shaping titanium mesh cranioplasty, summarized the postoperative complications and explored the effective methods for prevention and treatment of subcutaneous effusion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After active treatment, five cases of dural breakage, four cases of foreign body stimulation, three cases of getting out of bed early, three cases of early extubation, three cases of long-time operation repair, and one case of excessive use of electric knife were al cured. Dural breakage and foreign body stimulation is considered as the main causes of postoperative effusion. Patients with subcutaneous effusion were given releasing elastic bandage, aspiration, and strict bed rest. After these active treatments, patients were al cured. Subcutaneous effusion may result from single or mixed factors. The above-mentioned causes are only a part. Non-central suspension, incomplete hemostasis, and preoperative excessive colapse of the bone window are al reported to be the reasons for the occurrence of subcutaneous effusion.
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BACKGROUND:PA6 cells are bone marrow stromal stem cells from the mouse skul , and scientists have found that PA6 cells co-cultured with some kinds of stem cells have shown neural differentiation, based on which, PA6 cells can be used for repair of nerve injury. Therefore, researchers give more and more attentions to PA6, but few studies have addressed isolation and culture methods of bone marrow stromal stem cells from the skul . OBJECTIVE:To isolate and culture bone marrow stromal stem cells from the skul of Sprague-Dawley rats and to observe cellular morpholopy in vitro and perform immunofluorescence identification. METHODS:Under sterile conditions, newborn Sprague-Dawley rat’s skul was cut into pieces. Smal skul pieces were washed using Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium containing 10%fetal bovine serum. Single cellsuspension was made, and placed in culture flask. The culture medium was changed many times for cellpurification. The second passage of cells was obtained for morphology observation under an inverted microscope. cellsurface markers were detected by using immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After the primary culture for 24 hours, cells exhibited adherent growth;after 3 days, cells were increased in number, and presented with irregular shapes, such as polygon, triangle, spindle and flat shape. After passage, cells were uniform in morphology, arranged in radial and bunch patterns, and exhibited strong adherent ability. Some cells grew in cluster, and proliferated faster than primary cells. Immunofluorescence staining showed that cells were positive for CD105, CD73, CD44, CD90, but negative for CD45, D34,CD14, HLA-DR. Results indicate that this method can obtain bone marrow stromal stem cells.